Chapter 12-15 Humanities

Which escaped slave made about 20 trips back to the South to help friends and relatives escape through the underground railroad?

Harriet Tubman

President Polk won the election based on the ideas and slogans that he wanted all of Oregon territory. What were his two presidential slogans?

"All of Oregon or none" and "fifty-four forty or fight"

Who was "Old Fuss and Feathers" and what city was he attempting to capture?

"Old Fuss and Feathers"- General Winfield Scott He was attempting to capture Southern Mexico

Who was "Old Rough and Ready" and why did General Santa Anna withdraw his troops at the battle of Buena Vista?

"Old Rough and Ready" -Zachary Taylor Santa Anna reported "both armies had been cut to pieces" and didn't want to lose remaining forces

What was another name for "reckless accusations"? Name two accusations each candidate made of the other.

"reckless accusations"- mudslinging John Quincy Adams 1.) Sabbath-breaker 2.) alcoholic Andrew Jackson 1.) married his wife while she was still wed to another man 2.) attacked his family

What are two reasons the United States did not have a standing army?

1. A standing army was too expensive 2. Similiar to Britain, a standing army could take away their freedom

Name three results of the War of 1812

1. Indian resistance in the Northwest weakened after Tecumseh's death 2. National pride in the US surged (example: Star Spangled Banner) 3. Political effects -Federalists party was badly damaged -2 war heroes emerged

What fraction of the population was slaves in 18600?

1/3

What years did slavery era span in American history?

1619-1865

Explain the first military conflict in the war with Mexico.

A group of Americans rebelled against Mexican Rule in California. They arrested and jailed General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, the Mexican commander of North California.

What does manifest destiny mean?

America's god given fate to expand westward

How did the US occupy New Mexico and California? What was the first name given to California?

Americans captured a Mexican commander. California was first nicknamed the Bear Flag Republic

One critic of Jackson's Inauguration party said: "It was like Barbarians invading Rome". List three events which support his view of the unruly crowd.

Barbaric actions 1.) someone was almost pressed to death 2.) ladies fainted and men had bloody noses 3.) In nearby hotels there were 5 people sleeping to a bed

Where were the Barbary States and what was tribute?

Barbary States are located in Northern Africa tribute- money paid for protection of the Barbary States when traveling to Europe

Who was Black Hawk and how did he respond upon being arrested?

Black Hawk- a chief from the Sac and Fox of Illinois. He explained to his captors that he had done nothing wrong and has nothing to be ashamed of. However, the white man does.

What did John C Calhoun seek to use against the 1828 and 1832 tariff laws? What was president Jacksons response?

Calhoun wished to use the right to nullify and Jackson was outraged.

Henry Clay was running for president. What bill did he push through Congress and how did this backfire and work against him?

Clay pushed the bill through Congress that renewed the Bank's charter four years early. He thought that if Jackson signed the bill, the president would lose voters from farmers who shared his dislike of banks. If he did not sign the bill, he would lose voters from business people who depended on banks. This worked against him because he forgot that there were many more poor farmers to vote then rich bankers.

Who were the "Five Civilized Tribes " and how did they get this name?

Five Civilized Tribes- Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole. They adapted many white ways in hopes of gaining peace with their neighbor.

By 1848 the US tripled in size, what peoples and countries already occupied this land as the land as the US moved west?

France, Mexico, Britiain, and Spain

Who was the military hero in the battle of New Orleans and why was this battle unnecessary?

General Andrew Jackson This battle was unnecessary because two weeks earlier the British and Americans signed a peace treaty but the news never reached them

In 1833 Stephen Austin appealed to the Spanish government to reopen Texas to immigration. Who was the Mexican leader and what did he do to Austin?

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna tossed Austin in jail.

What was the "Great Seal"? Name four ways the number is symbolized in the emblem.

Great Seal- a seal used to mark a governments approval of important documents 1. leaves on the olive branch 2.arrows 3. stars 4. stripes

Jackson was described as the people's president because he was a self-made man. What does this mean?

