chapter 12 public speaking, Literary and Stylistic Devices, SPCM 200 Final Exam, Public Speaking, Chapter 13: Invitational speaking environment, Invitational Speech, (Speech) Chapter 3: Perception, Public Speaking Ch 5, Public speaking Chapter 17, 24...

4 types of inductive reasoning

1. Generalization 2. Casual Reasoning 3. Sign Reasoning 4. Analogical Reasoning

Personal appearance, eye contact, facial expression, posture, gestures, proxemics, time

7 nonverbal components of delivery

exigence

A problem that cannot be avoided but that can be solved, or at least managed, through the development of an appropriate message.

Causal

Cause and effect. If, then argument

Derived credibility

Credibility a speaker develops during a speech

Why does deep breathing work?

It is effective because engaging in it triggers a relaxation response in your body, thus slowing down the fight or flight response

Impromptu

No practice, a speech on the fly

Competence

One must be prepared, well researched, and informed to have a good frame of mind during Q&A

5 P's of Great Leaders

Purpose, Personality, Passion, Power, Pleasure

Global plagiarism

Stealing an entire speech or piece of work from a single source and presenting it as your own

communication skills training

Stems from the idea that people feel anxious about doing what they know they are not good at. People are taught how to communicate more effectively by developing communication skills

Monroe's motivated sequences

Step by step process used to pursuance audiences by gaining attention, demonstrating a need, satisfying that need, visualizing beneficial results, and calling for action.

Thesis statement

Summarizes in a single declarative sentence the main ideas, assumptions, or arguments you want to express in your speech

Group communication

Team communication

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

monotone

a very narrow, unchanging pitch range.

connectives

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them

supporting materials

all forms of evidence that lend weight to the truth of your thesis, whether by explaining, illustrating, or defending it.

Open-Ended Questions

allow respondents to freely answer questions in their own words

hyperbole

an obvious and extreme exaggeration

standpoint

as the perspective from which a person views and evaluates society.

Personification

assigning human like characteristics to inanimate objects

Situational Analysis

consider the situation, occasion, and setting which you will be presenting

Group

consists of three to fifteen people who share a common purpose, who feel a sense belonging to the group, and who exert influence on one another

Because emotional appeals engage an audience personally, you'll want to consider using all of these aspects of emotional appeals, except:

extremely graphic violence.

types of supporting materials

facts / examples, explanations, analogies, definitions, opinions / testimonies, stories, and statistics / numbers

Preparation Outline includes...

general purpose, outcome statement, thesis, intro, body, conclusion, transitions, preview statement

Invention

generate or create subject matter. ex. topic, audience, purpose Brainstorming and topic proposal

purpose

goal for your speech

what is potency?

group members collectively have confidence in each other.

Potency

group members collectively have confidence in their abilities

Step 2 - Build the NEED/WANT

in this step, you will work to get your audience to feel a NEED or WANT A. Statement B. Illustration C. Ramification D. Pointing

Speech to explore an issue

invitational speech in which the speaker attempts to engage an audience in a discussion about an idea, concern topic, or plan of action.

identify 3 major types of appeals

logos-logic pathos-emotion ethos-credibility/character of the speaker

Aristotle

matter of probablity

Cognitive Dissonance

occurs when you realize that your beliefs (thoughts), emotions (feelings), and actions (behaviors) are inconsistent with one another

mnemonic / gimmick organizational pattern

organization of main points in a way that spells out a word or another type of memory device

topical

organization pattern that discusses the aspects of a topic point by point

pitch

placement of the voice on the musical scale, ranging from high to low.

4 steps of communication that creates change

presentation, contemplation, conversion, action

Style

refers to a writer's particular way of developing his or her narrative. Aspects of style include diction, use of imagery, allusion, figures of speech, symbolism, length and complexity of sentences.

Dialect

shared pattern of speech ex. accent

In her speech opposing sex education in schools, Loni argues that teaching sexual education will lead to more students having sex, which will lead to more teen pregnancies, which will lead to higher drop-out rates. This is an example of a(n):

slippery slope fallacy.

Slippery Slope

snow ball effect, if you have sex, then you will get pregnant.

preparation outline

the full sentence outline that comprises of about 80% of the speaker's presentation

supporting materials

the information that effectively validates the claim or main idea in the presentation

The best source in any library is...

the librarian

logos

the logic of the presentation, or the logical organization of words or information shared in the presentation (e.g., evidence, facts, or reasoning)

What is Dynamism?

the power and energy in your delivery.

alliteration

the repeating of the initial consonant sound in a sentence or phrase

repetition

the repeating of words or phrases in a presentation

Alliteration

the repetition of initial consonant sounds in a line or succeeding lines of verse. For example: Rabbits are running right over red roses

organization

the selection of ideas and materials and their arrangement into a discernible and effective pattern.

pathos

the speaker evoking appropriate emotion from the audience.

to inform, to persuade, and to entertain

the three most general purposes of speeches

antithesis

the use of an opposite concept in a phrase

heterogeneity

the variety or diversity of audience members

Belief

the way that you look at the world or the way that you structure your reality

belief

the way that you look at the world or the way that you structure your reality

fight or flight response

to face fears or run from them

One of the reasons that Martin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the most influential speakers of the twentieth century is the __________ language he used to create images for his audiences.

vivid

Logos

"Makes sense" Facts/ Examples

introduction

(1) get the audience's attention, (2) state your thesis, and (3) preview how you will develop your ideas.

