Chapter 12 Oceanography

The current number of documented marine species represent about ________ of all known species on Earth. A) 13% B) 17% C) 21% D) 26% E) 30%

A) 13%

The most likely total number of species on Earth is estimated to be between ________. A) 6 and 12 million B) 12 and 40 million C) 100 and 200 million D) 600 and 900 million E) 1 and 2 billion

A) 6 and 12 million

Which of the following kingdoms also includes humans? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Fungi E) Plantae

A) Animalia

Which of the following kingdoms contains species that range in complexity from simple sponges to complex vertebrates? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Fungi E) Plantae

A) Animalia

Which of the following kingdoms contains the multicelled animals? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Fungi E) Plantae

A) Animalia

Which of the following domains is a group of simple, microscopic, bacteria-like creatures that includes methane producers and sulfur oxidizers that inhabit deep-sea vents and seeps? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya

A) Archaea

Ninety eight percent of marine species belong to which of the following? A) Benthos B) Fungi C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae

A) Benthos

Which of the following terms describes organisms living on or in the ocean bottom? A) Benthos B) Fungi C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae

A) Benthos

The most recent international project to assess the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life was called which of the following? A) Census of Marine Life B) History of Marine Animal Populations C) International Census of Marine Microbes D) Systematic Census of the Ocean E) The Ocean Biogeographic Information System

A) Census of Marine Life

Which of the following results in the temperature range experienced by the ocean to be substantially less than that on land? A) Deeper penetration of solar energy in the ocean B) Freshwater freezes at a lower temperature than saltwater C) The greater mixing on the continents versus the marine environment D) The increased evaporation over land compared to the ocean E) The lower heat capacity of water compared to rocks

A) Deeper penetration of solar energy in the ocean

Organisms that spend their entire lives as plankton are called which of the following? A) Holoplankton B) Meroplankton C) Phytoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton

A) Holoplankton

Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by common dolphins and bat stars? A) Kingdom B) Phylum C) Class D) Order E) Family

A) Kingdom

Plankton that measure between 2 to 20 centimeters are classified, based on size, as which of the following? A) Macroplankton B) Phytoplankton C) Picoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton

A) Macroplankton

Which of the following plankton are the largest? A) Macroplankton B) Phytoplankton C) Picoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton

A) Macroplankton

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: All marine algae must live near the ocean surface BECAUSE they need sunlight to survive. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Common names can be more confusing than scientific names BECAUSE there can be more than one common name for the same species. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have not had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at a proper concentrations BECAUSE their body fluids are nearly isotonic. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine animals live near the ocean surface BECAUSE this is where food can be obtained. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine organisms are unaffected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE they do not have large internal air pockets that can be compressed. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Plankton cannot determine their horizontal position within the ocean BECAUSE they can't swim, move only weakly or move only vertically. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Sharks have existed almost unchanged in Earth's oceans for more than 400 million years BECAUSE the relatively uniform conditions of the open ocean do not pressure organisms to adapt. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

The ________ zone includes more than 80% of the benthic environment. A) abyssal B) bathyal C) hadal D) littoral E) subneritic

A) abyssal

The ocean floor of the ________ zone is covered by soft oceanic sediment, primarily clay. A) abyssal B) bathyal C) hadal D) littoral E) subneritic

A) abyssal

The bathypelagic and ________ zones represent over 75% of the living space in the oceanic province. A) abyssopelagic B) epipelagic C) euphotic D) mesopelagic E) nektopelagic

A) abyssopelagic

The zone that has no light is called the ________ zone. A) aphotic B) disphotic C) euphotic D) hyperphotic E) hypophotic

A) aphotic

Animals that live in the abyssopelagic and ________ zones feed mostly upon one another. A) bathypelagic B) epipelagic C) euphotic D) mesopelagic E) nektopelagic

A) bathypelagic

Organisms with small bodies, extremely large mouths, and sharp teeth are likely to be found in the ________. A) bathypelagic zone B) epipelagic zone C) intertidal zone D) neritic province E) photic zone

A) bathypelagic zone

The color pattern in which marine organisms are light on the bottom and dark on the top of their bodies camouflaging them against the water-air interface is ________. A) countershading B) cryptic coloration C) disruptive coloration D) defensive coloration E) warning coloration

A) countershading

Most marine species inhabit the benthic environment because it ________. A) is less stable than the planktonic environment B) is more stable than the planktonic environment C) is a prime habitat for life D) is less stable than the terrestrial environment E) doesn't have any sunlight

