Chapter 12 Previous exam q's, Psychology Exam 4, Chapter 14 quiz, Psychology 150 Chapter 14, PSY201 Final Exam Unit5
Which of the following statements best reflects Sternberg's decision/commitment component of love?
"I am ready to commit myself to this relationship. I want to spend my life with my partner"
Which of the following statements best reflects Sternberg's passion component of love?
"I am so physically attracted to my partner. We have great chemistry"
Which of the following statements illustrates the emotional indifference component of disengagement?
"I feel nothing for her anymore"
Which of the following statements best reflects Sternberg's intimacy component of love?
"I feel so close to my partner. We have such a wonderful, warm bond"
Which of the following statements best reflects storge?
"Our friendship gradually turned into love over time"
Which of the following statements illustrates behavioral distancing?
"She can go to the party by herself—I'm not interested"
Which of the following statements illustrates the cognitive disconnection aspect of disengagement?
"She's so unresponsive and uninvolved—it's like we've become strangers"
Hans is an agapic lover. Which of these statements is he most likely to make to his partner?
"The most important thing to me is your happiness"
Research reveals that about _____ of the men in polygynous societies have more than one wife.
10 percent
confederates
Aisha and Simone pretend to be participants, but actually work for the experimenter. In this case, Aisha and Simone are considered to be:
What are the three stages of Hans Seyle's general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive models.
Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study demonstrated that:
________________ refers to a selfless concern for and giving of aid to others.
Altruism
social facilitation
As a star soccer player, Salim performs better in his game when more people are watching him perform. Salim's behavior is an example of ________________.
Which of the following is an example of conformity?
Bridgette wants her parents to buy her the latest music CD because all her friends have it.
Saul recently joined a dating service. So far, he has received information about four women who might be compatible with him. He has read their personal biographies and "sexual histories" and is ready to ask one of them out on a date. Based on research discussed in your textbook, which one will he probably choose?
Cathy, who has had sex before (but only with her last boyfriend)
_________________ occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to cultural norms.
Conformity
___________ refers to anything people do to deal with or manage stress or emotions.
Coping
Which of the following is commonly known as the stress hormone?
Cortisol
Andrew makes 10 contributions and receives 20 benefits in his relationships with each of his four friends. With which of his friends does he have the most equitable relationship?
Dirk, who makes 5 contributions and receives 10 benefits
According to research on attraction, which one of the following people would probably be viewed as most physically attractive?
Eliza, who is normal weight and has a typical WHR
Which of the following is an example of social loafing?
Jack takes the presence of his colleagues at the construction site as an opportunity to get some rest.
Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?
Joe, a worker at a construction site, attributes his mistakes to external factors such as defective pieces of protective headgear
Which of the following types of cells is responsible for controlling acquired immunity?
Lymphocytes
self-serving bias
Making situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes is known as a(n) ________________.
Which of the following instances is an example of discrimination?
Melvin does not hire women as he feels their place is in the kitchen
Research on love styles reveals which of the following?
Men tend to score higher on ludus than women
The ____________ is used by psychotherapists to assess the degree and kind of a person's psychiatric personality traits, such as depression, paranoia, or psychopathic deviance.
Minnesota multi-phasic personality inventory (MMPI)
Which of the following individuals commits a fundamental attribution error?
Nadia blames Claude's bad grades on his being less intelligent and her own bad grades on having been ill when the tests were taken
ensured safety and cooperation
One of the advantages that group living offers to human evolution is:
According to the text, the _________ is the most commonly used measure of passionate love.
Passionate Love Scale
Psychologists use the term ____________ when they are referring to the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual.
Personality
The humanistic movement was rekindled in the 1990s and relabeled ___________.
Positive psychology
The ____________ layer of consciousness is just below the surface of awareness.
Pre - conscious
The outcome of which of the following response mechanisms determines whether an emotional response might occur in an individual?
Primary appraisal
______ refers to the science of how psychological factors relate to immune changes.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
With regard to personality assessment methods, supporters of the ____________ test claim that responses from the assessment can help them diagnose various psychological disorders, such as depression, suicidal thoughts, pedophilia, post-traumatic stress disorder, or anxiety disorders.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
stereotypes
Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on the groups to which they belong are known as ________________.
Mike thinks that women should not be promoted to managerial positions because he feels that women lack management skills. His thinking is an example of ________________.
Sexism
Which of the following psychologists founded the movement known as psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
___________ combines problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies.
Social Support
feeling physical pain
Social rejection activates the same neural circuitry that is involved in ________________.
Which of the following individuals is making a situational attribution?
Ted's girlfriend is late meeting his friends and him for dinner, and he tells the group that she is probably stuck in traffic.
. affective
The _________________ component of an attitude includes the feelings or emotions
behavioral
The _________________ component of an attitude includes the motive to act in a particular way toward the person or object of the attitude
cognitive
The _________________ component of attitude consists of the rational thoughts and beliefs that make up the attitude
Which of the following are the key structures in the neuroendocrine regulation of stress responses?
The hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands
A company that produces a sports drink hires a popular and successful tennis player to promote its product. It runs television, radio, and web commercials featuring the athlete winning tennis matches, and consuming the sports drink. Based on this scenario, which of the following statements is true?
The perceived credibility of the athlete enhances the credibility of the product
Which of the following is an example of social facilitation?
The presence of others improves performance
In Milgram's research on obedience, what did the experimenter do to the teacher when the teacher questioned whether the experiment should continue?
The teacher was given verbal prompts to continue.
