Chapter 12

Labeling

A.a b.b (check disgram last page)

_________is a regional environmental problem that results in respiratory ailments , aquatic fish kills , weakening of forest ecosystems , and damage to buildings and monuments .

Acid deposition

. Some colleges and universities are taking action to reduce their carbon can do as an individual or as a student group to make your campus greener ? footprint . What are some strategies that you

Answers will vary Examples include the following : Live closer to campus , use the campus bus , car - pool or ride a bike to class . Encourage the cafeteria to serve locally grown foods , and more vegetarian and organic options . Use energy - efficient lighting in classrooms and dorms .

Which method would be least effective in improving U.S. air pollution laws ? a . Refocusing on pollution prevention b . Increasing vehicle fuel efficiency c . Better ventilating homes and buildings d . Increasing regulations on motorcycles and two - cycle engines e . Better regulation of airports and cruise ships

C

Which of the following statements about the potential effects of global warming on human health is false a . Food and freshwater supplies are likely to be disrupted . b . People are likely to be displaced from coastal areas . c . Occurrence of insect - borne diseases is likely to decrease in temperate zones . d . Sanitation systems in coastal cities may be flooded . c . Respiratory diseases are likely to increase .

C

a . formaldehyde Respiratory illnesses in developing countries are most likely to be caused by b . cigarette smoke . c . suspended particulate matter . d . asbestos . e . ozone .

C

sun's ultraviolet radiation from reaching the earth's surface . In the accompanying atmospheric diagram , choose the layer that contains ozone and keeps approximately 95 % of the

C

_______are manmade compounds that have been widely used as refrigerants and in spray propellants .

Chlorofluorocarbons CFC's CFCs

_____refers to the long - term average of weather patterns in a particular area .

Climate

Air pollutants come only from human sources . a . True b . False

False

An emissions credit trading system in place emissions from electrical power plants . since 1990 has contributed little to the success of reducing sulfur dioxide a . True b . False

False

Because it is a metal , lead is not a major air pollutant . a . True b . False

False

Chlorofluorocarbons can be used to combat global warming . a . True b . False

False

Despite the recent warming of the troposphere , in 2009 , the world's oceans were the coolest in 130 years of record keeping . a . True b . False

False

Even if we immediately halt all new releases of ozone depleting chemicals , the ozone layer can never be restored to its pre - 1950s levels . a . True b . False

False

Major U.S. airports are typically among the organizations least responsible for pollution . a . True b. False

False

The world's economies are not affected by the climate change . a . True b . False

False

We can ignore the temporary consequences of a warmer global climate because much of the recent warming is due to natural glacial and interglacial cycles . a . True b . False

False

Climate scientists are deeply concerned about tipping points . What are crossing them ? Provide two examples of tipping points and explain why they are dangerous . tipping points and why should we avoid

Tipping points are thresholds will be effectively permanent and ice sheet . Melting snow and potentially catastrophic . Once in the climate system beyond which change such tipping point is the melting of the Greenland ice exposes much darker land and sea areas which warming . Another tipping point involves ocean chain and their population could collapse if the acidification is severe ocean ecosystem , but it would also hamper the ocean's ability to absorb carbon dioxide . acidification . Phytoplankton form the base of the ocean food absorb more solar energy and heat up , accelerating global enough . Not only would this devastate Arctic summer sea ice , Answers will vary . Other tipping points include : atmospheric carbon dioxide level of 450 ppm , melting of all and collapse of the Amazon rainforest . release of methane from Arctic permafrost , collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet

Future global warming consequences will likely include major heat waves , more intense forest fires , prolonged droughts , glacial melt , and sea level rise . a . True b . False

True

Major companies have increased profits by developing or using cleaner and more efficient energy technologies a . True b . False

True

Man - made climate change affects the entire planet and will likely have long - term consequences . a . True b . False

True

Over the past 30 years , the quality of outdoor air in most developed countries has greatly improved . a . True b . False

True

The health risks of indoor air pollution are generally greater in developed work in these areas spend the majority of their time indoors or inside vehicles . urban areas because people who live and a . True b . False

True

The ozone hole is a region of the stratosphere with reduced concentrations of ozone . a . True b . False

True

Global warming is causing sea level to rise for two separate reasons . What are they ?

Water expands as it warms . Therefore as the planet heats up , the existing water in the ocean takes up more space . Separately , melting glaciers are adding more water to the ocean .

