Chapter 12

PART E... Which of the following are consequences of ocean acidification? Select all that apply.

-Clams, mussels, lobsters, and shrimp are not able to form strong enough shells. -Corals and coral reefs are not able to form their hard skeletons.

PART B: The largest fishery on Earth, located along the west coast of Chile, consists of __________.

1% of the ocean and provides 20% of the world's total fish catch

What percentage of Earth's water is fresh and available for drinking?

2.5%

PART B... How much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans on a daily basis?

20 million metric tons

What percentage of Earth's surface is ocean?

71%

A 2003 study reported that ________% of large-bodied fish and sharks were lost in the first decade of industrialized fishing.

90

PART A: Jane Lubchenco discusses the benefits of marine reserves for marine organisms. According to scientific studies, which of the following characteristics had the largest increase in marine reserves?

Biomass

Of the following, ________ characterize(s) an oligotrophic lake or pond.

Both C and D (high oxygen concentrations & low nutrient levels)

Causes and Consequences: Marine Pollution

CAUSES: -plastic debris, discarded nets, and other trash -oil spills form non-point and point sources -nutrient pollution from agricultural runoff CONSEQUENCES: -animals become entangles and die -birds and fish become coated with oil and die -formation of dead zones SOLUTIONS: -prevention of dumping and littering; pickup trash from benches -tightening of safety regulations for oil and drilling and transport -reduction of fertilizer use in agriculture

Causes and Consequences: Fresh Water Depletion

CAUSES: -population growth -groundwater pumping for agriculture -domestic water use for homes and landscaping CONSEQUENCES: -water shortages -salinization -altered plant communities SOLUTIONS: -development of water conservation policies -deployment of more efficient irrigation approaches -improvement of wastewater treatment technology

PART A: The tropical seas around the world's largest peninsula contain some of the world's largest, most undestroyed, and most pristine coral reefs. What body of water does not contact the Arabian Peninsula?

Caspian

PART D: The __________ is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area. Its salinity is only about one-third that of seawater.

Caspian Sea

PART B: Michael Leech argues that marine reserves simply shift fishing pressure from a reserve to another area. He recommends other solutions, such as ________.

Catch-and-release-only species

PART D: This river's drainage basin includes areas both north and south of the equator. Its flow is stable because there is always a rainy season somewhere along the river.

Congo

The exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as ________.

El Niño

Which of the following is a systematic shift in atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation patterns in the tropical Pacific Ocean that alters weather patterns on a worldwide scale?

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

PART B: If laws are being followed, which of the following locations will receive the least polluted water?

Everglades National Park

PART E: Which of the following lakes lies at the highest elevation?

Lake Tana

PART C: The Macina is a large area of lakes and floodplains whose ecosystem depends on how much flooding it receives. The delta consists of the middle course of this river in the Sahel. In the river, you can still find sea cows.

Niger

Which of the following statements about ocean water is true?

Oceans have a high heat capacity and change temperature slowly.

PART D... How are oyster larvae affected by ocean acidification?

Oyster larvae cannot grow shells in acidified ocean waters.

Everyday Environmental Science: Fresh Water Resources

Parts A-D

Everyday Environmental Science: Humboldt Current

Parts A-D

MapMaster: Southwest Asia and North Africa - The Seas

Parts A-E

Current Events: In South Florida, a Polluted Bubble Ready to Burst

Parts A-E ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

Viewpoints: Marine Conservation

Parts A-E ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

Sub-Saharan Africa - Rivers and Lakes

Parts A-E below

ABC News Video: Ocean Acidification

Parts A-F ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

PART B: Which body of water is connected to the Indian Ocean by the Gulf of Aden and contains coral reefs that have developed an unusually high tolerance to the extreme temperatures and salinity that occur in the region?

Red Sea

PART E: Although Lubchenco mentions data from scientific studies in support of marine reserves, Leech uses anecdotal examples to suggest that marine reserves are not the answer for preventing overfishing. What types of scientific documentation would support Leech's essay?

