Chapter 12 Psych

hedonic motive

motivations that come out of gratification, that we enjoy (sex, drugs) seek pleasure maybe most important desire for pleasure over pain

Candy knows that she should always bring a gift when she goes to someone's house because she watched her parents bring gifts when visiting other people's houses. Candy learned this behavior because of the psychological phenomenon called:

normative influence

When one is visiting another country with completely different cultural beliefs and societal guidelines than one's own, it is often helpful to imitate the behavior of the people one sees. This behavior BEST illustrates:

normative influence

A police officer asks a driver to step out of the vehicle and walk toward him, and the driver complies. The driver has demonstrated:

obedience

dave tells his dog to lie down and the dog complies. the dog is demonstrating:

obedience

Stanley Milgram

obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions

People are LEAST likely to be attracted to someone who is:

of a different ethnicity

People are generally attracted to people who are:

similar on most psychological dimensions

People tend to make dispositional attributions for other people's actions even when they are caused by:

situational factors

Krystal's friend yells at her for being five minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe that her friend is a rude jerk, Krystal decides that she must be distracted because she was fighting with her partner. Krystal is making a(n) _____ attribution about her friend's behavior, and _____ demonstrating the correspondence bias.

situational; is not

Humans live in

social groups

_____ can be harmful because they can be inaccurate, overused, self-perpetuating, and unconscious. However, _____ can also be very useful because they allow us to quickly categorizing people and enable us to respond rapidly to situations using educated guesses.

stereotypes

groups make us feel

strong and make you feel apart of something that feels like you belong

According to research, when people are not included as part of a group they are MOST likely to report feeling:

substantial rejection

Lana is asked to give money to a group. She is MOST likely to give money to:

the Sierra Club, an organization to which she belongs.

Researchers sometimes call humans' need to belong:

the affiliation need

conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

cognitive dissonance refers to

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs.

Someone who wanted to research how two people interact while engaging in conversation would be studying social:

behavior

In a study cited in the text on unconscious stereotyping, U.S. adults found it easier to associate:

black faces with negative stimuli and white faces with positive stimuli.

Which of the following medical conditions becomes more common when a person has been socially isolated?

cancer

When Harsha's parents refused his request to do something, and Harsha responded by saying that all his friends' parents were allowing them to do it, he was trying to make his parents susceptible to:

conformity

A large group of people witness a man getting robbed in the park, but no one steps forward to help him or come to his aid. This is an example of:

diffusion of responsibility

The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way is called

diffusion of responsibility

A study examined how the behavior of cashiers and clerks varied depending on the race/ethnicity of the customers. The researchers found that when purchasing with a credit card or personal check, African American and Latino shoppers were more likely than White shoppers to be asked to show formal identification. The behavior observed in the cashiers and clerks exemplify which of the following concepts:

discrimination

A teacher comes into her classroom and announces to her students that she will be giving blue-eyed children five extra points and brown-eyed children no extra points. The teacher is demonstrating:

discrimination.

According to research, it is highly likely that members of the Chicago Cubs baseball team will have more positive feelings toward other Chicago Cubs players and more negative feelings toward Chicago White Sox players. This example reflects the concept of _____ within the field of social psychology.

discrimination? stereotype threat? prejudice?

"He cheated on the test because he is a dishonest person." This is a _____ attribution.

dispositional

"The participants must have been very passive and weak-willed," a student remarks when she learns of the results of Stanley Milgram's famous "shock" study of obedience. The student is making a _____ attribution for the participants' behavior in the study.

dispositional

An undergraduate student turns in a late assignment for one of her classes. Upon receiving the assignment, the instructor thinks "this student is a lazy bum." This is an example of a(an) _____. On another day, upon receiving the late assignment, the instructor thinks "maybe there is a family issue going on." This is an example of a(an) _____.

dispositional attribution; situational attribution

Benjamin and Lawrence are both walking to class when they see their instructor slip and fall while climbing the steps in front of Fraser. Benjamin makes a _____ saying that the instructor fell because he is a clumsy man. You make a _____ by pointing out that it snowed the night before and the stairs are probably icy.

dispositional attribution; situational attribution

Which of the following is someone who is ostracized MORE likely to do?

eat an unhealthy snack

People are LESS likely to be motivated by the desire to avoid pain if they:

feel that they have been manipulated.

confederates

gave incorrect answers to see if the real test taker will conform

Erica's boyfriend demands that she should not go out with her girlfriends. He threatens that if she does, he will not talk to her for several days. According to the text, Erica is MOST likely to:

go out with her girlfriends because Erica does not like to be manipulated in this way.