According to Carl Rogers, ____________ is the ability to respect and appreciate another person irrespective of their behavior.
Unconditional positive regard
Hilda says that all women should be able to cook
Which of the following is an example of prejudice?
Testosterone and serotonin
Which of the following sets of hormones is consistently related to high levels of aggression?
hostile
Yuan insulted Sylvia, who got really mad and slapped him. Sylvia's aggression is labeled ________________.
Attachment
________________ is an affection-based bond between infants and their primary caregivers that serves to protect infants from threats to their survival
Pheromones
_________________ are scents produced by animals that have an effect on other members of the same species.
Attributions
_________________ are the inferences one makes about the causes of other people's behavior.
. Empathy
_________________ can be defined as sharing feeling and understanding about another person's situation
. Persuasion
_________________ is an attempt by a person or group to change our opinions, beliefs, or choices by explaining or arguing their position.
. Kin selection
_________________ is the evolutionary mechanism that prompts individuals to help their close relatives so that they will survive to reproduce and pass on related genes to their offspring
Altruism
_________________ refers to a selfless concern for and giving of aid to others
A good index that a marriage will be happy and successful is
a lot of shared pleasurable activities
Lee believes that the key to finding mutual love is to find
a person with a love style that is similar to yours
Stress occurs when:
a situation overwhelms a person's perceived ability to meet the demands of that situation.
________ refers to a selfless concern for and giving of aid to others. a. Altruism b. Egotism c. Elitism d. Agnosticism
a. Altruism
Which of the following terms is defined as the preferential treatment of certain people that is usually driven by prejudicial attitudes? a. Discrimination b. Abstraction c. Obedience d. Deception
a. Discrimination
________ is an attempt by a person or group to change our opinions, beliefs, or choices by explaining or arguing their position. a. Persuasion b. Deception c. Abstraction d. Attribution
a. Persuasion
Which of the following is true about situational attributions? a. Situational attributions are otherwise known as external attributions. b. Situational attributions rely on misleading cues. c. Schemas about the social world are developed with the help of situational attributions. d. People make situational attributions when they think that a person's character, such as his or her
a. Situational attributions are otherwise known as external attributions.
which of the following is true about social norms? a. They are rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives. b. They are habits that people cannot overcome. c. They are environmental factors that enable people to perform a task better in the presence of others. d. They are the same across cultures.
a. They are rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives.
Louis says he got a "D" on the psychology test because the test was hard and an "A" on the English test because he prepared well. This scenario is an example of ______ a. a self-serving bias. b. actor-observer bias. c. ultimate attribution error. d. fundamental attribution error.
a. a self-serving bias.
Andreas is a huge Los Angeles Lakers fan. His love for the team demonstrates the ________ component of his attitude. a. affective b. behavioral c. informational d. cognitive
a. affective
Which of these has been offered as a view of what love is?
a. an addiction b. a disease c. a neurosis d. all of the above
one of the advantages that group living offers to human evolution is ______ a. ensured safety and cooperation b. increased self-esteem c. the means to end financial instability d. the increased potential of intraspecies recognition
a. ensured saftey and cooperation
Lynn has very negative self-esteem. It is therefore likely that
a. her parents did not raise her in a loving and supportive manner b. she has trouble accepting her strengths and weaknesses c. she may have difficulty in creating and maintaining a loving relationship d. all of the above
the implicit associations test (IAT) was designed to measure ______ a. implicit biases b. explicit prejudices c. implicit memory d. long-term potentiation
a. implicit biases
Theorists agree that companionate love is characterized by several basic features, including
a. intimacy and affection b. commitment c. durability d. all of the above
Which of the following is true about normative social influence? a. it occurs when people go along with the behavior of others in order to be accepted by the group. b. It is most pronounced in ambiguous or novel situations. c. It affects a person's opinions, but not behavior. d. It occurs when the presence of others causes individuals to relax their standards.
a. it occurs when people go along with the behavior of others in order to be accepted by the group.
Troy, who lives in the United States, has the habit of burping at the dinner table. In this scenario, he is violating a social ______ a. norm b. rule c. ethic d. law
a. norm
Harry, a professional athlete, listens to his fitness instructor and follows all his instructions carefully without fail. Harry's behavior is an example of ______ a. obedience. b. abstraction. c. ignorance. d. discrimination.
a. obedience.
All love theorists agree that
a. only one kind of love exists b. love is interesting but not very important in people's lives c. adult romantic love can be divided into four basic varieties d. None of the above
Research on romantic partner preferences reveals that characteristics related to _____ tend to be highly desired by men and women.
a. physical attractiveness b. intelligence c. honesty and trustworthiness d. all of the above
Psychologist Stanley Milgram's experiments show that: a. reasonable people may do things that seem cruel and unusual in the presence of powerful social influence. b. people tend to make situational attributions for their failures and dispositional attributions for their successes. c. people tend to explain others' behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms. d. reasonable people try to figure out others by judging whether or not they are being truthful.
a. reasonable people may do things that seem cruel and unusual in the presence of powerful social influence.