Research comparing fish abundance in protected reserves with fish abundance in similar areas that have quotas and trip limits

PART C: Although the authors might disagree on the best strategy for fisheries protection, what strategy would both authors agree on as a tool to prevent overfishing?

Reserves that allow some kinds of fishing

Solutions to Fresh Water Needs

SUPPLY-SIDE: -a nation invading a neighboring country to access their rivers -damming a river to create a reservoir -desalinating seawater DEMAND-DISE: -requiring low-flow shower heads in all new homes -providing tax breaks for companies that use less water -raising water prices for consumers and businesses -replacing inefficient irrigation with more-efficient drip irrigation to grow crops

PART D: Lubchenco discusses one benefit of marine reserves that is particularly important for maintaining healthy fish populations. Which of the following traditional fisheries management tools discussed by Leech would be another approach for reaching the same outcome?

Size limits

PART A: Located in the southern part of the Great Rift Valley, Lake _____ is the world's longest freshwater lake and has been a showcase of cichlid evolution. Many of the endemic fish have made their way into the aquarium trade.

Tanganyika

PART E: The coral reefs of the Red Sea do not suffer coral bleaching like their counterparts elsewhere. Which of the following is the most likely reason why?

They tolerate a higher range of temperature and salinity.

Which of the following will contribute to water conservation?

Watering lawns at night, using low-flow faucets, landscaping with native plants

PART A: Your family traps oysters for a living in the Caloosahatchee river estuary. How did the events of the summer of 2013 impact your business?

Your profits went down.

Oceans have absorbed approximately one-third of the excess carbon dioxide that humans have added to Earth's atmosphere so far. This has slowed the progression of global climate change, but it has led to ________.

a decrease in the pH (ocean acidification)

All of the following are examples of point sources of pollution except ________.

a large farm

What is the direct cause of death for aquatic animals during eutrophication?

a loss of dissolved oxygen in the water

Of the following, ________ best describes floodplains.

a region of land that is periodically flooded when a river overflows

PART D: After 55 years, how does the capacity of a restored wetland to absorb nutrients compare to that of a natural wetland?

about 40% of natural wetland capacity

PART C: After 20 years, how much plant biomass does a restored wetland contain?

about 80% of the biomass of a natural wetland

PART A... What is the main reason that the oceans are becoming more acidic?

absorption by the oceans of carbon dioxide generated by burning fossil fuels

The rapid melting of Greenland's ice cap could disrupt the NADW formation by ________.

adding huge amounts of less dense fresh water to the surface of the system

Humans allocate approximately 70% of their annual freshwater use for ________.

agricultural irrigation and providing water for livestock

The initial consequence of falling water tables would be the loss of ________.

agricultural irrigation water

Freshwater wetlands provide important ecosystem services, including ________.

all of the above (filtering pollutants, recharging aquifers, slowing runoff, reducing flooding)

What is the most cost-effective solution for groundwater depletion and land-level subsidence?

allowing no more water to be withdrawn from an aquifer than is naturally recharged

What is a marine protected area?

any portion of the ocean that is protected from some human activities but may be open to others, such as the laying of cables and some fishing

PART D: Which of the following is a promising way to reduce global water consumption?

avoiding waste and mismanagement

Recent research that analyzed the content of commercial bottled water indicates that ________.

bottled water is no safer or purer than most samples of tap water

Which of the following fishing methods involves dragging weighted nets across the ocean floor in an attempt to catch groundfish?

bottom-trawling

Upwelling ________.

brings benthic nutrients to the ocean surface promoting high primary productivity

Artificial wetlands ________.

can help purify water and also provide recreational opportunities

PART G: Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The restoration of a wetland takes about 100 years.

cannot be determined from the graph

PART C... What is the chemical reaction responsible for the oceans becoming more acidic?

carbon dioxide reacts with seawater, forming carbonic acid

PART A: Water currents along the coastline of Chile pull up deep water that is __________.

cold and high in nutrients

The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the ________.

continental shelf

The primary effect of thermal pollution on aquatic ecosystems is ________.

depleting dissolved oxygen

What technology is used to extract freshwater from ocean water?