He didn't have things handed to him. He brought himself from the lowest ranks to the highest ranks.

After the Revolutionary War Jackson moved to North Carolina to begin a new profession. How did this help him in his future oilitical career?

He increased his wealth and learned law.

In 1818 President Monroe sent Andrew Jackson into Florida. What were Jackson's orders and what did he do that violated his direct orders?

He invaded Spanish territory and invaded every military base.

President Jackson did not rely on his formal advisors or cabinet for advice. Who did he rely on and what did his opponents call this?

He relied on his trusted friends and political parties supporters. They were called the kitchen cabinet.

What happened in the election of 1824 and why did Jackson's supporters declare a "corrupt bargain" was made during the election?

In 1824, Henry Clay, William Crawford, John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson ran for president. Jackson won the most popular votes and electoral votes as well. He did not have enough electoral votes for a majority. When no candidate has an electoral majority, the House of Representatives chooses a president from the three leading candidates. Clay came in fourth and was therefore out of the running. He urged his supporters in the House to vote Adams which gave him enough supporters to become president. Adams then went on to chose Clay to be his secretary of state.

Why was Texas seen as valuable and what did many farmers hope?

Much of the land was good for growing cotton and Southerners hoped it would be part of the United States.

What was the Indian Removal Act and why did President Andrew Jackson respond angrily to their ruling?

Indian Removal Act- allowed the president to make treaties in which Native Americans in the East traded their land for new territory in the Great Plains. Indians were not to be removed forcefully and had a right to their land. Jackson responded angrily when tribes refused to move west voluntarily, they were met with military force.

Jackson rewarded his political supporters with jobs. What was this system called and how did he justify or support its use?

Jackson justified the Spoils Sysytem by saying that everybody should have a right to support the government.

Jackson saw himself as the champion of the people. Why was he against the national bank?

Jackson thought the bank benefited the rich and wealthy only.

Andrew Jackson was involved in a duel. Why did this event occur and what happened to Jackson and his opponent?

Jackson's wife was insulted. Jackson was shot in the chest and his opponent ,Dickinson, was killed.

Who coined the term manifest destiny?

John O' Sullivan

Who were the two presidental candidates in the election of 1828?

John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

President Monroe was originally embarrassed by Jackson's actions. Who encouraged him to change his position and final outcome?

John Quincy told Monroe to tell Spain either govern properly or get out.

What was the initial difficulty in arriving in the Oregon territory and what discovery allowed more settlers to travel west?

Lewis and Clark's route was too rugged. Jedediah Smith discovered a trail called South Pass. It was low and flat enough for wagons to use.

When President Madison came to office he tried to negotiate with the French and British to stop impressment. Was he successful?

Madison was not successful. Napoleon agreed to the deal but lied to Madison and sent secret navy orders to continue seizing American ships headed to British ports.

The city of New Orleans was an important city. what is the name of the river it was located and why was it so important to many American farmers west of the Appalachians?

Mississippi River- it allowed farmers to go to port cities in America without going around the east coast.

In 1821 Moses Austin came to Texas. What happened to Moses Austin and what (3) conditions were placed upon the new settlers to the Texas settlement?

Moses Austin gained land trying to start an American colony but died later that year. Stephen had to get only moral, hard-working, settlers they had to become Mexican citizens and Catholic.

Who came into office in France which ended the tension between the US and France?

Napoleon Bonaparte

In 1803 President Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to purchase this area. What was the final cost and why did many people criticize President Jefferson for making this purchase?

Napoleon had lost reign in Haiti so his need for Louisana had changed. He sold Louisana for 15 million.

In the 1800 Napoleon and France possessed the Louisana territory. What were his plans for this area and why were western farmers alarmed?

Napoleon's plans wanted thousands of French farmers there to raise food for slaves. American farmers would have no way to their food to the market.

Who led the most successful rebellion in the South, marching with 80 slaves through Virginia?

Nat Turner

What does the word nullify mean and why did the south seek to nullify the tariff?

