Chapter 12 - InQuizitive
1. Within-group factorial design 2. Independent-groups factorial design 3. Mixed factorial design
1. Each participant experiences all combinations of all independent variables. 2. Each cell of each of the independent variables has unique subjects. 3. All participants experience all levels of one independent variable but only one level of another independent variable.
True statements: A cell acts as a unique condition in factorial designs. An interaction can be described as a difference in differences. False statements: A factorial design cannot have more than three independent variables. A participant variable is another type of manipulated variable.
Identify the true and false statements about experiments with more than one independent variable.
1. factorial 2. interaction 3. crossover 4. spreading
When an experiment tests all possible combinations of more than one independent variable, it is often referred to as a(n) ___1____design. These designs can show that the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable, also known as a(n) ____2___ effect. These effects typically have two types. If you were to display the data in a line graph, one type would show the data from one independent variable intersecting with the data from the other, or a(n) ______3_______ interaction. The second type graphed in the same way would show the data points moving away from one another as the dependent variable increases, or a(n) _______4______ interaction.
one; three-way interactions three; two-way interactions three; main effects
Gloria is designing an experiment to understand whether the amount of stress someone is experiencing (high versus low) changes which types of medications for depression (SSRI, NDRI, or placebo) will be effective. Gloria also plans to account for the differences in people with major depressive disorder and people with persistent depressive disorder. Identify the number of two-way interactions, three-way interactions, and main effects Gloria is likely to find in her experiment.
If the set of lines are too similar in pattern then most likely there is NO three-way interaction.
Jevonte is investigating whether type of exam (essay versus multiple choice) affects the grades of students with varying levels of test anxiety (high versus low). Jevonte also wants to add an additional participant variable of gender. Select the graph that would not represent a three-way interaction in Jevonte's data.
Interaction effect
What is typically the most important effect that is uncovered in a factorial design?
1. experiment 2. independent 3. condition 4. dependent
When researchers manipulate a variable in a study, that study is typically referred to as a(n) ___1___. The manipulated variable is often called the ____2____ variable. A manipulated variable always has more than one level, or ____3____, and researchers alter it to see if it will produce a change in the ____4____ variable, which is typically measured.
1. twelve 2. three 3. three 4. one
A study has a 2 x 2 x 3 within-groups factorial design. This example has a total of ___1___ cell(s). Researchers would need to investigate ____2____ main effect(s), ____3____ two-way interaction(s), and ___4____ three-way interaction(s) in this study.
1. dependent variable 2. independent variable Feedback: The independent variable is the casual variable and the dependent variable is the outcome variable that researchers are interested in examining.
Aditi is researching whether participants feel more satisfied after drinking a regular soda or a diet soda. She has participants drink both types of soda in random order and measures their level of satisfaction after tasting each one. The amount of satisfaction is the ____1____and the type of soda is the ____2_____ in her study.
does not describe a factorial design when articles say... "is the reason for" or "controlling for" describes a factorial design when articles say "it depends" or "only when"
Identify each phrase from popular media articles as either describing or not describing a factorial design.
Only Factorial Designs: Mixed design Differences in differences Interaction Single Independent Variable or Factorial Designs: Within-groups design Independent variable Main effect
Identify each term as related to only factorial designs or related to either single independent variable designs or factorial designs.
True statements: One way to identify a factorial design is via the A x B design (e.g., 3x2) Researchers explain whether interactions are significant or not in the Results section False statements: Regression is typically an indicator of factorial designs. Most popular media articles use terminology similar to that of an empirical journal.
Identify the true and false statements about how factorial designs are described in both empirical journal articles and popular media articles.
two-way interaction
Imagine you are reading this sentence from a popular press article. "Researchers tested different forms of textbooks and found that interactive textbooks with online exercises were more effective than static text, but only for students who had high levels of previous technology experience." What term or phrase best describes the main result in this study?
1. interaction effect(s) 2. main effect(s) 3. marginal mean(s)
In a factorial design with two independent variables, researchers would need to review one ___1___ and two ____2_____. If each independent variable has two levels, this design would also yield four ____3_____, which are the averages of each level of an independent variable across all levels of the other independent variable.
type of commercial Feedback: The researchers manipulated the type of commercial to learn more about its effect, so it is an independent variable. Independent variables in factorial designs are also called factors.
Koordeman and colleagues (2011) conducted a study on the effect of commercials on alcohol consumption. Participants watched commercials for one of two types of beverages: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Researchers then measured their consumption of alcohol during a 2-hour movie. Finally, participants completed a questionnaire on their usual weekly drinking habits. The results showed that typically heavy drinkers were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the type of commercial did not influence the alcohol consumption of typically light drinkers. What is a factor in this study?
2; main effects 1; interaction Feedback: Amir could potentially find an interaction between gender and type of commercial shown.
Amir is conducting a study in which women and men watch one of three television commercials (charity, political, or control) in order to see which combination of commercial and gender lead to the most helping behavior. Identify the number of main effects and interactions Amir is likely to find in his study. Not all items will have a match.
Correct Answer(s): 3 two-way interactions 3 main effects 1 three-way interaction Incorrect Answer(s): 3 three-way interactions 2 two-way interactions 2 main effects
For each type of effect listed—main effects, two-way interactions, and three-way interactions—identify the maximum number of possible effects that could be tested in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design.
significant result; main effect of intonation and word type x intonation interaction not significant result; main effect of word type
Howard (2016) examined whether dogs would respond to different types of words (positive versus neutral) depending on intonation (positive versus neutral). He found that dogs overall responded more to words spoken in a positive intonation than in a neutral intonation, but that the dogs did not respond differently to the types of words themselves. Most interestingly, he found that the dogs responded most to the positive words spoken in a positive intonation, compared with any other condition. Identify the significant and not significant results of Howard's (2016) study.
