Chapter 12 - Emerging Technologies: Blockchain and AI Automation

Which feature cannot be found in bitcoin? A. Double spend B. Anyone can join and leave the bitcoin network at any time C. Immutable history of transactions D. A new block is added every 10 minutes

A. Double spend

Which of the following best describes a confusion matrix? A. It is a table summarizing the prediction results. B. It has as many rows and columns as classifications to predict. C. It can be used to calculate other performance metrics. D. All of these choices are correct. E. None of these choices are correct.

A. It is a table summarizing the prediction results.

Which of the following best describes the difference between artificial intelligence and machine learning? A. Machine learning is a subset of AI. B. Machine learning only applies to deep learning algorithms. C. AI and machine learning are the same thing. D. Machine learning requires less data than AI. E. None of these choices are correct.

A. Machine learning is a subset of AI.

When we refer to smart contract in blockchain, we mean: A. a contract that can be edited at any time for business rules. B. a piece of software code that can be executed or triggered by business activities. C. a digital contract that can be distributed all to the participants with all terms defined. D. a digital copy of paper contract such as a Word file.

B. a piece of software code that can be executed or triggered by business activities.

If a confusion matrix shows 25 TP, 5 FN, 1000 TN, and 5 FP, what is the accuracy ratio? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) A. 0.90 B. 0.92 C. 0.99 D. 0.83 E. None of these choices are correct.

C. 0.99 (25+1000)/25+1000+5+5)

Which of the following is not true with respect to artificial intelligence? A. AI is a broad field in computer science. B. AI is intelligence exhibited by machines rather than humans. C. AI began in the 1990s. D. AI is also called cognitive technologies. E. None of these is true.

C. AI began in the 1990s.

Which of the following best describes artificial neural networks? A. Training a neural network involves the use of real-world data. B. Deep learning is required for a neural network. C. Neural networks consist of inputs, neurons or nodes, and outputs. D. Neural networks only have two layers. E. None of these choices are correct.

C. Neural networks consist of inputs, neurons or nodes, and outputs.

Which of the following best describes supervised learning? A. The training data contain missing labels or incomplete data. B. The training data match inputs to nodes in the network. C. The training data contain input—output pairs. D. The training data only include input values. E. None of these choices are correct.

C. The training data contain input—output pairs.

Ben goes to his bank to wire transfer $1,000 to his sister Jennifer. The role of the bank in this transaction is best described as: A. miner. B. blockchain. C. middleman. D. consensus.

C. middleman.

Which of the following statement is false? A. Hyperledger is an open source blockchain platform created by the Linux foundation. B. Hyperledger is a permissioned blockchain with capabilities of handling smart contracts. C. The main objective of Hyperledger is to achieve cross-industry collaboration with blockchain technology. D. Hyperledger is a public blockchain.

D. Hyperledger is a public blockchain.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Because blockchain transactions are stored in chronological order, you may trace a block from an earlier transaction block to the most recent block in the blockchain. B. Both permissioned and public blockchains need miners to determine which transaction block should be added next. C. Ethereum is a private blockchain. D. Smart contract was introduced in Ethereum.

D. Smart contract was introduced in Ethereum.

A selected set of organizations may run a blockchain node separately for keeping the transaction records. Administrators from the organizations establish the access rights and permissions for each participant. This type of blockchain is often called: A. public blockchain. B. permissionless blockchain. C. private blockchain. D. consortium blockchain.

D. consortium blockchain.

Bitcoin

One cryptocurrency.

Public blockchain

a blockchain network where participants do not need permission to join the network.

Private blockchain

a blockchain network where participants need permission to join the network.

Ethereum

a blockchain platform allowing exchange of more than cryptocurrencies.

Natural language process (NLP)

a branch of AI that allows computers to understand, analyze, and respond to written and spoken human language.

Distributed ledger

a ledger where individual entries are separate in time and location.

Natural language understanding (NLU)

a subset of NLP that focuses on interpreting the meaning and establishing the proper intent of written and spoken human language.

Machine learning

artificial intelligence applications where the computer learns from example and experience rather than specific instructions.

Proof of authority

assurance that new blocks are added only by known administrators.

Consortium blockchain

blockchain network governed by one or more organizations.

Smart contract

define the terms, business rules, and transfer of assets in a piece of software code. They should be examined among the trading partners and/or regulators.

Blockchain

distributed ledger system originally designed for Bitcoin exchange but now used to exchange a variety of digital assets.

Artificial intelligence

intelligence exhibited by machines rather than humans.

Deep learning

machine learning models that include neural networks with more than two nonoutput layers.

Accuracy ratio

machine learning performance ratio formed by dividing the correct classifications by the number of values in the dataset.

Confusion matrix

matrix showing the correct and incorrect classifications after training a machine learning model.

Proof of stake

miners must stake a portion of their own cryptocurrency to ensure blocks are created honestly.

Semi-supervised learning

supervised training but with missing and incorrect output labels in the training dataset.

Proof of work

the blockchain miner completes this by sending a hash of the transactions in the block as well as a hash to prove that the computer work was done.

Artificial neural network

the mathematical model underlying machines learning: consists of inputs, nodes or neurons, and outputs in one or more layers.

Miners

the nodes in the blockchain network creating and validating blocks.

Precision ratio

the ratio of correct positive predictions to the total number of positive predictions after training a machine learning model.

Recall ratio

the ratio of correct predictions to true positive values in the training dataset.

Robotic process automation (RPA)

the use of technology, such as AI, to automate structured business processes.

Supervised learning

where the dataset includes matched input-output data for training.

Unsupervised learning

where the dataset only includes input data for training.

Reinforcement learning

where the machine learns by trial-and-error learning from feedback as it works toward a desired goal.