A) is less stable than the planktonic environment

Organisms that cannot withstand large changes in temperature are referred to as ________. A) stenothermal B) eurythermal C) estuarine D) isothermal E) euryhaline

A) stenothermal

Compared to freshwater fishes, marine fishes ________. A) tend to lose water by osmosis since their internal salt concentration is lower than that of seawater B) drink seawater and produce a large volume of urine C) produce a large volume of dilute urine in an effort to rid their bodies of excess water D) tend to gain water by osmosis since their internal salt concentration is higher than that of seawater E) do not drink seawater in an effort to conserve as much water as possible

A) tend to lose water by osmosis since their internal salt concentration is lower than that of seawater

Most fish need a minimum of ________ parts per million of dissolved oxygen in seawater to survive for long periods. A) 0.4 B) 4 C) 40 D) 400 E) 4,000

B) 4

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Animalia B) Archaea C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

B) Archaea

Recent work by taxonomists at the World Register of Marine Species has eliminated how many previously listed species because they were duplicate identities? A) Between 100,000 and 150,000 B) Between 150,000 and 200,000 C) Between 200,000 and 250,000 D) Between 250,000 and 300,000 E) More than 300,000

B) Between 150,000 and 200,000

Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by humans and common dolphins? A) Phylum B) Class C) Order D) Family E) Genus

B) Class

Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by humans and killer whales? A) Phylum B) Class C) Order D) Family E) Genus

B) Class

Which of the following is a phytoplankton? A) Copepod B) Dinoflagellates C) Foraminifers D) Noctiluca E) Radiolarian

B) Dinoflagellates

Which of the following terms describes organisms living on the surface of the sea floor attached to rocks? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna

B) Epifauna

Which of the following terms describes organisms living on the surface of the sea floor moving along the bottom? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna

B) Epifauna

Which of the following kingdoms includes single-celled organisms whose cells lack discrete nuclei and the internal organelles? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

B) Eubacteria

Which of the following kingdoms includes the blue-green algae? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

B) Eubacteria

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Seagrasses B) Krill C) Jellyfish D) Floating Sargassum E) Zooplankton

B) Krill

Organisms that spend only part of their lives as plankton are called which of the following? A) Holoplankton B) Meroplankton C) Phytoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton

B) Meroplankton

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: All marine algae must live near the ocean surface BECAUSE this is where food can be obtained. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have not had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at a proper concentrations BECAUSE tropical organisms grow faster, have a shorter life expectancy. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine organisms are unaffected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE many marine organisms are transparent, camouflaged, countershaded, or disruptively colored. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

When compared to their warmer water counterparts, cold-water plankton often ________. A) are smaller in size B) are larger in size C) exhibit countershading D) have more spines and ornamentation on the cell wall E) reproduce asexually only

B) are larger in size

Neritic marine environments would be found ________. A) in subduction zones B) associated with continental shelves C) within a deep-sea trench D) at mid-ocean ridges E) deep in the ocean basin

B) associated with continental shelves

The ________ zone corresponds generally to the continental slope. A) abyssal B) bathyal C) hadal D) littoral E) subneritic

B) bathyal

The ________ zone extends from a depth of 200 to 4000 meters. A) abyssal B) bathyal C) hadal D) littoral E) subneritic

B) bathyal

The sublittoral (subtidal) zone is the area ________. A) above the highest tide B) below the intertidal zone on the continental shelf C) between the highest high tide and the lowest low tide D) beyond the continental shelf E) where demersal and pelagic organisms are found

B) below the intertidal zone on the continental shelf

Some planktonic marine organisms produce a tiny droplet of oil to ________ density and ________ buoyancy. A) decrease; decrease B) decrease; increase C) increase; increase D) increases; decrease E) There is no relationship between density and buoyancy.

B) decrease; increase

Stenothermal organisms are found predominantly in the ________. A) deep, coastal ocean B) deep, open ocean C) shallow, coastal ocean D) shallow, open ocean E) all parts of the ocean

B) deep, open ocean

Osmotic pressure increases as the ________. A) difference in salinity decreases B) difference in salinity increases C) difference in temperature increases D) temperature increases E) salinity increases

B) difference in salinity increases

The zone that has small but measurable quantities of light is called the ________ zone. A) aphotic B) disphotic C) euphotic D) hyperphotic E) hypophotic

B) disphotic

Most marine animals have specially designed fibrous respiratory organs called ________ that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide directly with seawater. A) bladder B) gills C) lobes D) lungs E) osmosis

B) gills

Water's viscosity is a ________ to planktonic organism and a ________ to nektonic organisms. A) help; help B) help; hindrance C) hindrance; help D) hindrance; hindrance E) Water's viscosity has no impact on both planktonic and nektonic organisms.