A cap - and - trade program exists for which pollutant ? a . SO₂ . b . CFCs C. CO₂ d . formaldehyde e . lead

a

Greenhouse gases a . warm the earth's lower atmosphere . b . are vital human nutrients . c . block all ultraviolet radiation from reaching the earth's surface . d. Cause the earth's rotation on its axis. e. Create rain

a

On the accompanying air pollution diagram , choose the letter that represents CO , CO2 , SO2 , NO , NO2 , most hydrocarbons , and most suspended particles .

a

Outdoor air pollutants . a . can travel via prevailing winds b . are a low risk human health problem . c . mostly occur in rural areas . d . are increasing in developed countries . e . are not regulated in the United States .

a

Photochemical smog is formed when primary pollutants interact with a . sunlight . b . water vapor . c . sulfur dioxide . d . oxygen . e . carbon .

a

Primary pollutants are a . chemicals or substances emitted directly into the air . b . those formed from reactions with other pollutants in the atmosphere . c . found only in stratospheric ozone . d . also known as natural pollutants . e . found only in fossil fuels

a

Which of the following represents an output strategy for combating climate change ? a . carbon capture and storage schemes b . energy efficiency laws c . fossil fuel reductions d . nonrenewable energy source initiatives e . tropical forest logging certifications

a

________acid deposition usually occurs near to emission point sources , whereas _______acid deposition usually takes place in more distant down wind areas .a . Dry ; wet b . Wet ; dry c . Wet ; wet d . Dry ; dry e . Primary ; secondary

a

_______emits the most amount of carbon dioxide per unit of energy generated a . Coal b . Natural gas c . Gasoline d . Solar power e . Oil

a

For roughly 10,000 years , global climate has been a . wildly fluctuating . b . relatively stable . c . slowly warming . d . rapidly warming . e . rapidly cooling .

b

Furniture stuffing , paneling , particle board , and carpeting may be sources of a . chloroform . b . formaldehyde . c . carbon monoxide . d . isoprene . e . sulfur dioxide

b

On the accompanying air pollution diagram , choose the letter that represents SO3 , HNO3 H3SO4 , H2O2 , O3 , PANS , and most NO3 and SO4 salts .

b

Photochemical smog can most easily reduced by a drop in emissions of a . carbon monoxide b . nitrous oxides c . ozone emissions . d . water e . PANS

b

Secondary pollutants are a . chemicals or substances emitted directly into the air . b . those formed from reactions with other pollutants in the atmosphere c . found only in stratospheric ozone d . also known as natural pollutants e . found only in fossil fuels .

b

The part of the world that has been warming fastest in the last 50 years is ______ a . the mid - latitudes . b . the Arctic region c . North America d . the Tibetan Plateau e . the oceans throughout the world

b

The quickest and cheapest way to slow the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is to a . switch from fossil fuels to nuclear fuels . b . increase the efficiency of energy use . c . put a price on carbon dioxide emissions d . stop deforestation . e . slow population growth .

b

The troposphere is composed of 99 % a . hydrogen and oxygen . b . nitrogen and oxygen . c . hydrogen and methane . d . carbon dioxide and nitrogen . e . helium and hydrogen .

b

Which of the following statements is true of temperature inversions ? a . Temperature inversions occur when a layer of cold air prevents warm air from rising . b . Temperature inversions exacerbate pollution problems . c . Temperature inversions are temporary . d . Temperature inversions cause cool air near the earth's surface to expand and rise , carrying pollutants higher into the troposphere . e . Temperaturel inversions help prevent air pollution .

b

A temperature inversion is the result of a . precipitation . b . cold air drainage . c. A layer of warm air lying stop cooler air near ground. d. A cold blanket of air that prevents warm air from rising. e. Mixing of cool and warm air.

c

Acid deposition is best classified as a a . local problem . b . state problem . c . regional problem . d . national problem . e . international problem .

c

Acid deposition is properly defined as the _______deposition of ______pollutants onto the earth's surface . a . wet ; primary b . wet ; secondary c . wet and dry ; primary d . wet and dry ; secondary e . dry ; primary

d

Melting permafrost might accelerate climate change because a . carbon dioxide is trapped as water melts . b . polar bears and other arctic species rely on permafrost . c . sea levels will rise . d . methane gas stored in the frozen ground will be released . e . coral reefs rely on methane .

d

Mucus lining the human upper respiratory tract a . causes about 90 % of pollution - related lung cancer . b . is a significant source of radon . c . generates carbon monoxide . d . removes particles and dissolves some gaseous pollutants . e . is a major source of CFCs .

d

One major way to help protect the atmosphere is to a . quickly burn all remaining fossil fuels to encourage faster b . compartmentalize air pollution , water c . emphasize local control and responsibility for air pollution . pollution , and energy policies so that each department has its own focus . change to alternative fuels . d . control population growth . e . decrease use of renewable energy

d

Temperature inversions increase outdoor air pollution because they a . accelerate photochemical reactions . b . are taller than most smokestacks . c . prevent brown air smog . d . prevent the natural mixing of air . e . accelerate the emission of primary pollutants .

d

The atmospheric layer containing most of the mass of the earth's air is the a . thermosphere . b . mesosphere . c . stratosphere . d . troposphere . e . tropopause .

d

The layer of the atmosphere that plays a major role in earth's weather and long - term climate is the a . thermosphere . b . mesosphere . c . stratosphere . d . troposphere . e . tropopause .

d

The two most important factors describing climate are a . temperature and insulation . b . precipitation and pressure . c . humidity and wind . d . average temperature and average precipitation . e . relative humidity and clouds .

