Chapter 12: DNA Technology

How can you obtain a gene of interest ?

*"Shotgun" method *Genomic Library *Reverse Transcriptase and Synthesizing the gene with an mRNA template. *Automated DNA-synthesizing machine *Synthesize genes from scratch

People with SCID can be treated with...

*A bone marrow transplant *Gene therapy

Sever Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

*Fatal inherited disease *caused by a single defective gene that prevents development of the immune system.

Positive outcomes of GM Organisms

*Insect resistant plants (no pesticides) (Corn) *Foods with more nutritional value (Golden Rice) *"Food Vaccines"

Repetitive DNA:

*Makes up much of the DNA that lies between genes in humans *Consists of nucleotide sequences that are present in multiple copies in the genome

Human Gene Therapy

*Recombinant DNA procedure *Seeks to treat disease by altering the genes of the afflicted person *Often replaces or supplements the mutant version of a gene with a properly functioning one

What are DNA technology techniques used for ?

*Studying and manipulating genetic material *Modifying specific genes *Moving genes between organisms

Why is the Y-Chromosome seen as a window on history ?

*The Y-Chromosome passes essentially intact from father to son *By Comparing Y DNA, researchers can learn about the ancestry of human males

Human Genome Project

*To determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genome *To identify the location and sequence of every gene *Can help map genes for specific diseases (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's)

The splicing process is accomplished by:

*Using Restriction Enzymes (cut DNA at Restriction Sites (specific nucleotide sequences) *This produces Restriction Fragments with "Sticky Ends"

What is the Genomic Library ?

A collection of DNA fragments that include an organism's entire genome (complete sets of it's genes)

What are "Pharm" Animals ?

Animals that have been modified into Transgenic organisms to carry useful genes/proteins. ("Pharmaceutical Factories")

The manipulation of organisms of their components to make useful products

Biotechnology

How can you identify a desired gene ?

By using a Nucleic Acid Probe

Connects DNA pieces into a continuous strand by forming bonds between adjacent nucleotides:

DNA Ligase

Example of STR Analysis:

Gel Electrophoresis (sorting macromolecules by electrical charge and size)

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Genetic engineering

Organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means:

Genetically Modified (GM) Organism

What are some other proteins made with DNA Technology ?

Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Erythropoietin Hormone (EPO)

Genetically created Human Insulin

Humulin

Recombinant DNA Techniques:

Plasmids (self replicating and are vectors for Gene Cloning)

A technique to copy quickly and precisely a specific segment of DNA:

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

The systematic study of the full set of proteins found in organisms:

Proteomics

Combined pieces of DNA from 2 different sources to form a single DNA molecule known as:

Recombinant DNA

Bacterial Plasmid + Gene of Interest =

Recombinant DNA (The gene of interest must be cut out of the DNA and spliced into the Plasmid)

How do you test if 2 samples of DNA come from the same person ?

Repetitive DNA

A method of DNA profiling and compares the lengths of STR sequences at specific sites in the genome.

STR Analysis

Short sequences of DNA that are repeated many times, tenderly (one after another), in the genome.

Short Tandem Repeats (STR)

How does a Nucleic Acid Probe work ?

The probe consists of a short single strand of DNA with a complementary sequence and labeled with either a radioactive isotope or fluorescent dye.

Why are bacterium and yeast good candidates for transferring genes for a desired protein ?

They culture and reproduce quickly and small amounts of the gene can be produced in large quantities

When a GM Organism contains a gene from another organism/species

Transgenic Organism

Harmless variants or derivatives of a pathogen used to precent infectious diseases

Vaccine

What is the "Shotgun" method ?

Yields millions of recombinant plastics carrying different foreign DNA