B) help; hindrance

The majority of marine invertebrates are ________. A) estuarine B) isotonic with respect to their environment C) adapted to life in the pelagic zone D) hypertonic with respect to their environment E) found only in benthic environments

B) isotonic with respect to their environment

Planktonic organisms that spend part of their life in planktonic form and the rest of their life as either benthos or nekton are called ________. A) macroplankton B) meroplankton C) bacterioplankton D) zooplankton E) holoplankton

B) meroplankton

The total number of cataloged species on Earth in both marine and terrestrial environments is currently 1.8 ________. A) thousand B) million C) billion D) trillion E) quadrillion

B) million

Which of the following word pairs correctly link a descriptor with the way in which the organism lives in the ocean? A) plankton—bottom-dwelling B) nekton—swim C) benthos—drift D) benthos—swim E) nekton—bottom-dwelling

B) nekton—swim

Planktonic organisms often have needle-like structures that________. A) serve as a "skeleton" to support the diatom B) prevent sinking C) increase density D) are used as a defense mechanism E) are used as paddles to catch ocean currents

B) prevent sinking

Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that range in complexity from simple sponges to complex vertebrates belong to the kingdom ________. A) Cercozoa B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Archaebacteria E) Plantae

C) Animalia

The superkingdoms of life called Eubacteria is identical to which of the following? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya

C) Bacteria

Which of the following domains includes simple life-forms with cells that usually lack a nucleus? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya

C) Bacteria

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Abyssopelagic B) Bathypelagic C) Benthopelagic D) Epipelagic E) Mesopelagic

C) Benthopelagic

How many known marine species have been catalogued by taxonomists at the World Register of Marine Species? A) Between 100,000 and 150,000 B) Between 150,000 and 200,000 C) Between 200,000 and 250,000 D) Between 250,000 and 300,000 E) More than 300,000

C) Between 200,000 and 250,000

Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by common dolphins and killer whales? A) Class B) Order C) Family D) Genus E) Species

C) Family

Which of the following kingdoms includes 100,000 species of mold and lichen? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

C) Fungi

Which of the following kingdoms includes species that live with cyanobacteria or green algae to form lichen? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

C) Fungi

Which of the following terms describes organisms living buried in the sand, shells, or mud? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna

C) Infauna

Which of the following agencies defines life as "Life is a self-sustained chemical system capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution?" A) EPA B) FBI C) NASA D) NOAA E) POTUS

C) NASA

All animals capable of moving independently of the ocean currents are called ________. A) Animalia B) Benthos C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae

C) Nekton

Which of the following includes most adult fish, marine mammals, marine reptiles, and some marine invertebrates? A) Animalia B) Benthos C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae

C) Nekton

Which of the following types of plankton can photosynthesize and produce its own food? A) Holoplankton B) Photoplankton C) Phytoplankton D) Synthoplankton E) Zooplankton

C) Phytoplankton

Plankton that measure between 0.2 to 2 microns are classified, based on size, as which of the following? A) Macroplankton B) Phytoplankton C) Picoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton

C) Picoplankton

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have not had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at a proper concentrations BECAUSE their body fluids are hypertonic. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine animals live near the ocean surface BECAUSE they all need sunlight to survive. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine organisms are unaffected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE they have large internal air pockets that can be compressed. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Which of the following differences between warm-water and cold-water species is not directly caused by differences in water temperature? A) Cold water organisms reproduce later and less frequently than those in tropical waters. B) Floating organisms are physically smaller in warm waters than in colder waters. C) Total biomass of plankton in the tropics is far less than that found in high-latitude waters. D) Tropical organisms grow faster and have a shorter life expectancy than those in colder water. E) Warm-water species often have ornate plumage which is absent in the larger cold-water species.

C) Total biomass of plankton in the tropics is far less than that found in high-latitude waters.