mike thinks that women should not be promoted to managerial positions because he feels that women lack management skills. his thinking is an example of ______. a. sexism b. out-group homogeneity c. racism d. groupthink
a. sexism
which of the following theories suggests that men and women often approach relationships differently? a. sexual strategies theory b. social exchange theory c. out-group homogeneity d. cognitive-dissonance theory
a. sexual strategies theory
______ are ways of knowing that affect how one views his or her social world. a. schemas b. dispositions c. normative social influence d. attributions
a. shemas
tom and his teammate are given the task of working on an important presentation. tom does not contribute much because he is sure that his teammates can handle the presentation by themselves. this is an example of ______ a. social loafing b. a self-serving bias c. reciprocal altruism d. cognitive dissonance
a. social loafing
social loafing occurs most likely as a result of ______ a. the diffusion of responsibility b. the fundamental attribution c. a need for affiliation d. a self-fulfilling prophecy
a. the diffusion of responsibility
Margaret and Jack are working on a high-priority project with a tight deadline. When Margaret is unable to meet the deadline, Jack attributes it to her clumsiness. However, when he is unable to meet the same deadline, he blames it on poor planning by his manager. This scenario exemplifies ______ a. the fundamental attribution error. b. groupthink c. conformity d. an informational social influence
a. the fundamental attribution error.
Social facilitation occurs most frequently when we are performing tasks that ______ a. we usually perform well. b. we are unfamiliar with. c. others do not want us to perform. d. we think as highly rewarding.
a. we usually perform well.
"Realistic idealism" means that we
accept the partner as he or she is, but have an idealized view of the relationship
Current evidence shows that __________ is most important in maintaining the health of a relationship.
accepting the partner for who he or she really is
According to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, intimacy is the _____ component that reflects feelings of warmth, closeness, connection, and bondedness in the love relationship.
affective
Lee believed that one particular love style was difficult for most romantic lovers to experience. Which one?
agapic love
Joanna is walking back to the office after her lunch break. On the way, she sees a homeless man and offers him the evening snack she had bought for herself. In this case, Joanna is displaying a(n) _________________ behavior.
altruistic
A marriage in which the partners were chosen for each other by parents, other relatives, or matchmakers, is known as a(n) __________ marriage.
arranged
Social psychologists define _________________ as a person's favorable or unfavorable feelings, beliefs, or actions toward an object, idea, or person.
attitude
________________ are the inferences one makes about the causes of other people's behavior.
attributions
When we experience situations as stressful, physiological changes occur in our bodies most notably due to the interaction of the:
autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system and brain interact
The following figures represent the ratio of benefits to contributions for the partners in a relationship. According to equity theory, which of the following relationships is inequitable?
b. 10/5 10/10
which of the following is true about dispositional attributions? a. People display a self-serving bias when they make dispositional attributions to their failures. b. Dispositional attributions are otherwise known as internal attributions. c. Dispositional attributions rely on misleading cues. d. Schemas about the social world are developed with the help of dispositional attributions.
b. Dispositional attributions are otherwise known as internal attributions.
Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias? a. Natalie sings better in front of an audience than when she sings by herself. b. Melisa attributes her successes to her hard work and attributes her failures to bad luck. c. Gerard relaxes his standard of productivity when he knows that his teammates are working on the same project. d. Linda believes that both she and her friend performed poorly on a test as the test was hard.
b. Melisa attributes her successes to her hard work and attributes her failures to bad luck.
Which of the following is an example of social facilitation? a. amy turns angry and violent after losing her terrier. b. Natalia works better at meeting deadlines when she is not the only one working on a project. c. Joe and a group of tourists he is guiding witness a crime but do not move forward to help, thinking that the other witnesses will. d. Tom allows himself to get persuaded by his peers to drink a few extra beers.
b. Natalia works better at meeting deadlines when she is not the only one working on a project.
which of the following is true about prejudice? a. A prejudice is the tendency to explain others' behaviors in dispositional rather than situational terms. b. Prejudicial thinking often stems from stereotypes rather than from careful observation of people's behavior. c. Prejudices are generally positive and often based on sufficient information. d. A prejudice is a feeling of discomfort caused by information that is at odds with one's conception of oneself as a reasonable and sensible person.
b. Prejudicial thinking often stems from stereotypes rather than from careful observation of people's behavior.
________ is the act of helping others in the hope that they will help you in the future. a. Competitive altruism b. Reciprocal altruism c. Kin selection d. Ethnocentrism
b. Reciprocal altruism
________ is the act of helping others in the hope that they will help you in the future. a. Competitive altruism b. Reciprocal altruism c. kin selection d. ethnocentrism
b. Reciprocal altruism
albert bandura's bobo doll study demonstrates that ______ a. people find it easier to use props in real-life situations. b. children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive models. c. TV is the cause of the aggressive behavior among children. d. people will conform to the behavior of others to avoid rejection and gain acceptance.
b. children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive models.
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ refers to the decision to love someone for the long term. a. co-operation b. commitment c. intimacy d. passion
b. commitment
maria buys pink and green shoes because everyone in her school wears shoes of the same color. maria's behavior is an example of ______ a. abstraction b. conformity c. retaliation d. social loafing
b. conformity
Nathan is the lead singer of his band. He starts wearing black t-shirts, leather jackets, and tight denims because everyone else in the band wears them. In this scenario, Nathan's behavior exemplifies ______ a. social loafing. b. conformity. c. abstraction. d. retaliation.
b. conformity.
Professor Wagner told her psychology class that they must have performed poorly on their midterm exam because they were lazy and did not study. Professor Wagner's belief is an example of a(n) ______ a. stereotypical comment. b. dispositional attribution. c. external attribution. d. self-serving bias.
b. dispositional attribution.