Nullify- reject or make void The south wished to nullify the tariff because South Carolinians were suffering the consequences of a lowered economy and were concerned for the future.

Two groups of US senators opposed the Treaty. What were their opposing reasons for not agreeing to the treaty?

One group thought New Mexico and California weren't worth a dollar. The to other wanted more land.

Converts

People who accept a new religon

President Polk was interested in the areas of California and New Mexico. What did President Polk do in his first attempt with Mexico to acquire this land and what was their response?

President Polk first sent a representative to Mexico to try to buy the territories. Mexican officials refused to see him.

After the US annexed Texas, Mexico saw this as an act of war. What two rivers became a source of the boundary dispute between the two countries?

Rio Grande (Texas claimed as the border) San Jacinto ( Mexico claimed as the border)

By 1819 the Oregon territory was claimed by four countries. Name the four countries and reasons why the two countries dropped out.

Russia, Spain, Great Britain, and the US. Two countries dropped out because there was a treaty to buy Florida. Russia dropped out because they agreed to limit its claim to the territory that lay north of the 54 40'

What high government posts did slavery defender John C Calhoun hold?

Secretary of State, Secretary of War, and Vice President

Florida was a diverse colony. Who occupied this area and what happened when the US initially tried to purchase this territory?

Seminole Indians, Spanish colonists, English traders and runaway slaves. They said no.

Who was "Sharp Knife" and how did he earn his name?

Sharp Knife- Andrew Jackson He was a frontier settler and famous Indian fighter.

Who were "Los Niños Heroes" and how did they lose their lives?

Six cadets that chose to die fighting rather than surrender

What were tariffs? Why did the north support them and the south oppose them?

Tariffs- taxes imposed by the government ( the idea was to engage the growth of manufacturing) North- gained profit from manufacturing South- would hurt cotton sales to other countries

Who was Tecumseh and what was his goal for the Indian nations?

Tecumseh was a chief; his goal for the Indian nations was to reunite Native Americans up and down the Mississippi River into one great Indian nation.

After Austin was released, Texas revolted. Where did they revolt and what was the result to the Texans?

The Alamo and Texans died

What action did the French take against the US because of this treaty?

The French began attacking American merchant ships

The Texans were able to win their independence. How and where did Sam Houston defeat General Santa Anna?

The Texans attacked Santa Anna's troops while they slept at the San Jacinto River.

How did the US end its problem with the Barbary States?

The US attempted to end problems with the Barbary States by enacting the Embargo Act of 1807. The embargo failed

What was the XYZ affair and why were Americans upset by this request of the French?

The XYZ affair- America sent three envoys, or representatives, to France to end the attacks. French Foreign Minister Talleyrand refused to receive Americans. Instead they were met by three secret agents, later identified only as X,Y, and Z. The agents said that no peace talks would be held unless Talleyrand received a large sum of money as tribute.

Diplomacy

The art of conducting negotiations with other countries. People who engage in diplomacy are called diplomats

What was the basis for the original US claim to the Oregon territory and what did they predict about the settlement?

The basis was the Lewis and Clark expedition and they predicted that " a tour across the continent by this route will be taken with as little concern as a voyage across the Atlantic."

Jefferson was stunned by the historic opportunity to purchase this area. What was the final cost and why did many people criticize President Jefferson for making this purchase?

The final cost was 15 million. They argued it would be hard to govern and it was too much. He thought it was unconstitutional. The constitution did not mention foreign trade so could be unconstitutional.

Who were the first settlers into the Oregon territory and how did they spread "Oregon Fever"?

The first American settlers to travel through South Pass were missionaries. They spread Oregon Fever by reporting Oregon's fertile soil and towering forests.

What was the Gadsden Purchase and why did the US agree to purchase this land from Mexico?

The purchase of a strip of land just South of the Mexican Cession for 10 million dollars. They wanted to fulfill Manifest Destiny and have the US stretch from s"ea to shining sea."

