Chapter 12, BIOLOGY: Campbell's Chapter 12: Cell Cycle, Mastering Biology Chapter 13, Mitosis and Meiosis
During interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein in a dispersed form called _________.
chromatin
Cytochalasin B is a chemical that disrupts microfilament formation. How would this interfere with cell division?
cleavage
Which of the following is true of benign tumors, but not malignant tumors?
They remain confined to their original site
Chromosomes become visible during _____. interphase anaphase metaphase prophase prometaphase
prophase
Chromosomes become visible during _____. metaphase prophase prometaphase anaphase interphase
prophase
Synapsis occurs during _____.
prophase I
During _____ a spindle forms in a haploid cell.
prophase II
Which of the following does not occur during mitosis?
replication of the DNA
Which of the following does not occur during mitosis? separation of the spindle poles spindle formation replication of the DNA condensation of the chromosomes separation of sister chromatids
replication of the DNA
DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules called _______.
sister chromatid(s)
In alternation of generations, what is the diploid stage of a plant that follows fertilization called? See Concept 13.2 (Page 258)
sporophyte
Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____. telophase prometaphase metaphase interphase anaphase
telophase
Cytokinesis often, but not always, accompanies _____. anaphase telophase prometaphase metaphase interphase
telophase
At the end of _____ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids.
telophase I
At the end of _____ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.
telophase II
If an organism normally has 34 chromosomes, how many molecules of DNA should there be in the G1 phase of the cell cycle? 136 34 68 17
34
If an organism normally has 34 chromosomes, how many molecules of DNA should there be in the G1 phase of the cell cycle? 68 136 17 34
34
What number and types of chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell? See Concept 13.2 (Page 256)
44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
A human bone marrow cell, in prophase of mitosis, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it contain?
92
During which substage of mitosis do sister chromatids break apart and start moving to opposite poles of the cell? Anaphase Metaphase Telophase Prophase
Anaphase
What is the composition of a tetrad at the beginning of prophase I? Four different chromosomes Two pairs of homologous chromosomes Two sister chromatids One pair of homologous chromosomes
One pair of homologous chromosomes
What is the best evidence telling you whether this cell is diploid or haploid?
The cell is diploid because it contains two sets of chromosomes.
True or false? The M phase is characterized by the replication and division of a cell's chromosomes. True False
false
Meiosis II typically produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.
four ... haploid
small body single color chromosomes same to produce without, lack of, not self both, double
micro- -some(or soma-) haplo- chrom- ploid homo-(or homeo-) -gen- a-(or an-) auto- diplo-
If a cell has 24 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would each of its four daughter cells have after meiosis? 12 36 six 24
12
What is the ploidy of organisms that have two sets of chromosomes? 4n n 3n 2n
2n
Which structure is directly correlated with the production of genetic variability in the daughter cells produced during meiosis? Chiasma Synapsis Centromere Tetrad
Chiasma
To which part of the centromere do mitotic spindle fibers attach during prometaphase? Kinetochore Microtubule Chromosome Centriole
Kinetochore
Which of the following statements about meiosis and mitosis is true? In mitosis and meiosis I, homologous chromosomes move independently of each other. In meiosis II and mitosis, a diploid cell divides. Each daughter cell produced during meiosis and mitosis is genetically identical to the parent cell. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that sister chromatids of each chromosome separate.
Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that sister chromatids of each chromosome separate.
During which stage of mitosis are chromosomes lined up in the center of the cell? Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase
Metaphase
Which of the following events would cause the cell cycle to arrest? Complete chromosome replication Synthesis of cyclins by growth factors and activation of a cyclin-Cdk complex Poor nutrient conditions Chromosomes lined up along the metaphase plate
Poor nutrient conditions
The copying of chromosomes occurs during which of the following phases of the cell cycle? M phase G2 phase G1 phase S phase
S phase
Which term describes two recently replicated DNA strands that are joined together just before cell division? Centromere Sister chromatids Centriole Centrosome
Sister chromatids
Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the disintegration of mitotic spindles and the formation of two new nuclear membranes? Prophase Telophase Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase
For the first several divisions of early frog embryos, cells proceed directly from the M phase to the S phase and back to M without gaps. Which of the following is likely to be true about dividing cells in early frog embryos? The cells get smaller with each generation. The number of chromosomes decreases with each generation. The cells do not divide by mitosis. Frog embryos do not have DNA.
The cells get smaller with each generation.
Which event does not take place before the start of mitosis? The nuclear envelope disintegrates. DNA is replicated. Organelles proliferate. The parent cell grows.
The nuclear envelope disintegrates.
What information can not be obtained from an individual's karyotype? The ploidy of the individual The sequence of bases of a particular gene The number of autosomes in the individual The types of chromosomes present in the individual
The sequence of bases of a particular gene
Which of the following is a function of the S phase in the cell cycle? The synchronization of organelle division The synthesis of sister chromatids The separation of sister chromatids The sorting of chromosomes
The synthesis of sister chromatids
What is true of all cancers?