People will offer selfless help only when they truly empathize with the victim. This forms the basis for Batson's ________ hypothesis. a. sympathy b. empathy-altruism c. prosocial behavior d. empathy-sympathy
b. empathy-altruism
Social rejection activates the same neural circuitry that is involved in ______ a. seeing bright colors b. feeling physical pain c. hearing music d. tasting salty foods
b. feeling physical pain
Zainab, a new employee at a firm, looks to her colleagues for details about the organization's culture, modes of communication, and the like. This is an example of ______ a. the bystander effect. b. informational social influence. c. groupthink. d. a dispositional attribution.
b. informational social influence.
Sally pushed Tisha out of the way so that Sally could get to the cake first. Sally exhibited ________ aggression. a. relational b. instrumental c. hostile d. negative
b. instrumental
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ refers to close, connected, and bonded feelings in loving relationships. a. conformity b. intimacy c. dissonance d. commitment
b. intimacy
sally pushed Tisha out of the way so that sally could get to cake first. sally exhibited ______ aggression. a. relational b. instrumental c. hostile d. negative
b. intrumental
which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias? a. natalie sings better in front of an audience than when she sings by herself b. melisa attributes her successes to her hard work and attributes her failures to bad luck. c. Gerald relaxes his standards of productivity when he knowns that his teammates are working on the same projects. d. linda believes that both she and her friend performed poorly on a test as the test was hard.
b. melisa attributes her successes to her hard work and attributes her failures to bad luck
Dionne, who is from France, thinks that all people from other countries are similar, yet she is aware that everyone in France has different attitudes and behaviors. Dionne is displaying ______ a. in-group bias b. out-group homogeneity c. prosocial behavior d. external attribution
b. out-group homogeneity
Samantha has a mental model of how a date with her boyfriend ought to transpire. Thus, Samantha has a(n) ________ for a date. a. attribution b. schema c. memetic d. algorithm
b. schema
Mark thinks that women should not be allowed to fight in professional martial arts events because they are not physically strong enough. His thinking is an example of ______ a. racism b. sexism c. groupthink d. conformity
b. sexism
People make ________ attributions when they think that something outside the person, such as the environment or circumstances, is the cause of his or her behavior. a. dispositional b. situational c. peripheral d. internal
b. situational
In psychological research, a confederate is ______ a. an experimenter who has prior knowledge that conditions unaccounted for in the design of a study will affect its outcome. b. someone who pretends to be a participant in a research experiment but actually works for the experimenter. c. a participant who is subject to a stimulus that is held constant throughout the study and measured at the end. d. a participant who experiences all aspects of a study except being exposed to the independent variable.
b. someone who pretends to be a participant in a research experiment but actually works for the experimenter.
The tendency to explain others' behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms is called ______ a. cognitive dissonance b. the fundamental attribution error c. the out-group bias d. informational social influence
b. the fundamental attribution error
the tendency to explain others' behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms is known as ______ a. a self-serving bias b. the fundamental attribution error c. normative social influence d. out-group homogeneity
b. the fundamental attribution error
A common reason couples give for divorcing is __________.
boredom
________ is a state of relationship in which one feels kindness toward another who is suffering and one feels motivated to help relieve that suffering. a. Altruism b. Intimacy c. Compassion d. Commitment
c. Compassion
Which of the following is the best explanation of social loafing? a. Parents' behavior in public influences their children's personalities. b. People adjust their behavior to adhere to cultural norms. c. Individuals tend to relax their standards in the presence of others. d. People readily get influenced by others in order to be more widely accepted.
c. Individuals tend to relax their standards in the presence of others.
Which of the following statements best describes a self-serving bias? a. It is the tendency to explain other people's behavior in terms of situational attributions rather than dispositional ones. b. It is the tendency to explain other people's behavior in terms of dispositional attributions rather than situational ones. c. It is the tendency to make situational attributions for one's failures but dispositional attributions for one's successes. d. It is the tendency to show positive feelings toward people in one's own group and negative feelings toward those in other groups.
c. It is the tendency to make situational attributions for one's failures but dispositional attributions for one's successes.
which of the following is true about obedience? a. It occurs when people go to great lengths to do what the group is doing. b. It occurs when the presence of others causes one to relax. c. It occurs when a person yields to the will of another person. d. It occurs when a person yields to peer pressure.
c. It occurs when a person yields to the will of another person.
Identify a true statement about prejudice. a. It is based on concrete facts. b. It is always positive. c. It operates both inside and outside a person's awareness. d. It rarely ever stands in stark contrast to one's conscious beliefs.
c. It operates both inside and outside a person's awareness.
________ are scents produced by animals that have an effect on other members of the same species. a. Androsterone b. Progestagens c. Pheromones d. Androgens
c. Pheromones
Which of the following statements about cognitive dissonance is true? a. The theory of cognitive dissonance offers explanation for preferential treatment of certain people, usually driven by prejudicial attitudes. b. It is the act of attempting to change the opinions, beliefs, or choices of others by explanation or argument. c. When people experience cognitive dissonance, they go to extreme lengths to reduce it. d. Its success depends on three things: source, the method used to convey the message, and the audience.
c. When people experience cognitive dissonance, they go to extreme lengths to reduce it.
Megan flunked a test. Her mother, Hilda, thinks this happened because Megan is too lazy to study. In this scenario, Hilda's belief is an example of ______ a. out-group homogeneity b. normative social influence c. a dispositional attribution d. a self-serving bias
c. a dispositional attribution
Ronald failed a mid-term exam. His father, Adam, thinks that Ronald failed the exam because Ronald was too lazy to study. In this scenario, Adam's belief is an example of ______ a. out-group homogeneity b. normative social influence c. a dispositional attribution d. a self-serving bias
c. a dispositional attribution
Ronald failed a mid-term exam. His father, Adam, thinks that Ronald failed the exam because Ronald was too lazy to study. In this scenario, Adam's belief is an example of ______ a. out-group homogeneity. b. normative social influence. c. a dispositional attribution. d. a self-serving bias.
c. a dispositional attribution.