Early Settlers described Oregon as a settlers paradise. Name a few exaggerations.

They claimed it was always sunny, diseases were not existent, and pigs were running around to eat.

In 1793 why was France angry with the United States during its war with Britain?

They didn't aide them in the war against Britain.

Andrew Jackson's inauguration was attended by many new to voting. Why were there so many new voters and what was this new froup of people called?

They opened voting to the "common people". However they still had to be a white male.

In 1836 Texas was an independent country. What were the two reasons that prevented it from becoming part of the United States and what was the final result?

They were afraid it would lead to war with Mexico and could not decide if Texas should be a slave or free state.

How did Southern states react to the rebellion?

They were scared

Name one prominent Founding Father who owned slaves?

Thomas Jefferson

What was the Trail of Tears and how did one US solider describe his experience?

Trail of Tears- 1838, more then 17,000 Cherokee were dragged from their homes in Georgia and herded west by federal troops (under Presiden Martin Van Buren's rule). A US solider said it was the "cruelest work I'd ever knew"

What was the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? What land territory did Mexico give up? What did the US give and promise to do?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- Mexico gave up California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. In exchange for 15 million dollars and the promise to protect the 80,000-100,000

Who were War Hawks and why did they invade Canada?

War Hawks- several young congressmen from the South and West eager for War with Britain. They though invading Canada was "a mere matter of marching". They were wrong.

The US declared war on Britain in July 1812. What military event occurred in Washington DC and Baltimore MD during the war with Britain?

Washington DC- the British burned several public buildings, including the Capitol, and the White House Baltimore MD- an American lawyer named Francis Scott Key watched as British bombarded Fort McHenry, which guarded the city's harbor. He wrote the Star Spangled Banner.

What was impressment and how did British justify its practice?

impressment- they took American sailors and used them for the British navy. They justified this practice by saying they were British deserters who were rightfully theirs.

What was the solution to this highly contested land dispute in Oregon?

a compromise- a diplomatic settlement that both the United States and Great Britain could use

immigrant

a person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence

cotton gin

a revolutionary invention- a machine that separates cotton fibers from cotton seeds (invented by Eli Whitney)

tariff

a tax imposed by the government on goods imported from another country

plantation

a usually larger farm or estate, especially in a tropical/subtropical country, on which cotton, tobacco, or the like is cultivated, usually by resident owners

Stephen Austin's settlement became very successful and tensions between native Mexican Tejanos and the Texan settlers began to rise. What were a) three complaints made by Texans, b) three complaints made by Tejanos and c) what was the Mexican government's response to this situation?

a)Americans were used to governing themselves, they resented taking orders from Mexican officials, and were unhappy that all the official documents were in Spanish. b)Tejanos were upset that Americans came here illegally, Americans showed no respect, and had no intention of becoming a citizen c)Mexican government shut off immigration

self made

achieving wealth or influence through ones own efforts rather then being born into a privileged family

What was necessary for the slavery system to function?

brutality

What was the most important form of slave resistance?

carving out an identity as a human

Which Southern product was key to Northern industrialization?

cotton

civil servants

employees of the government

What was both dignity and refuge for slaves?

family

How many slaves did most white people own, on average?

five or fewer

Why were single-parent household common among slaves?

one parent was often sold

Who led two of the most important slave uprisings in the South?

preachers

Industrial Revolution

rapid development of industry, brought about by the introduction of machinery. The growth of factories and mass production of manufactured goods

What held back the Industrialization in the South?

slavery dominated

Early on, Southerners defended slavery as a "necessary evil". Later on, what new justification did they come up with.

slavery was good for maintaining social order

spoils system

the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs

As shown in the Mystery Document, what was one of the many ways slaves resisted?

they ran away

What were most slaves forbidden to learn?

to read and write

secede

to withdraw from an organization or alliance, in this case, to withdraw from the United States

Where were almost all Southern cities located?

upper South

What forms of subtle resistance did slaves engage in?

work slowdowns, sabotaging equipment and pretending to not understand their owners directions