What is true of all cancers?
Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during _____.
anaphase I
The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B?
cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis
The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Which of the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B? cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis cell elongation during anaphase spindle formation spindle attachment to kinetochores DNA synthesis
cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis
uring prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____. four chromosomes and two chromatids two chromosomes and two chromatids two chromosomes and four chromatids one chromosome and two chromatids one chromosome and four chromatids
two chromosomes and four chromatids
Will this cell elongate during mitosis? Will the sister chromatids separate from each other? Will the chromosomes move to the poles of the cell?
yes yes no
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?
Cancer cells may be immortal.
Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?
-independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis -crossing over - random fertilization
A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes produces gametes containing _____ chromosomes.
16
Normal human gametes carry _____ chromosomes.
23
Which of these gametes contains one or more recombinant chromosomes?
B and C
Two sister chromatids are joined at the centromere prior to meiosis. Which statement is correct?
Barring mutation, the two sister chromatids must be identical.
The parent cell that enters meiosis is diploid, whereas the four daughter cells that result are haploid.
DNA content is halved in both meiosis I and meiosis II. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid in meiosis I, and remains haploid in meiosis II.
Which of the following is found in binary fission but not in mitosis?
Duplicated chromosomes attach to the plasma membrane.
Which statement provides the best description of the interphase portion of the cell cycle?
During interphase, a cell is metabolically active.
If a eukaryotic cell is in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, which statement about the cell's chromosomes must be correct?
Each chromosome is made of a complex of DNA and associated proteins.
A particular cell has half as much DNA as some other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in G1. prophase. anaphase. metaphase. G2.
G1
Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in which phase of the cell cycle?
G1
A particular cell has half as much DNA as some other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is most likely in
G1.
Which of the following correctly matches a phase of the cell cycle with its description?
G1: follows cell division
Is the DNA condensed in all or part of this phase?
G1: no S: no G2: no beginning of M: yes end of M: yes
Does the cell contain twice as much DNA in this phase as it did in the G1 phase?
G1: no S: yes G2: yes beginning of M: yes end of M: yes
Are sister chromatids present in all or part of this phase?
G1: no S: yes G2: yess beginning of M: yes End of M: no
The cell cycle control systems of cancer cells differ from those of normal cells. Select the best explanation for this fact.
Genetic changes alter the function of the cancer cell's protein products.
How are sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes different from each other? See Concept 13.3 (Page 260)
Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.
Human gametes are produced by _____.
Human gametes are produced by _____.
Sort each process into the appropriate bin to indicate the stage of mitosis in which it occurs. If a process occurs in more than one stage, sort it to the stage when it first occurs. microtubules attach to kinetochores cohesins break down cohesins join sister chromatids of duplicated chromosome kinetochores are motionless in relation to poles of cell kinetochores move toward poles of cell spindle microtubles disassemble tubulins assemble into spindle microtubules
PROPHASE tubulins assemble into spindle microtubules cohesins join sister chromatids of duplicated chromosome PROMETAPHASE microtubules attach to kinetochores METAPHASE kinetochores are motionless in relation to poles of cell ANAPHASE kinetochores move toward poles of cell cohesins break down TELOPHASE spindle microtubules disassemble
The copying of chromosomes occurs during which of the following phases of the cell cycle? G2 phase G1 phase S phase M phase
S phase
Identify all possible products of meiosis in plant and animal life cycles.
Spores Gametes (sperm and eggs)
Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not during mitosis?
Synapsis occurs.
This chromosome has two chromatids, joined at the centromere. What process led to the formation of the two chromatids?
The two chromatids were formed by duplication of a chromosome.
Which of the following is true of kinetochores?
They are sites at which microtubules attach to chromosomes.
Why is it difficult to observe individual chromosomes with a light microscope during interphase?
They have uncoiled to form long, thin strands.
Why do some species employ both mitosis and meiosis, whereas other species use only mitosis?
They need both if they are producing animal gametes.
Look at the cell in the figure. Based on this figure, which of the following statements is true?
This cell is diploid.
Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely
a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis.
Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____. anaphase interphase prometaphase metaphase telophase
anaphase
Centromeres divide and sister chromatids become full-fledged chromosomes during _____. interphase telophase metaphase prometaphase anaphase
anaphase
During _____ sister chromatids separate.
anaphase II
Which of these cells is (are) haploid?
c and d
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells? Cancer cells may be immortal. Cultured cancer cells exhibit anchorage dependence. Cancer cells trigger chromosomal changes in surrounding cells.
cancer cells may be immortal
In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This will result in destruction of chromosomes. cells with more than one nucleus. cells lacking nuclei. cells that are unusually small. cell cycles lacking an S phase.
cells with more than one nucleus
In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytoki-nesis. This will result in
cells with more than one nucleus.