Ashley and Donald are hiking in the mountains. When Donald trips over a rock, Ashley attributes it to his clumsiness. However, when she trips over the same rock, she blames it on the placement of the rock. This is an example of ______ a. an informational social influence. b. conformity. c. a fundamental attribution error. d. groupthink.
c. a fundamental attribution error.
joanna is walking back to the office after her lunch break. on the way, she sees a homeless man and offers him the evening snack she had bought for herself. in this case, joanna is displaying a(n) ______ behavior. a. egotistic b. masochistic c. altruistic d. narcissistic
c. altruistic
The ________ component of an attitude includes the motive to act in a particular way toward the person or object of the attitude. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. informational
c. behavioral
The ________ component of an attitude includes the motive to act in a particular way toward the person or object of the attitude. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. informational
c. behavioral
which of the following is an example of conformity? a. marcel has a colorful skateboard that he refuses to share with his friends b. Roberto likes to read the books that his older sister hands down to him c. Bridgette wants her parents to buy her the latest music CD because all her friends have it d. Juanita involves her adolescent children in most domestic decision-making processes
c. bridgette wants her parents to buy her the latest music CD because all her friends have it
______ occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to cultural norms. a. abstraction b. retaliation c. conformity d. bias
c. conformity
________, a tendency to portray groups of people as devoid of basic qualities or rights attributed to most people, is a common tactic in racial prejudice that aims to make people feel unworthy. a. normative social influence b. out-group homogeneity c. dehumanization d. cognitive dissonance
c. dehumanization
naomi, a teacher, is talking to a student in her class. which pleading with the teacher to postpone an upcoming test, the student begins to cry. naomi decides to postpone the test to reduce the student's distress. according to C. Daniel Baston's empathy-altruism hypothesis, Naomi's decision to help the student is due to ______ motivation. a. egotistic b. sardonic c. empathetic d. misanthropic
c. empathetic
______ is the evolutionary mechanism that prompts individuals to help their close relatives so that they will survive to reproduce and pass on related genes to their offspring. a. endogamy b. ethnic nepotism c. kin selection d. collective narcissism
c. kin selection
A classic example of ________ is peer pressure, in which people engage in certain behaviors, such as drinking or trying drugs, so that they will be accepted by a particular social group. a. kin selection b. prosocial behavior c. normative social influence d. diffusion of responsibility
c. normative social influence
Even though Sophia doesn't really want to go to a wild fraternity party, she does because she wants the other college students to think highly of her. Sophie's behavior most reflects ______ a. informational social influence b. prosocial behavior c. normative social influence d. kin selection
c. normative social influence
As a star soccer player, Salim performs better in his game when more people are watching him perform. Salim's behavior is an example of ______ a. conformity b. social loafing c. social facilitation d. normative social influence
c. social facilitation
as a star soccer player, salim performs better in his game when more people are watching him perform. salim's behavior is an example of ______. a. conformity b. social loafing c. social facilitaion d. normative social influence
c. social facilitation
Which of the following terms is defined as oversimplified perspectives of people based solely on their group membership? a. schemas b. attributions c. stereotypes d. dispositions
c. stereotypes
Which one of the following conclusions can we draw from research on preferences for chastity?
chastity has declined in importance over time
According to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, decision/commitment is the _____ component that reflects the decision to love another person and the commitment to maintain that love.
cognitive
_________________ is the feeling of discomfort caused by information that is at odds with one's conception of oneself as a reasonable and sensible person.
cognitive dissonance
Which of the following dimensions of personality reflects how people in Asian cultures tend to be more concerned about the impact of their behavior on their family, friends, and social groups?
collectivism
Which one of the following statements about companionate and passionate love is correct?
companionate love seems to be relatively more stable and enduring than passionate love
The ____________ layer of consciousness is what one is aware of at any given moment in time.
consciousness
According to Sternberg, many individuals strive to attain one particular type of love—especially in their romantic relationships. Which type?
consummate love
________ attributions ascribe other people's behavior to something within them, such as their personality, motives, or attitudes. a. peripheral b. External c. Situational d. Dispositional
d. Dispositional
which of the following individuals is making a situational attribution? a. Randy finds dirty dishes in the kitchen sink and comments that his daughter was just too lazy to wash them after she ate. b. Maureen tells her friends that her boyfriend could not choose a nice shirt to wear because he is too fickle minded. c. Marissa sees Chris trip and notes how clumsy he must be; she didn't see that the concrete of the sidewalk was crumbling. d. Faizal's girlfriend is late for a party, and he tells the group that she is probably stuck in traffic.
d. Faizal's girlfriend is late for a party, and he tells the group that she is probably stuck in traffic.
which of the following is an example of prejudice? a. Laila attributes the reason for her son's grades to his laziness. b. Amir likes his coffee half and half. c. Nikki cannot afford to live in a high-income neighborhood. d. Hilda says that all women should be able to cook.
d. Hilda says that all women should be able to cook.
