CHAPTER 12: Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes

What are the basic properties of organic compounds?

Made up of primarily Carbon atoms. They can be joined together with single, double, or triple bonds

Halogenation

A reaction in which H atoms are REPLACED by Br, or Cl

How are alkanes and cycloalkanes named?

Alkane straight-chains are -ane ending to a parent (tells us how many C are in a molecule) Branched Alkane 1st named by the longest possible C chain for the parent and then identify the Alkyl groups that is branching of the main carbon chain. Substituents are named by counting from the lowest number on the chain. Cycloalkanes are name with the pre-fix cyclo to the name of the alkane.

What are the general properties and chemical reactions of alkanes?

Alkanes are 1. ONLY soluble in NON-polar organic solvents 2. Have weak intermolecular forces 3. Nontoxic Principle chemical reaction is: 1. Combustion 2. Halogenation

What are alkanes and cycloalkanes?

Alkanes are hydrocarbons that only contain single bonds. There can be a straight-chain and a branched alkane. Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons that has a ring of C.

Structural formula

All atoms and bonds are shown

Line structures

Carbon structure is represented in lines and locations of C and H are understood

General formula of a Cycloalkane?

CnH2n

General formula of an Alkane?

CnH2n+2

Properties of Alkanes

Continued from above: M.P and B.P of straight chain alkanes increase with molecular size. 1st four Alkanes as gases at room temperature and pressure. Next 5-15 carbon atoms are liquids. 16 or more is low-melting, waxy solids. Soluble to polar; less dense than water. Vapors are flammable Not good to breathe; pneumonia Ok to eat higher mixtures of Alkanes ; good laxative; waxy; lubrication

Properties of cycloalkanes

Cyclopropane and cyclobutane are gases at room temperature. Larger cycloalkanes are liquids or solids Very stable Natural biochemical active molecules; steroids

How are functional groups used to classify organic molecules?

Every given functional group has its own unique properties therefore, it will have nearly the same chemical reactions in every molecule that its found on

What are isomers?

Isomers are compounds that have the same formula but different name or structure.

What are constitutional isomers?

Isomers that differ in their connections among atoms

Functional isomers

Isomers that have other atoms other than carbon, have 1. different structures; 2. Belong to separate families

What are functional groups?

It is part of a larger molecule made up of atoms that has its own characteristic structure (physical) and chemical reactivity

Condensed formula

Not all bonds are shown

How are organic molecules drawn?

They can be drawn in a structural formula, condensed formula, or line structures.

Combustion

When the molecule reacts with water to produce CO2 and H2O Produce flame due to burning with oxygen