Chapter 12 micro

Name the body systems that participate in immunity

lymphatic system and circulatory system

Describe the structure and function of the lymphatic system and its connection with the circulatory system

lymphatic system is a compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized organs. Transports lymph through an increasingly larger tributary system of vessels and lymph nodes, leading to major vessels that lead back to the circulatory system

Interferon gamma

produced by T cells

Interferons alpha and beta

produced by lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages

Outline the steps of phagocytosis and list the cells that are phagocytes

step 1 Chemotaxis. phagocyte is attracted or called towards infection. step 2 Adherence. phagocyte attaches to microbe. step 3 Ingestion. microbe is engulfed in "phagosome" step 4 Phagolysosome formation. lysosome adds digestive chemicals. step 5 Killing. ... step 6 Elimination. Phagocytes include neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), which have the capacity to engulf and digest relatively large

Describe how T and B lymphocytes are involved in adaptive immunity

- B cells are responsible for humoral immunity that is mediated by circulating antibodies.- T cells are responsible for cell mediated immunity; T cells kill targets directly or stimulate the activity of other leukocytes. -B's hang out in the bone marrow, until they are mature -T's are formed in the bone marrow but travel and mature in the thymus

Name four types of antimicrobial host-derived products

- interferon - complement - antimicrobial peptides - restriction factors

Connect the mononuclear phagocyte system to innate immunity

- provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs. Found in the thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, lymphoid, respiratory tract -The mononuclear phagocyte system consists of cells distributed throughout the body's network of connective tissue fibers. They stand ready to attack and ingest microbes that have managed to bypass the first line of defense.

lymphatic system

-Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection -the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood.

Describe two examples of how the normal microbiota contribute to the first line of defense.

-Even though the resident biota does not constitute an anatomical barrier, its presence can block the access of pathogens to epithelial surfaces and can create an unfavorable environment for pathogens by competing for limited nutrients or by altering the local pH.-the presence of a robust commensal biota "trains" host defenses in such a way that commensals are kept in check and pathogens are eliminated

lymphatic vessels

-Like thin-walled veins -Extend into all parts of the body except parts of the central nervous system and certain organs such as bone, placenta, and thymus -Walls are easily permeated by extracellular fluid that has escaped from the circulatory system -Found in high numbers in the hands, feet, and around the areola of the breast -Lymph flows from the extremities to the heart

Summarize the importance of cytokines, and list one pro-inflammatory and one anti-inflammatory cytokine.

-active molecules: regulate, stimulate and suppress cell development, inflammation, and immunity -Produced by monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, platelets, and endothelial cells -inflammatory:encourage specific and nonspecific immune responses = interleukin-1 -anti-inflammatory:discourage immune responses = interleukin-10

Summarize the three lines of host defenses

1. First line- innate, nonspecific which includes: barriers to disease- physical, chemical, and genetic 2. Second-innate, nonspecific which includes: phagocytosis, inflammations, complement, interferon 3. Third- acquired, specific defenses which include: B and T lymphocyte

Outline the steps of inflammation

A.) Tissue injury Tissue macrophages initiate phagocytosis and secrete cytokines Chemotaxins, bradykinins, histamine, prostoglandins, etc. B.) Capillary walls dilate, causing edema, heat, redness, pain. C.) Activated endothelial cells Cells that line the blood vessels Selectins: molecules produced by endothelial cells that attract WBCs D.) Neutrophils slowed down Integrins: on surface of WBC that help them adhere to endothelial cell Chemokines attract other phagocytes to site of injury. E.) Fibrin wall forms around injury preventing the spread of the pathogens.

Identify the components of the third line of defense

Active Infection, Passive maternal antibodies, active vaccination, and passive immune serum

events of phagocytosis

Chemotaxis Ingestion Phagolysosome formation Destruction Excretion

Discuss the mechanism of fever and how it helps defend the body

Fever impedes-the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron. Fever increased metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and naturally protective physiological processes. It speeds up hematopoiesis, phagocytosis, and specific immune reactions and helps specific lymphocytes hone in on sites of infection. -Inhibits rapid microbial growth -Inactivates toxins -Encourages rapid tissue repair -Heightens phagocytosis

Define "marker" and discuss its importance in the second and third lines of defense

Marker - extension on WBCs, "self" cells, and antigens that differentiate them from each otherImportant because when WBCs PRRs (Pathogen Recognition Receptor) comes into contact with "self" cells' "markers", the WBCs know to not destroy that cell. When WBCs PRRs come in contact with an antigen (pathogen), they identify the pathogen by contacting the pathogens "markers" or PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern). Once the WBC recognizes the molecule to be an antigen (pathogen), it destroys the antigen (pathogen) thru phagocytosis.

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Markers that many different kinds microbes have in common

Name three kinds of blood cells that function in nonspecific (innate) immunity.

Neutrophils monocytes macrophages

Five different kinds of leukocytes

Never = neutrophils Let = lymphocytes Monkeys = monocytes Eat = eosinophils Bananas = basophils

List the four major categories of the second line of defense

Phagocytosis Inflammation Fever Antimicrobial proteins

Identify the three components of the first line of defense

Physical barriers, chemical barriers, and genetic components - intact skin - mucus - cilia - tears (containing lysozyme)

lymphatic fluid

Plasma like liquid carried by the lymphatic circulation Transports numerous white blood cells Also transports fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents that have gained access to the tissue spaces

plasma vs serum

Plasma: clear, yellowish fluid Serum: essentially the same as plasma, except that it is the clear fluid from clotted blood; used in immune testing and therapy

prebiotocs vs probiotics

Prebiotics: indigestible nutrients that feed bacteria Probiotics: suspension of live bacteria

Define a pyrogen and give the source of Exogenous and Endogenous types

Substances that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting: -Exogenous pyrogens: coming from outside the body: viruses, bacteria, protozoans, vaccines -Endogenous pyrogens: liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor

Summarize the second line of defense

a cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the surface defenses.

Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

a collection of monocytes and macrophages scattered throughout the extracellular spaces that function to engulf and degrade foreign molecules

Summarize the first line of defense

a surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments

Summarize the third line of defense

acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by lymphocytes and produces protective substance when it reacts with each microbes and provides long term immunity.

Describe the following terms: Rubor:,Calor,Tumor ,Dolor

heat (calor), pain (dolor), redness (rubor), and swelling (tumor)

Identify the components of the second line of defense

inflammatory response, interferons, phagocytosis, and complement.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

innate immunity of the second line of defense Recognize PAMPs

Identify the four body systems that participate in the first line of defense

integumentary respiratory urinary digestive

Categorize the 5 types of white blood cells by mononuclear or granulocyte

Granulocytes include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells. Their granules contain enzymes that damage or digest pathogens and release inflammatory mediators into the bloodstream. Mononuclear leukocytes include lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Compose one good overview sentence about the purpose and the mode of action of the complement system, and another about the purpose and mode of action of interferon

The complement system is a casacde of protiens present in blood plasma that play an important role in innate immunity arm of the immune system. It does so by recognizing, opsonizing, lysing the particulate materials, including microbes and host cell debris. Interferons are modulator proteins released by a virus- infected cell to communicate nearby cells so that can enhance their anti-viral defense mechanisms. There mode of action includes multiple reactions like they inhibit the B-activation, enhance T-lymphocyte proliferation and increase the capability of natural killer cells

Immunology

The study of all features of the body's SECOND and THIRD lines of defense Study of the body's response to infectious agents Study of allergies and cancer