Which of the following best explains the bystander effect? a. It is an effect that causes people to ignore matters that are generally important to a group but may not seem specifically important to the individual. b. It is an occurrence that describes how individuals in a group can act together without planned direction. c. It is abusive treatment, the use of force or coercion to affect others, particularly when habitual and involving an imbalance of power. d. It is a phenomenon in which the more people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them will help.
d. It is a phenomenon in which the more people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them will help.
Which of the following is true about stereotypes? a. They help in making situational attributions for our failures and dispositional attributions for our successes. b. There are two types—dispositional and situational. c. They help in judging people and their personalities by their actions. d. They allow for quick, but often inaccurate, impressions.
d. They allow for quick, but often inaccurate, impressions.
Which of the following is true about stereotypes? a. They help in making situational attributions for our failures and dispositional attributions for our successes. b. There are two types—dispositional and situational. c. They help in judging people and their personalities by their actions. d. They allow for quick, but often inaccurate, impressions.
d. They allow for quick, but often inaccurate, impressions.
Rita flunked a test. Her father, Larry, thinks that this happened because the test was too hard. In this scenario, Larry's belief is an example of ______ a. out-group homogeneity. b. cognitive dissonance. c. a self-serving bias. d. a situational attribution.
d. a situational attribution.
Keith walks out of a restaurant after having lunch and sees a homeless old man sitting on a pavement. Keith feels bad for the old man, buys lunch for him, and gives him $20. In this scenario, Keith is displaying a(n) ________ behavior. a. narcissistic b. egoistic c. masochistic d. altruistic
d. altruistic
Social psychologists define ________ as a person's favorable or unfavorable feelings, beliefs, or actions toward an object, idea, or person. a. stereotypes b. norms c. schemas d. attitudes
d. attitudes
the ________ component of attitude consists of the rational thoughts and beliefs that make up the attitude. a. affective b. behavioral c. attributive d. cognitive
d. cognitive
______ is the feeling of discomfort caused by information that is at oddswith one's conception of oneself as a reasonable and sensible person. a. crowd manipulation b. compliance gaining c. persuasion d. cognitive dissonance
d. cognitive dissonance
Lorenzo, who was busy working in his room, could hear a baby crying nearby but did not bother to go out and check thinking that his neighbors would probably do so. This is an example of ______ a. social facilitation b. conformity c. informational social influence d. diffusion of responsibility
d. diffusion of responsibility
Lorenzo, who was busy working in his room, could hear a baby crying nearby but did not bother to go out and check thinking that his neighbors would probably do so. This is an example of ______ a. social facilitation. b. conformity. c. informational social influence. d. diffusion of responsibility.
d. diffusion of responsibility.
Sometimes people go to great lengths to do what the group is doing, when it does not make sense, especially in groups engaged in decision-making. This phenomenon is called ______ a. cognitive dissonance b. scapegoating c. group decision making d. groupthink
d. groupthink
Two social psychologists, Mahzarin Banaji and Anthony Greenwald, suspected there was a disconnect between people's conscious and unconscious views of prejudice and developed a way of measuring what they called ______ a. a self-serving bias. b. social loafing c. groupthink d. implicit bias
d. implicit bias
Two social psychologists, Mahzarin Banaji and Anthony Greenwald, suspected there was a disconnect between people's conscious and unconscious views of prejudice and developed a way of measuring what they called ______ a. a self-serving bias. b. social loafing. c. groupthink. d. implicit bias.
d. implicit bias.
evolutionary pressures to preserve group membership favor. a. out-group homogeneity b. situational attribution c. prejudice d. in-group bias
d. in-group bias
Evolutionary pressures to preserve group membership favor ______ a. out-group homogeneity. b. situational attribution. c. prejudice. d. in-group bias.
d. in-group bias.
Bob, a professional wrestler, likes all the members of his wrestling team. However, he dislikes the members of the other teams. In this scenario, Bob is displaying _____ a. prosocial behavior b. self-serving bias c. cognitive dissonance d. in-group/out-group bias
d. in-group/out-group bias
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, companionate love exists when: a. passion is high and intimacy and commitment are low. b. commitment is high and intimacy and passion are low. c. passion and commitment are low and intimacy is high. d. intimacy and commitment are high and passion is low.
d. intimacy and commitment are high and passion is low.
Fred is playing in the position of a defensive lineman in a football game. He smashes down a ball carrier to prevent the opponent from scoring. His idea was to prevent scoring by the other team, not to hurt the ball carrier. In this scenario, Fred's aggression is labeled ______ a. relational b. hostile c. negative d. instrumental
d. intrumental
making situational attributes for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes is known as a(n) ______ a. normative social influence b. out-group homogeneity c. fundamental attribution error d. self-serving bias
d. self-serving bias
Martha, a business executive, does not consider a highly qualified male applicant for a high-level management job because she is convinced that men are not capable of leading an organization. In this scenario, Martha's behavior illustrates ______ a. altruism. b. prosocial behavior. c. cognitive dissonance. d. sexism.
d. sexism.