The process of molecules moving through water from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration due to the random motion of molecules is called ________. A) conduction B) convection C) diffusion D) mixing E) osmosis

C) diffusion

The upper half of the ________ zone is the only place in the ocean where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. A) abyssopelagic B) bathypelagic C) epipelagic D) mesopelagic E) nektopelagic

C) epipelagic

The euphotic zone is confined to the ________. A) abyssopelagic zone B) bathypelagic zone C) epipelagic zone D) mesopelagic zone E) neritic province

C) epipelagic zone

The zone that extends from the surface to a depth where enough light still exists to support photosynthesis is called the ________ zone. A) aphotic B) disphotic C) euphotic D) hyperphotic E) hypophotic

C) euphotic

The ________ zone consists only of deep trenches along the margins of continents. A) abyssal B) bathyal C) hadal D) littoral E) subneritic

C) hadal

A small size is advantageous for marine organisms because it ________. A) increases the ability to absorb nutrients B) increases the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism C) increases the ability to absorb nutrients, the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism, and also increases the surface area to volume ratio that in turn reduces frictional resistance to sinking D) increases the surface area to volume ratio that in turn reduces frictional resistance to sinking

C) increases the ability to absorb nutrients, the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism, and also increases the surface area to volume ratio that in turn reduces frictional resistance to sinking

An example of an organism that might be part of the infauna is a ________. A) crinoid B) tuna C) lug worm D) bull kelp E) shark

C) lug worm

Much of the profound influence water temperature has on marine life is because cold water is ________ dense and has a ________ viscosity than warm water. A) less; higher B) less; lower C) more; higher D) more; lower E) There is no relationship between density and viscosity.

C) more; higher

High-latitude ocean water tends to support large planktonic communities because ________. A) of the longer summer day length B) there is abundant light C) of higher dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations D) of higher dissolved carbon dioxide E) there are fewer predators that feed on plankton

C) of higher dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations

The movement of a substance in solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane in a living organism is called ________. A) diffusion B) osmosis C) passive transport D) active transport E) Brownian movement

C) passive transport

The ________ zone is also known as the shallow subtidal zone. A) bathyal B) littoral C) sublittoral D) subneritic E) supralittoral

C) sublittoral

The inner ________ zone extends to the depth at which marine algae no longer grow attached to the ocean bottom. A) bathyal B) littoral C) sublittoral D) subneritic E) supralittoral

C) sublittoral

Which of the following kingdoms includes species that function primarily as decomposers in the marine ecosystem? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Fungi E) Protista

D) Fungi

Octopuses, crabs, and sea urchins are classified as which of the following? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna

D) Nektobenthos

Which of the following terms describes organisms that live on the bottom yet also have the ability to swim or crawl through the water above the ocean floor? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna

D) Nektobenthos

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Holoplankton B) Macroplankton C) Meroplankton D) Nektoplankton E) Picoplankton

D) Nektoplankton

Most of Earth's mass of living organisms consists of which of the following? A) Animalia B) Benthos C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae

D) Plankton

Which of the following kingdoms contains the multicelled plants, all of which photosynthesize? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

D) Plantae

Which of the following kingdoms has only a few species living in the marine environment? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Plantae E) Protista

D) Plantae

Which of the following is a zooplankton? A) Coccolithophores B) Diatoms C) Dinoflagellates D) Radiolarian E) Virioplankton

D) Radiolarian

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Littoral B) Sublittoral C) Subneritic D) Suboceanic E) Supralittoral

D) Suboceanic

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at a proper concentrations BECAUSE their body fluids are nearly isotonic. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine organisms are affected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE they do not have large internal air pockets that can be compressed. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: NASA uses a complicated working definition of life BECAUSE it must encompass the potential of extraterrestrial life. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Plankters are unable to swim BECAUSE they primarily move through the ocean by drifting. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Planktonic single-celled organisms that live in colder waters have more need for extensions to help them float near the surface BECAUSE the colder seawater has a higher viscosity than warm seawater. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The inhabitants of the open ocean risk desiccation BECAUSE they live in an environment of abundant saltwater. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The tendency of planktonic organisms to sink is a serious handicap BECAUSE wind causes considerable mixing and turbulence near the surface. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Which of the following plankton are the smallest? A) Bacterioplankton B) Meroplankton C) Phytoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton

D) Virioplankton

Organisms of the mesopelagic zone are characterized by ________. A) bioluminescence B) large, sensitive eyes C) no eyes D) bioluminescence and large, sensitive eyes E) bioluminescence and no eyes

D) bioluminescence and large, sensitive eyes

An organism that tolerates a wide range of salinities is referred to as ________. A) isotonic B) hypotonic C) stenohaline D) euryhaline E) hypertonic

D) euryhaline

Phytoplankton use body size to keep afloat because a small body size ________ surface-area to volume ratio and ________ their frictional resistance. A) decreases; decreases B) decreases; increases C) increases; decreases D) increases; increases E) There is no relationship between body size and floating.