Feedback: Howard's study had a significant main effect of intonation (because there was a greater response for positive than for neutral intonations) and a significant interaction. This graph depicts a main effect of intonation in the correct direction because the average response for positive intonation was 6, while the average response for neutral intonation was 4. There was also a significant interaction in the correct direction because the lines are not parallel and positive words spoken in a positive intonation showed the greatest response among all of the conditions. Graph: >
Howard (2016) examined whether dogs would respond to different types of words (positive versus neutral) depending on intonation (positive versus neutral). He found that dogs overall responded more to words spoken in a positive intonation than in a neutral intonation, but that the dogs did not respond differently to the types of words themselves. Most interestingly, he found that the dogs responded most to the positive words spoken in a positive intonation, compared with any other condition. Select the graph that accurately depicts Howard's (2016) results.
three-way interaction Feedback: In this example, three independent variables (type of language, race, and frequency of news watching) are all described in terms of how they affect racial bias.
Imagine you are reading this sentence from a popular press article. "Researchers tested a series of different newspaper articles and found that articles about crimes using abstract (versus concrete) language and containing a Black (versus White) perpetrator increased racial bias, but only among those who watched the news every day." What term or phrase best describes the main result in this study?
three-way interaction
Imagine you are reading this sentence from a popular press article. "Researchers tested a series of different newspaper articles and found that articles about crimes using abstract (versus concrete) language and containing a Black (versus White) perpetrator increased racial bias, but only among those who watched the news every day." What term or phrase best describes the main result in this study?
independent variable; amount of alcohol dependent variable; aggressive behavior control variable; amount of orange juice
In one study by Duke and colleagues (2011), researchers gave participants orange juice with either trace amounts of alcohol or enough alcohol to get them legally drunk. Researchers then measured the participants' aggressive behavior using a game in which they were allowed to administer shocks to people they thought were other participants.
1. independent-groups factorial design 2. main effect(s) 3. interaction effect(s)
Koordeman and colleagues (2011) conducted a study on the effect of commercials on alcohol consumption. Participants watched commercials for one of two types of beverages: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Researchers then measured their consumption of alcohol during a 2-hour movie. Finally, participants completed a questionnaire on their usual weekly drinking habits. The results showed that typically heavy drinkers were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the type of commercial did not influence the alcohol consumption of typically light drinkers. This study design is a(n) ___1____. Koordeman and colleagues probably examined two _______2_______and one _____3_____.
True Statement(s): Telutchi needs to calculate four marginal means for this study. There is likely a main effect of quiz frequency in Telutci's study. There is likely a quiz frequency x course type interaction in Telutci's study. False Statement(s): There are four factors in Telutchi's study There is likely a main effect of course type in Telutchi's study
Telutci is conducting a semester-long study on whether the frequency of in-class quizzes will improve performance on the final exam for research methods and general psychology courses. He finds these results: DV: Grade final exam | Frequent quizzes | No quizzes Research methods | 80 | 60 General psych. | 60 | 70
1. 2x2 2. mixed Feedback: The age factor is between-groups because there are different participants in each group, and the audience size factor is within-groups, because all participants recite the poem in front of a large audience and alone. Therefore, this is a mixed factorial design.
Vanhong designs a study in which she has a group of younger adults (18-24 years old) and a group of older adults (50-65 years old) recite a poem by memory, once in front of a large audience and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalances the order of these tasks between participants. She has the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recite the poem each time. The factorial notation for Vanhong's study is ___1____ and it is a(n) ____2____ factorial design.
the graph with diagonal lines that decreases (high to low diagonally)
Vanhong designs a study in which she has a group of younger adults (18-24 years old) and a group of older adults (50-65 years old) recite a poem by memory, once in front of a large audience and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalances the order of these tasks between participants. She has the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recite the poem each time. Vanhong finds a main effect for age, such that younger people report being more anxious than older people. She also finds a main effect for audience size, such that people are more anxious in the room with an audience than they are in the room by themselves. She does not find an interaction in the results. Select the graph that accurately depicts Vanhong's results.
Reason(s) to test the effect of multiple independent variables to test the limits of an effect to test theories Not Reason(s) to use fewer participants to increase internal validity to increase construct validity
Which of the following are reasons why researchers use factorial designs?
Factorial Design(s): Researchers found that the effectiveness of a bullying intervention depended on whether or not the student had been previously billed. Experts found that younger people quit smoking faster using nicotine patches, but older people quite faster using nicotine gum. Not Factorial Design(s): Researchers found that the older people are, the more conservative they are. Over 6 weeks, those who took part in a college mental health program were more likely to do well on final exams than those who did not.
Which of the following examples represent factorial designs?
True Statement(s) There are eight cells in this study. There are two dependent variables in this study. False Statement(s) This study is a 2 × 3 factorial design. The researchers could have examined two possible two-way interactions in this study.
Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer type on the perceived tastiness of and rated satisfaction with a dish of fried rice. The study had a between-groups design and included varying levels of price (inexpensive or expensive), attractiveness of picture (attractive or unattractive), and type of consumer (self or classmate). Identify the true and false statements about this study.