d

Use of biochar removes carbon from the atmosphere by a . fertilizing the Amazon Basin . b . burning biomass such as chicken waste . c . making an excellent organic fertilizer d . keeping carbon in the soil for up to 1,000 years . e . releasing small amounts of carbon dioxide when it is made .

d

Which answer best states the current scientific position about global warming ? a . There is no problem - it's a hoax . b . There is no need to worry . The projected change in temperature is no more than we experience on any given day . c . The problem is the potential rise in average global temperature .d . The problem is the quick rate of change in average global temperature . e . The problem is the slow rate of change in average global temperature .

d

Which of the following statements is false ? The process of ocean acidification enabled life on land to evolve . CFCs are odorless and stable . c . CFCs are nonflammable , nontoxic , and noncorrosive . d . Ocean acidification is responsible for the breakdown of ozone to molecular oxygen e . CFCs are cheap to produce .

d

Which statement is false ? a . CFCs are persistent chemicals b . Ozone depletion is worst in Antarctica c . CFCs substitutes have been found . d . Ozone thinning levels remain steady over seasons . e . CFCs contribute to global warming .

d

. In the accompanying atmospheric diagram , choose the letter that represents the boundary in the atmosphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere .

e

In the short term , some humans may benefit from which of the following climate change effects ? a . melting glacial ice b . rising sea levels c . permafrost melt d . biodiversity loss e . agricultural shifts .

e

Prevailing winds blowing over the oceans produce a . global warming . b . ocean acidification . c . air pollution . d . SPM . e . ocean currents .

e

There is some evidence that some aerosols and suspended particles in outdoor air pollution may actually slow the rate of atmospheric warming . Why do some scientist expect that these particles will not have a significant effect on counteracting projected climate change within the next 50 years ?

gravity or are washed out of the Aerosols and particulate emissions are reducing in developed countries The particles fall back to earth by atmosphere within a short time . However , carbon dioxide , a major greenhouse gas , remains in the lower atmosphere for a much longer time ..

A ( n ) ________reaction is any chemical reaction activated by light .

photochemical

List five ( 5 ) major classes of air pollutants and three sources of these pollutants for each class .Refer to Table 12-1 for examples which include carbon oxides- industry , motor vehicles , forest fires nitrogen oxides- industry , motor vehicles , fertilizers sulfur oxides- coal burning , industries , volcanoes

suspended particulates- tobacco smoke , forest fires , motor vehicles toxics- dry cleaning chemicals , industry , building materials

An atmospheric carbon dioxide level of 450 ppm is widely considered to be an irreversible climate change , or

tipping point

The atmospheric layer closest to earth's surface is the

troposphere

Industrial smog consists mostly of a . nitrous oxide and suspended particles . b . ozone and lead . c . sulfur dioxide , sulfuric acid , and suspended solid particles . d . lead and cement . e . methane , nitrous oxide , and sulfuric acid .

C

Photochemical smog is worst in urban areas with a climate that is a . cool , wet , and cloudy . b . cool , dry , and sunny . c . warm , dry , and sunny . d . warm , wet , and cloudy e . warm , wet , and sunny .

C

The oceans ' surface water is a . not acidic enough to maintain the earth's climate . b . more able to absorb carbon dioxide as the water temperature increases c . less able to absorb carbon dioxide as the water temperature increases .largely stagnant in terms of facilitating temperature changes e . becoming dramatically cooler in recent decades

C

The success of emissions trading programs in limiting pollution depends primarily on a . the size of the initial cap only . b . how often the cap is lowered only . c . the size of the cap and how often it is lowered . d . the danger of the pollutant being limited . e . the participation of local airports .

C

_______consists mostly of an unhealthy mix of sulfur dioxide , suspended droplets of sulfuric acid and a variety of suspended solid particles .

Industrial smog

The________ is an international agreement to cut greenhouse gas emissions and slow global warming .

Kyoto Protocol

_________poisoning , mostly affecting children , can cause mental retardation and brain damage .

Lead

In the face of a warmer climate there are some lifestyle changes that your children and grandchildren will have to learn to make . Providing at least four unavoidable consequences of climate change and discuss some of these changes .

Prolonged droughts may force my family to stop farming in order to make a living , and we may have to relocate or change vocations . Sea level rises may cause storms to damage our home , and we may have to leave our community , which is where we have lived for generations . Worsening forest fires may burn our village and cause disruption to our lifestyle or even death in the family . Major heat waves may give me a stroke , and if so , I won't be there for my children and grandchildren Answers will vary .

________pollutants are formed by the reactions of _______pollutants and other naturally occurring substances to form new harmful chemicals .

Secondary ; primary

Why were nations and companies been able to work together to solve the global problem of ozone depletion ?

The ozone depletion issue has been successfully addressed for three main reasons . First , there was no doubt that there was a problem ; the scientific evidence was dramatic and convincing manufactured ; only a small number of international CFCs would be phased out of a period of years , companies were companies were involved . Third , since it was clear that , Second , CFCs were not widely resources to find profitable substitute chemicals . willing to dedicate economic and creative