desalinization

Water bodies where rivers flow into the oceans, mixing fresh water with saltwater, are called ________.

estuaries

What type of coastal feature experiences fluctuations in salinity with daily and seasonal variations?

estuaries

PASSAGE... Sinkholes can occur when ________.

excessive water use lowers a water table and weakens the substrate

Of the following, ________ is one of the major pollutants of groundwater.

fertilizers from agricultural fields

PART A: As a result of humans' increased use of the water in the Colorado River, __________.

fisheries in the upper Gulf of California have been hurt

We build dams to ________.

generate electricity, prevent flooding, and provide irrigation and drinking water

Which of the following is a non-consumptive use of water as a resource?

hydroelectric power

PASSAGE... According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the number of human-induced sinkholes has doubled since 1930. Insurance claims increased 1200% from 1987 to 1991, costing nearly $100 million. A major reason for this is ________.

increased water consumption through development and urbanization

PART C: Most water taken out of the natural world is used for __________.

irrigation

In thermohaline circulation of global current systems, surface water is ________.

less salty, less dense, and warmer

In a municipal water treatment plant, the primary treatment step consists of ________.

letting sewage sit in large tanks so suspended solids settle out

FIGURE: The pair of mallard ducks in the figure eats floating plants such as duckweed, seeds of shoreline plants, and very small organisms at or near the surface. They would be most affected by any change to the...

littoral or limnetic zones

The region of a lake where plants are able to attach to the bottom and still reach above the surface is known as the __________.

littoral zone

Only about 2.5% of all the water on our planet is freshwater, however,_______

most of this is in polar ice caps, glaciers, and underground aquifers and is not easily accessed for human use

PART D: A boat floating along the eastern shore of Florida is expected to drift __________.

northward toward the New England states

Why is primary production and animal life concentrated at the surface in pelagic regions of the open-ocean?

nutrient upwelling

What caused the Aral Sea, the fourth largest lake on Earth, to lose four-fifths of its volume in 40 years?

overconsumption by cotton farmers

PART A: What does the y-axis show?

percent of recovery compared to natural wetlands

PART B: What does the red graph line represent?

plant biomass

PART F: Natural wetlands provide many ecosystem services. When a wetland is restored, which of the following ecosystem services returns most rapidly?

providing food for fish and wildlife

Bycatch ________.

refers to the accidental capture of animals

Overpumping groundwater in coastal areas can cause ________ to move into aquifers, making the water undrinkable.

saltwater

Wastewater that is stirred and aerated so that aerobic bacteria consume most of the small pieces of organic matter in the wastewater is being subjected to ________.

secondary treatment

PART F... Because of ocean acidification, the price of which of the following foods is most likely to increase?

shellfish

What type of farming has led to the destruction of mangroves?

shrimp

PART E: Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Most of the productivity of a wetland can be restored within 50 years, but it takes much longer to restore soil fertility.

supported

Zooxanthellae are ________.

symbiotic algae that provide energy to many species of corals

Salt marshes are ________ ecosystems, while mangroves are ________.

temperate intertidal; found on subtropical and tropical shorelines

PART B: In the past 50 years, the global hydrological environment has experienced great change due to __________.

the construction of more than 40,000 new dams

FIGURE: Rooted freshwater plants cannot live below_______

the limnetic zone

PART B: The introduction of the Nile perch has dramatically altered the freshwater ecosystem of Africa's largest lake. This lake is located in a __________.

tropical savanna

What is an area of land in which all freshwater converges into the largest stream, ultimately draining into the largest body of water?

watershed

PART C: In which one of the following locations is the ocean current flowing from the north toward the equator?

west coast of the United States

Dam removal in this country ________.

will probably continue because the environmental impacts of dams are reviewed periodically

Many present-day fisheries managers ________.

wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference

In which of the following units is pore space partially saturated with water?

zone of aeration

PART C: The Mediterranean Sea is nearly landlocked, and tides are limited due to the narrow connection with the Atlantic Ocean. How is the land around the sea primarily used?

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