Oscar, a magician, performs better on the stage when there are more people watching him perform. This is an example of ______ a. normative social influence. b. cognitive dissonance. c. a self-serving bias. d. social facilitation.
d. social facilitation.
raj and a few of his cousins were asked to help their uncle move to a new house, however, raj ate most of the snack, drank all the soda, and did not move nearly as many boxes as everyone else did. in this scenario, raj's behavior is an example of ______. a. a self-serving bias b. reciprocal altruism c. social facilitation d. social loafing
d. social loafing
People seem to prefer ________, which is a rough indicator of genetic fitness, when they rate faces as attractive. a. diversity b. fairness c. character d. symmetry
d. symmetry
Sigmund and Anna Freud described psychological ____________ as strategies that the mind develops to protect itself from anxiety-provoking desires, thoughts, and memories.
defense mechanism
Which of the following concepts is one of the explanations offered for the bystander effect?
diffusion of responsibility
Researchers who study neurotransmitters believe that _____ is involved in passionate love, whereas _____ is involved in companionate love.
dopamine, oxytocin
Among the three provinces of the human mind derived by Freud that control and regulate impulses, the ____________ is the only part of the mind that is in direct contact with the outside world.
ego
A boss is talking with a newly-appointed executive in his office. While pleading with the boss to postpone an upcoming deadline, the executive begins to cry. Reacting to the executive's distress, the boss becomes upset as well. The boss decides to help the executive in order to relieve his own distress. According to Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis, the boss's decision to help the executive is due to ______ motivation.
egoistic motivation
According to Lee's love theory, the primary style of love that involves intense physical attraction, cognitive preoccupation, and early sexual involvement is known as _____.
eros
When Sean first met Kristi, he felt an intense attraction to her and immediately asked her out on a date. Since then, he has re-arranged his schedule so that he would have more time to spend with her, and he thinks about her constantly. He is happiest when they are together, enjoys the way he feels, and describes himself as "deeply in love." According to Lee's theory of love, Sean is a(n) _____ lover.
erotic
Research on love styles reveals that relationship satisfaction is higher when partners are _____ and lower when partners are _____.
erotic, ludic
Both Sternberg's model and Lee's model suggest that one style of love is superior or better than another.
false
Equity seems to be relatively unimportant in determining relationship satisfaction.
false
Features of passionate love include mental preoccupation and intense emotions.
false
In a loving relationship, you should not express your doubts, irritations, fears, or anger.
false
Most people do not differentiate between the terms "love" and "in love."
false
Passionate love has always been the primary reason for marriage in cultures around the world.
false
People who are passionately in love engage in sexual activity less often than people who are not in love.
false
With few exceptions, passionate love is found only in modern Western cultures.
false
One of the primary reasons people give for not initiating a relationship with someone they find attractive is
fear of being rejected
C. S. Lewis (1960) developed one of the earliest classification systems for love. According to his theory, _____ is a variety of love that is based on common interests, cooperation, mutual respect, and understanding.
friendship
The quantitative trait loci approach looks for the location of specific bits of DNA on particular genes that might be associated with particular traits. These specific bits of DNA are also known as ___________ of behavior.
genetic markers
Sometimes people go to great lengths to do what the group is doing, when it does not make sense, especially in groups engaged in decision-making. This phenomenon is called ________________.
groupthink
__________ is one of the most common—and challenging—processes that many couples have to face over time.
habituation
Joe is a very jealous person. He likely
has low self-esteem
An equitable relationship is one in which the partners
have a relatively equal ratio of positive to negative outcomes
According to Sternberg, consummate love relationships are characterized by _____ levels of intimacy, _____ levels of passion, and _____ levels of decision/commitment.
high, high, high
According to Sternberg, romantic love relationships are characterized by _____ levels of intimacy, _____ levels of passion, and _____ levels of decision/commitment.
high, high, low
According to Sternberg, companionate love relationships are characterized by _____ levels of intimacy, _____ levels of passion, and _____ levels of decision/commitment.
high, low, high
Freud developed the notion that the human mind has three distinct "provinces," or regions, that involve control and regulation of impulses. On the basis of this notion, the ____________ is the seat of impulse and desire and is usually developed in infancy.
id
Theorists suggest that passionate love consists of a number of basic features, including
idealization of the loved one
When a person shows positive feelings toward people in his or her own culture and negative feelings toward those in other cultures, the person is displaying ________________.
in-group/out-group bias
People in Western cultures are more concerned with how their behavior will affect their personal goals. Which of the following dimensions reflects this personality?
individualism
Zainab, a new employee at a firm, looks to her colleagues for details about the organization's culture, modes of communication, and the like. This is an example of ________________.
informational social influence
One reason why passionate love has received so much attention from scientists and scholars is because
it appears to be a universal human experience
Which of the following best explains the bystander effect?
it is a phenomenon in which the more people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them will help
Which of the following describes the manic love style?
jealous and possessive
One day Fabio accidentally read a flirtatious email that his partner received from a coworker. He is now worried that this coworker is falling in love with his partner and may try to steal her away. Fabio is experiencing
jealousy
Research reveals that which emotions are commonly reported by people who are "in love"?
joy
Early love theorists (e.g., James, Ellis) developed their taxonomies of love from which of the following sources?
literature and philosophical discourse
According to Sternberg, empty love relationships are characterized by _____ levels of intimacy, _____ levels of passion, and _____ levels of decision/commitment.
low, low, high
Grace enjoys going out with Doug but has no plans to make their relationship "permanent." She doesn't always tell him the truth about where she's been or the other people in her life, and becomes annoyed when he asks too many questions or expects too much from her. According to Lee's love theory, Grace is a(n) _____ lover.
ludic
According to Lee's love theory, the primary style of love that involves game-playing and a desire to avoid commitment is known as _____.
ludus
When Will met Jada, he immediately began to think of her as his future wife. He calls her every day, worries about whether she's truly committed to their relationship, and becomes extremely jealous whenever another man even glances in her direction. According to Lee's theory, Will has a(n) _____ approach to love.
