Chapter 12

% Employed Mothers By Age Of Child

*Table* Age of Child % of Employed Mothers Child age 1 and under 54.7% Child age 2 61.3% Child age 3 63.6% Child age 4 64.1% Child age 5 66.9% Child age 6-13 75.1% Child age 14-17 81.2 %

Distribution of Income Level in U.S. Families

*Table* Income Level of Family % at This Level *old information* Less than $15,000 9.6 $15,000-$24,999 11.1 $25,000-$34,999 11.4 $35,000-$49,999 15.0 $50,000-$74,999 20.1 $75,000-$99,999 13.3 $100,000 or more 19.4

2006 HHS Poverty Guidelines

*Table* Size of Family 48 States, D.C. Alaska Hawaii 1 $14,700 $18,375 $16,905 2 $19,800 $24,750 $22,770 3 $24,900 $31,125 $28,635 4 $30,000 $37,500 $34,500 5 $35,100 $43,875 $40,365 6 $40,200 $50,250 $46,230 7 $45,300 $56,625 $52,095 8 $50,400 $63,000 $57,960

Stay at Home Dads

-*Textbook* (354) men benefit from a dual earner marriage by increase their potential closer bond with their children through active and child care - A study confirmed that stay at home dads have a stronger emotional bond with their children than traditional working dads. Wife's job has priority, usually makes more money.

Less than one per cent of what the world spent every year on weapons was needed to put every child into school by the year 2000 and yet it didn't happen. 1 billion children live in poverty (1 in 2 children in the world). 640 million live without adequate shelter, 400 million have no access to safe water, 270 million have no access to health services. 10.6 million died in 2003 before they reached the age of 5 (or roughly 29,000 children per day).

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Global Inequality

Almost half the world —over 3 billion people —live on less than $2.50 a day. The GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the 41 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (567 million people) is less than the wealth of the world's 7 richest people combined. Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names.

Question: • What is role overload? A. not having time or energy to meet the demands of role responsibility B. being on the second shift C. getting too much into one's role as parent D. taking on both gender roles of parent

Answer: *A* • Role overload is *not having time or energy to meet the demands of role responsibility*

Question: What is a major concern of an employed parent? A. pleasing their employer B. juggling demands of work and family C. making enough money D. finding time for the spouse

Answer: *B* • A major concern of an employed parent is *juggling demands of work and family*

Question: • The expense of emotional energy in dealing with family issues is called A. the fourth shift. B. the third shift. C. the second shift. D. the first shift.

Answer: *B* • The expense of emotional energy in dealing with family issues is called *the third shift.*

Question • Being confronted by incompatible role obligations is referred to as A. role reversal. B. role overload. C. role conflict. D. role modeling.

Answer: *C* • Being confronted by incompatible role obligations is referred to as *role conflict*

Question: • Who has more power in relationships? A. both partners when they are earning the same amount B. the partner with more leisure time C. the partner who is more physically dominant D. the partner with more money

Answer: *D* • *The partner with more money has more power in relationships*.

Question: True or False? • Young attorneys who take time out to have and raise their children are just as likely to make partner in their firm as attorneys who did not take out time to have/rear children.

Answer: *False* • Noonan and Corcoran (2004) found that lawyers who took time out for child responsibilities were less likely to make partner and to earn less money if they did make partner.

Question: True or False? • An employed unhappy wife is more likely to divorce than a happy employed wife.

Answer: *True* • An employed unhappy wife is more likely to divorce than a happy employed wife.

Effects of Wife's Employment on Her Husband

Husbands report benefits from their wives' employment: - Being relieved of the sole responsibility for the financial support of the family - Having more freedom to quit jobs, change jobs, or go to school. TEXT (357) also happier spouse; closer bond with children

Effects of Poverty on Marriage and Families

Poorer physical and mental health Lower personal/marital satisfaction Die sooner Low income = more divorce, substance abuse, violence, child abuse. Lower income = higher teen pregnancy.