D) increases; increases

The zone between high and low tides coincides with the ________ zone. A) abyssal B) bathyal C) hadal D) littoral E) subneritic

D) littoral

A dissolved oxygen minimum layer occurs in the ________ zone. A) abyssopelagic B) bathypelagic C) epipelagic D) mesopelagic E) nektopelagic

D) mesopelagic

All organisms that drift with ocean currents are classified as ________. A) benthos B) fungi C) nekton D) plankton E) plantae

D) plankton

The ________ province approximately encompasses the continental shelf. A) bathyal B) littoral C) sublittoral D) subneritic E) supralittoral

D) subneritic

The ________ province extends from the spring high tide shoreline to a depth of 200 meters. A) bathyal B) littoral C) sublittoral D) subneritic E) supralittoral

D) subneritic

The single most important factor that determines the distribution of life in the oceanic province is ________. A) diffusion B) pressure C) salinity D) sunlight E) temperature

D) sunlight

Nekton are restricted to particular ocean areas by ________. A) differences in water pressure with depth B) changes in salinity C) temperature variations with latitude and depth D) availability of food E) All of the above conditions may restrict the distribution of nekton.

E) All of the above conditions may restrict the distribution of nekton.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: During low-oxygen conditions, such as decomposing algal blooms or pollution events, most marine animals with gills can survive BECAUSE they can simply breathe air at the surface. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at a proper concentrations BECAUSE their body fluids are nearly hypotonic. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine organisms are affected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE they have large internal air pockets that can be compressed. A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Humans are part of which of the following domains? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya

E) Eukarya

Which of the following domains has cells that house DNA in a discrete nucleus and contain structures that supply energy to build the cell and maintain its functions? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya

E) Eukarya

Which of the following domains includes complex organisms: multicellular plants, multicellular animals, fungi, and protoctists? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya

E) Eukarya

Which of the following associations is correct? A) Kingdom Eubacteria—bacteria in hydrothermal vents B) Kingdom Protista—mushrooms C) Kingdom Plantae—blue-green algae D) Kingdom Fungi—phytoplankton E) Kingdom Animalia—sponges

E) Kingdom Animalia—sponges

Which of the following kingdoms include various types of marine algae and single-celled organisms called protozoa? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

E) Protista

Which of the following kingdoms includes a diverse collection of single-celled and multicelled organisms that have a nucleus? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

E) Protista

The fundamental unit of taxonomic classification is the ________. A) Phylum B) Order C) Family D) Genus E) Species

E) Species

Most marine species are found in the ________. A) mesopelagic environment B) bathypelagic environment C) oceanic environment D) pelagic environment E) benthic environment

E) benthic environment

A good working definition of life does not need to incorporate that living things ________. A) are capable of reproduction B) can adapt to their environment C) can capture, store, and transmit energy D) can change through time E) contain carbon in their chemical makeup

E) contain carbon in their chemical makeup

So few of the world's species live in the ocean because the marine environment ________. A) doesn't have any sunlight B) is a poor habitat for life C) is a prime habitat for life D) is less stable than the terrestrial environment E) is more stable than the terrestrial environment

E) is more stable than the terrestrial environment

The seasonal temperature range in the deep ocean is usually ________. A) between −2° and 32°C B) between 8° and 25°C C) between 2° and 8°C D) between 0° and 15°C E) negligible

E) negligible

The process of water molecules moving through semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution is called ________. A) conduction B) convection C) diffusion D) mixing E) osmosis

E) osmosis

The ________ is covered with water only during periods of extremely high tides and when tsunami or large storm waves break on the shore. A) bathyal B) littoral C) sublittoral D) subneritic E) supralittoral

E) supralittoral

Some planktonic marine organisms, especially those that live in warm water, have unusual appendages to increase their ________. A) body mass B) hunting skills C) overall size D) sexual attractiveness E) surface area

E) surface area

A common body shape that streamlines an organism in the marine environment is a flattened body that ________. A) has a wide, blunt front end B) tapers at the front end C) tapers at the top surface D) tapers at the bottom surface E) tapers at the back end

E) tapers at the back end

Overall, as many as two ________ new marine and terrestrial species are discovered each year. A) dozen B) hundred C) million D) score E) thousand

E) thousand