manic
In all but a small percentage of societies, the predominant form of marriage practiced by both men and women is
monogomy
According to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, passion is the _____ component that consists of the drives that are involved in sexuality and romantic and physical attraction.
motivational
Even though Sophia doesn't really want to go to a wild fraternity party, she does because she wants the other college students to think highly of her. Sophie's behavior most reflects ________________.
normative social influence
Which of the following is true about attributions? a. Attributions are used when one tries to figure out others by judging whether or not they are being truthful. b. Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on the groups to which they belong are known as attributions. c. Attributions result in people yielding to the social pressure of an authority figure. d. Social psychologist Fritz Heider made an important distinction between internal and external attributions.
not A
Rahul knows every detail about each player of his favorite cricket team. This demonstrates the ________ component of his attitude. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. informational
not affective
According to Cynthia Hazan and Phillip Shaver, adults who fall under the ________ style of infant-caregiver attachment system tend to have less satisfying relationships, are more preoccupied with them, and fear that their partners do not want the intimacy they desire. a. securely attached b. avoidant c. disorganized d. anxious
not securley attached
_________________ is a kind of conformity that occurs when people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure.
obedience
When going through a breakup, most people have to deal with emotional and social loneliness, dealing with their ex-partner still being around, and
obsessive review
"Love" is to companionate love as "in love" is to ________.
passionate love
Of all the varieties of love that have been identified, which one of the following has received the most attention from researchers?
passionate love
Among the three provinces of the human mind as derived by Freud, the id is founded on the ____________ principle.
pleasure principle
"I think I'd like to move to a place where I could have many husbands." The woman who made this statement prefers which marriage system?
polyandry
"I think I'd like to move to a place where I could have many wives." The man who made this statement prefers which marriage system?
polygamy
Melanie takes a very practical approach to love. She has a list of characteristics that she expects her future spouse to have, and she is very concerned that he reflect well on her family. She will not even consider going out with a man unless he meets these criteria. According to Lee's theory, Melanie has a(n) __________ approach to love.
pragmatic
A(n) _________________ is a biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like.
prejudice
______ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group. ______ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.
prejudice
In the context of social relations, _________________ is action that is beneficial to others.
prosocial behavior
Kamal often takes illicit drugs recreationally. Even though he knows it is illegal and potentially deadly, he says to himself, "I only do it once in a while, and I won't get caught or become addicted!" In order to reduce cognitive dissonance, Kamal is engaging in ________________.
rationalization
According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the ego operates on the ____________ principle.
reality
___________, as a defense mechanism, is the unconscious act of keeping threatening or disturbing thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness
repression
People tend to emphasize attributes that reflect __________ in their friend and love relationships.
responsiveness
_________________ are ways of knowing that affect how one views his or her social world.
schemas
Abraham Maslow's concept of ____________ refers to people's inherent drive to realize their full potential.
self-actualization
Making situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes is known as a(n) ________________.
self-serving bias
Which of the following describes the agapic love style?
selfless and unconditional
Which one of the following was listed as a key distinguishing feature between the experience of being "in love with" and "loving" another person (Myers & Berscheid, 1997)?
sexual desire
When Sally tells Harry, "I love you, but I'm just not in love with you," what is the distinction she is probably making?
she cares deeply for Harry but is not sexually attracted to him
Which of the following best describes the pragmatic love style?
shopping-list love
People tend to prefer potential partners who possess _____ demographic characteristics, _____ personality traits, and _____ attitudes and interests.
similar, similar, similar
_________________ occurs when the presence of others improves our performance
social facilitation
_________________ occurs when the presence of others causes individuals to relax their standards.
social loafing
Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on the groups to which they belong are known as ________________.
stereotypes
Misty and Charlie first met 10 years ago in high school, and soon became friends. Over time, they gradually realized that their friendship had grown into love. They enjoy each other's company, spend most of their time together, and feel deep affection, trust, and respect for one another. According to Lee's theory, Misty and Charlie are _____ lovers.
storgic
Alfred Adler disagreed with Freudian theory, suggesting that ____________ is the major motivator of all behavior.
striving for superiority
According to Freud, the last part of the human mind that develops around age 2 or 3 is the ___________.
superego
In the famous case of murder victim Kitty Genovese, none of the witnesses to her stabbing came to her aid. Psychologists later called this phenomenon ________________.
the bystander effect
The concept of "breadth of self-disclosure" refers to
the number of areas or topics that partners discuss
According to the concept of personality, the ____________ of a person is the disposition to behave consistently in a particular way.
trait
A good way to maintain similarity and minimize habituation is to embark on new activities together.
true
Erotic lovers seek to have an exclusive relationship with their partners.
true
For most couples, passion declines over time in their relationship.
true
Ludic lovers avoid commitment and treat love like a game.
true
Many cultures are experiencing a decline in the number of arranged marriages that take place.
true
Most people typically are in love with one person at a time.
true
Scholars have argued for centuries over whether different types of love exist.
true
Self-disclosure is related to partners' feelings of satisfaction, closeness, love, and commitment.
true
Sternberg believes that most of us strive for consummate love in our romantic relationships.
true
Sternberg's model of love says that all the different positive emotions (types of love) that people can have for other individuals can be understood by the combination of just three components.
true
When initially meeting someone, we tend to pay most attention to how that person looks.
true
In general, love theorists agree that adult romantic love is composed at a minimum of _____ varieties.
two
Which of the following layers of consciousness is the level at which most thoughts, feelings, motives, and images reside and is considered the most important in Freud's theory of psychoanalysis?
unconscious layer