Cognitive Restructuring

Viewing a situation in positive terms. • Exhausted dual-career earners often justify their time away from their children by focusing on the benefits of their labor

Poverty

• *Poverty* - *Poverty is the lack of resources necessary for material well-being*. -*Textbook* the frequency and intensity of secretin emotion can make one's life pleasant or unpleasant. - the stress with low in income also said contribute to substance abuse, domestic violence, *child abuse*, neglect divorce and parenting practices. *Teen pregnancy* • *Absolute poverty* - *The lack of resources that leads to hunger and physical deprivation*.

Love and Money

• A large diamond ring is regarded as signifying "much love" — hence the association of love and money.

Your Opinion

• Argue for and against: - Childfree workers should work later and on holidays so that parents can be with their children

Barriers to Leisure

• Demands of the Workplace - A major barrier to leisure has been the rising demands of the workplace. • Materialistic Values - Couples get caught up in a vicious cycle of working long hours to achieve a certain standard of living, only to find that this standard of living no longer satisfies them • Traditional Gender Roles -Women tend to spend their leisure time engaged in hobbies related to household tasks, such as cooking, preserving fruits and vegetables, and sewing. • Leisure as a Commodity - Many leisure activities cost money that families do not have in their budget.

Dual-Earner Marriages

• Effects on the Couple's Marriage of Having Two Earners - Employment won't affect a happy marriage but it can do an unhappy one in. • Effects of the Wife's Employment on the Children - Children do not appear to suffer cognitively or emotionally as long as positive consistent child-care alternatives are in place. -*Textbook* Both spousses pursue careers (353) two thirds of all husbands in dual earner income families say make more money their wives are still more likely to make decision in more area. -Spanish dual income found higher income on the part of the wife does not translate into gender balance in the relationship since more traditional gender roles and attitude may persist.

Leisure

• Functions: - relieve work-related stress and pressure - facilitate social interaction and family togetherness - foster self-expression, personal growth, and skill development - enhance overall social, physical, and emotional wellbeing

Three Types of Dual-career Marriage

• HER /his career - Where the wife's career takes precedence. • HIS/her career - Where the husband's career takes precedence. • HIS/HER career - When the careers of both partners are given equal status in the relationship.

Superperson Strategy

• Involves working as hard and efficiently as possible to meet the demands of work and family. • Supermom - The term superwoman or supermom is a cultural label that allows the woman to regard herself as very efficient, bright, and confident.

Leisure as Work

• Leisure is being used as a means to other ends: stress reduction, therapy, fitness, and self-actualization. • Some people are reluctant to take time off for a vacation

Day-Care Considerations

• Priorities in day-care selection include: - health and safety issues - caregiver quality - the child's social and educational development

Second and Third Shift

• Second shift - The housework and child care that employed women do when they return home from their jobs. • Third shift TEXT (363) - The third shift is the expense of emotional energy by a spouse or parent in dealing with various issues in family living.

Meanings of Money

• Security - Money represents security most people want. • Self-Esteem - In our society human worth is often equated with financial achievement. • Power in Relationships - The more money a partner makes, the more power they have in the relationship. • Love - To some individuals, money means love. • Conflict - Couples argue about what to spend money on and how much money to spend.

Role Strain

• The anxiety that results from being able to fulfill only a limited number of role obligations. • Occurs for both women and men in dualearner marriages. • There is no one at home to take care of housework and children while they are working, and they feel strained at not being able to do everything. TEXT (357)

Role Conflict

• The role of the employed mother is to stay late and get a report ready for tomorrow. • The role of the mother is to pick up the child from day care at five P.M. • When these roles collide, there is role conflict. TEXT (356) Not having enough time or energy to meet demands of wife/mother/worker roles

Role Overload

• Whether a wife is satisfied with her job is also related to the degree to which the job takes a toll on her family life. • Most women with young children prefer to be at home and view home as their primary haven of satisfaction. • *Role overload occurs when women don't have the time or energy to meet the demands of role (wife/parent/worker) responsibilities*.

Your Opinion

• Why do you think that the U.S. lags behind other industrialized nations in terms of paid leave for parents?

Effects of Wife's Employment on the Wife

• Women without children or older children, working in jobs they enjoy and married to egalitarian husbands who are much happier than their counterpart. • Employed women in dual earner households that are not equal in the division of labor are less likely to be happily married and more likely to divorce.