After chromosomes condense, the _______ is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other.
centromere(s)
The _________ are the organizing centers for microtubules involved in separating chromosomes during mitosis.
centrosome(s)
One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells are unable to synthesize DNA. are arrested at the S phase of the cell cycle. continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together. cannot function properly because they are affected by density-dependent inhibition. are always in the M phase of the cell cycle.
continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together
One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells
continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.
In most eukaryotes, division of the nucleus is followed by ________, when the rest of the cell divides.
cytokinesis
Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of micro-tubules, its effectiveness must be related to suppression of cyclin production. disruption of mitotic spindle formation. inhibition of regulatory protein phosphorylation. inhibition of DNA synthesis. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation.
disruption of mitotic spindle formation
Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of micro-tubules, its effectiveness must be related to
disruption of mitotic spindle formation.
Which statement provides the best description of the interphase portion of the cell cycle? Interphase is a resting stage prior to cell division. During interphase, a cell is metabolically active. Interphase is a brief period between mitosis and chromosome duplication.
during interphase, a cell is metabolically active
If a eukaryotic cell is in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, which statement about the cell's chromosomes must be correct? Each chromosome is made of a complex of DNA and associated proteins. The chromosomes are preparing for DNA synthesis. Each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids.
each chromosome is made of complex of DNA and associated proteins
Heritable variation is required for which of the following?
evolution
The cell cycle control systems of cancer cells differ from those of normal cells. Select the best explanation for this fact. Cancer cells divide excessively and invade other tissues. Genetic changes alter the function of the cancer cell's protein products. Cancer cells are immortal.
genetic changes alter the function of the cancer cell's protein products
During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes. cytokinesis G1 S interphase mitosis
interphase
In dividing cells, most the cell's growth occurs during _______.
interphase
Nucleoli are present during _____. metaphase anaphase interphase prometaphase prophase
interphase
Nucleoli are present during _____. prophase anaphase prometaphase metaphase interphase
interphase
During mitosis,, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the ________.
kinetochore(s)
In some organisms, such as certain fungi and algae, cells undergo the cell cycle repeatedly without subsequently undergoing cytokinesis. What would result from this?
large cells containing many nuclei
During prophase,the microtubules of the mitotic spindle_______ During anaphase, the nonkinetochore microtubules______and move past each other, and the kinetochore microtubules_____ During telophase, the nonkinetochore microtubules ______.
lengthen lengthen, shorten disassemble
The shuffling of chromosomes that occurs during both fertilization and _____ can lead to genetic variation.
meiosis
During _____ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell.
metaphase II
The _______ is a cell structure consisting of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in cell division.
mitotic spindle(s)
Which of the following events would cause the cell cycle to arrest? Complete chromosome replication Poor nutrient conditions Synthesis of cyclins by growth factors and activation of a cyclin-Cdk complex Chromosomes lined up along the metaphase plate
poor nutrient conditions
Asexual reproduction _____. See Concept 13.1 (Page 255)
produces offspring genetically identical to the parent
Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____. metaphase prometaphase anaphase interphase telophase
prometaphase
Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during _____. telophase anaphase prometaphase interphase metaphase
prometaphase
For the first several divisions of early frog embryos, cells proceed directly from the M phase to the S phase and back to M without gaps. Which of the following is likely to be true about dividing cells in early frog embryos? The number of chromosomes decreases with each generation. Frog embryos do not have DNA. The cells get smaller with each generation. The cells do not divide by mitosis.
the cells get smaller with each generation
The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is due to the accumulation of cyclin. the destruction of the protein kinase Cdk. synthesis of DNA. decreased synthesis of Cdk. the degradation of cyclin.
the degradation of cyclin
The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is due to
the degradation of cyclin.
What is crossing over?
the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids
During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided. G2 S mitosis G1 the mitotic phase
the mitotic phase
Which of the following is a function of the S phase in the cell cycle? The synchronization of organelle division The separation of sister chromatids The sorting of chromosomes The synthesis of sister chromatids
the synthesis of sister chromatids
Meiosis I produces _____ cells, each of which is _____.
two ... haploid
During prophase a pair of chromosomes consists of _____. four chromosomes and two chromatids two chromosomes and four chromatids two chromosomes and two chromatids one chromosome and four chromatids one chromosome and two chromatids
two chromosomes and four chromatids
In diploid cells: mitosis results in the formation of how many cells; meiosis results in the formation of how many cells? See Concept 13.3 (Page 262)
two diploid cells ... four haploid cells
one between moving thread many two before cell end segment, body section
uni- inter- kin-(or kinet-) mito multi- bi- pro- -cyte(or cyto) telo- -mere