Among the clinicians in her private practice, Dr. Young is the expert on psychometrics and assessment. However, three of the clinicians disagree on her choice of tests. Dr. Young decides to change her recommendations for the good of the group. This BEST illustrates:

groupthink

Indira has a stereotype that people with green eyes are very intelligent. This belief is based on a statement Indira's mother used to make when she was younger. India's stereotype is based on:

hearsay

3 basic motives

hedonic motive normative influence informational influence

Seeking pleasure is to seeking acceptance, as the _____ motive is to the _____ motive.

hedonic; approval

Martina knows very little about politics and is not especially interested in the outcome of elections. Martina would MOST likely be persuaded by a campaign messaging relying on _____ persuasion.

heuristic

_____ persuasion involves a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion.

heuristic

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This BEST illustrates:

the mere exposure effect

Jenna is not sure that she likes the new song by her favorite band the first time she hears it. After hearing the song a number of times, however, she likes it at least as much as she likes the band's previous hits. Jenna's experience reflects:

the mere exposure effect.

informational influence

the tendency for people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond

People often conform to the behavior of others because:

they desire social acceptance

Which of the following is NOT true of social groups?

they help animals problem solve

Social cognition is to how people _____ each other, as social influence is to how people_____ each other.

think about; change

Research suggests that people who use social media may be lonelier because:

using social media cuts into face to face time with others

According to the text, a person who wants to gain more resources should:

work with others

Research indicates that people who are socially isolated may die ______ years sooner than people who are not socially isolated.

10

Based solely on the following information, which man is MOST likely to engage in aggression?

Bill, who has unreasonably high self-esteem

Based solely on the following information, which person is MOST likely to engage in murder?

Casey, 18 year old man

Laura believes that all children should have the right to choose if they would like to continue their education regardless of their standardized test scores. Based solely on the following viewpoints, which individual would Laura be MOST likely to date?

Greg, who believes that standardized tests are a bogus measure of children's abilities, and who feels continuing education should be based on motivation

Which researcher is MOST likely studying social cognition within social psychology?

Greg, who is studying how children empathize when another child gets hurt

affiliation need

Humans are motivated by the need to belong seek approval from others and need human contact

Max was at a party and noticed that a friend of his was clearly drunk and about to drive home. In which of the following circumstances would Max be most likely to intervene and stop his friend from getting behind the wheel?

If Max was alone and the only witness

Which statement is consistent with the results observed in Solomon Asch's conformity study?

Individuals usually choose in alignment with the majority, even if they know the choice is wrong.

Jennifer's sex assigned at birth is female and she identifies as a woman. Using information from psychological research on aggression, which of the following situations is most likely or most consistent with that research?

Jennifer went to the grocery store when preparing for a hurricane, and she became aggressive in order to collect the last two packages of bottled water.

Which provides an example of reciprocal altruism?

Judy volunteers to dog sit for a friend in the hope that she will do the same for Judy the next time that Judy goes out of town.

Janice needs to pick a partner for the prisoner's dilemma game. Who is the BEST choice?

Justin, who is always there for Janice and has never let her down

Soloman Asch's Conformity Study

People will conform in situations of uncertainty—even when they have to deny their own perceptual realities. Important because it showed the power of conformity and the influence of ambiguity

Jack's professor has asked him to pinch his classmate, Jill, to wake her up during class. What is Jack likely to do and why?

Say yes, because his professor is the authority figure and has indicated that this is a normal.

Which individual is likely to be LESS selective in his or her choice of a sexual partner?

Victor, who is looking for a short-term mate

Which of the following statements is not accurate with regard to research about aggression or aggressive behavior in humans?

When humans do not believe you belong in their group, they will show aggressive behaviors.

Based solely on the following information, which person is MOST likely to engage in murder?

a 20-year-old male with high baseline testosterone

The correspondence bias occurs when people make:

a dispositional attribution for someone's behavior even when the other person's behavior was caused by a specific situation.

social isolation

impairs physical health, mental health, and the way humans live their life

Cultural factors, such as the higher reputational cost of engaging in sexual intercourse, tend to _____ the sexual selectivity of women.

increase

In one study described in the text, European American and African American participants either indicated or did not indicate their race before taking a college entrance examination. Whether participants indicated their race was a(n) _____ variable in this study.

independent

Research on religious hermits and pioneers suggests that voluntary isolation:

is not likely to lead to happiness

Matthew spends hours each day managing his many social media accounts, from Facebook to Twitter to Instagram. Research indicates Matthew is MOST likely to experience ______ because of this behavior.

loneliness

Mrs. Regan and Mrs. Garcia both live in the same nursing home. Mrs. Regan has more family members close by than Mrs. Garcia. The main benefit that Mrs. Regan will experience will be increased:

longevity

When people are unsure about something they have not encountered before, they usually:

look at how others act toward it

Nikki grew up in a culture in which women were told that they have a right to have sex with whomever they would like, and they should not be punished for engaging in sexual intercourse with multiple partners. Compared to women from other cultures, Nikki is:

more likely to engage in sex because of these cultural factors.

Compared to men, women are...

more likely to premeditate their aggressive acts

Oliver failed his math test, which made him feel horrible. According to researchers who believe the frustration-aggression hypothesis is incomplete, Oliver may become aggressive after this disappointment because:

of negative affect.

normative influence

others approval get along we go along

Rachel is waiting at a red light as a car pulls out from a small side street a few cars in front of her. As the light turns green, no one is letting the car merge onto the main road. As Rachel approaches, she waves to the car's driver to signal that they can merge. Although her behavior seems genuinely unselfish, Rachel expects other drivers to return the favor for her someday. This is a description of:

reciprocal altruism.