Strengthening Commitment

-Consciousness Raising: making people aware of values they normally take for granted -Moving from Education to Commitment: informational to persuasive -Increasing Sense of Urgency: 1) the issues is important 2) it can go either way 3) the decision is soon 4) the listeners actions can tip the scales

Selective Persuasion

-Denial: people refuse to accept the truth of messages they don't want to accept -Dismissal: audience says truth doesn't apply to them -Belittling the Source: attack source credibility -Compartmentalization: keeping two conflicting beliefs separate so the conflict between them is "hidden"

Weakening Commitment

-Finding a critical distinction: identify the audience's commitment and as what considerations might limit the commitment -Refutation: the attack or defense of a challenged claim

Selective Influence

-Multiple meanings (polysemy): capable of being understood in more than one way -The Boomerang Effect: speaker has the opposite effect that they wanted (comes back to bite them)

Selective listening

-People tend to remember things they agree with -If message is unclear, people will interpret it however they want to

Public Forum

-Problem/issue affects people collectively as well as individuals -Cooperation action is needed -A decision is required -Decision require subjective judgement

Dangers to the health of public forum and why it matter to us

-Pubic forum requires informed, active participants -If you don't participate, someone will decide for you

Ways to gain attention

-ask questions -shock or startle audience -use humor -use suspense -tell a story

Advantages of Team Presentation

-decrease the amount of work -more minds generate more ideas -audience will benefit by hearing different voices

Guidelines for Aids

-relevant to topic and audience -less is best -large enough to see -use when ready for audience -cite the source

Disadvantages of Team Presentation

-requires coordination and puts pressure on individual's schedules -take more time to prepare

Introduction

-set the tone -gain the audience's attention -establish credibility -preview rest of presentation

Conclusion

-signal the end -review main points -wrap up presentation and create psychological unity

Ways to enhance credibility

-speak of your personal experience and learned knowledge -use direct eye contact and smile -express awareness of and concern for the consequences of information -speak with enthusiasm and conviction - reference positions and authority -establish common ground by expressing points-of-view -support with engaging facts

developing effective introductions

-startling facts/ intriguing statements -dramatic story/ build suspense -quotation and/or literature reference -humor -rhetorical question -illustrations, examples, and anecdotes -physically involve the audience -relate a personal experience -use a visual or media aid -refer to the situation

functions of conclusions

-summarizing important information -motivating listeners -creating closure

developing memorable conclusions

-thanking as transition -call to action -use a dramatic illustration -conclude with a quotation -conclude with a metaphor that broadens the meaning of your speech -conclude with humor

Know the definition of the communication model from the beginning of the semester.

...

Two-sided message persuasive strategy that addresses both sides of an issue, refuting one side to prove the other is better.

...

Unique concerns of group presentations (e.g., introducing group members)

...

What is the number one skill employers are looking for in employees?

...

Interpersonal communication

1 to 2 people, close friends

Monroe's Motivated Sequence - The Five Steps

1. Attention 2. Need/Want 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action

Rhetorical Situation

1. Audience- The audience will alter how you speak to the audience. Sometimes audience is the most importnat thing. 2. Occasion- Set the tone of the speech. 3. Speaker- To inform, persuade, and enteratin 4. Speech- are a response to something, people are usually invited to give a speech.

What are the 3 parts of the Secondary Triad of the Toulmin Model? (Important)

1. Backing= Evidence that supports the warrant -Supports the warrant like grounds support the claim -Usually has nothing to do with the claim 2. Qualifier= Conditions that narrow the claim, or state the degree of certainty of a claim -Refers to how claims are limited or made more specific -ex.) Don't use "always", use "sometimes". Less burden of proof. 3. Rebuttal= Exceptions to the claim; answers to counterarguments -Need to anticipate counterarguments and respond to them -Knowing rebuttals will help you structure arguments effectively

What are the 5 guidelines to follow when selecting a font?

1. Choose fonts that are clear and easy to read 2. Avoid using all caps 3. Don't use more than two fonts on a single slide 4. Use the same fonts on all your slides 5. Put titles and major headings in at least 36-44 pt. font. Make subheads and other texts at least 24-30 pt.

• What are the six guidelines for using supporting materials?

1. Choose most credible proof = backed by credible evidence 2. Use different types of supporting materials to clarify, elaborate on, or substantiate different points in your speech. 3. Appeal to Different Learning Styles = Incorporate visual aids for visual learners. Have active learners do something with the supporting materials. Have reflective learners think about the supporting materials being presented. Ask verbal learners to read or listen to the materials. 4. Avoid Long Lists = Strings of facts, examples, or statistics with no elaboration are difficult for listeners. Select a smaller number of supporting materials, each taking about 15-30 seconds. 5. Consider your Audience = Your audience's knowledge and interests should guide your selection of supporting materials. + Listeners will respond more effectively to interesting and informative materials to which they can relate. 6. Respect the Available Time = Choose supporting materials that fit into your speech's time frame. Short speeches require supporting materials that require little time to present

What are the 3 parts of the Primary Triad of the Toulmin Model? (Important)

1. Claim= The statement that the advocate wishes the audience to believe/accept 2. Grounds (reasons)= The foundation or basis of the claim; the support (the because statement) 3. WARRANT= Connects the grounds to the claim -The reasoning that authorizes the inferential leap from the grounds to the claims -The Heart of the argument

What are the 4 Toulmin Model assumptions? (Just Understand)

1. Claims should be stated clearly, qualified carefully (make sure they're narrow enough), and supported with good data and reasons 2. Claims and reasons should be based on assumptions that the audience accepts -If not based on the correct assumptions, the argument will be ineffective 3. All parts of an argument need the support of solid evidence 4. Effective arguments anticipate objections the audience might offer

7 C's Method

1. Clarity 2. Create Emphasis 3. Connections 4. Conjure Lasting Memories 5. Concrete 6. Convey Certainty 7. Concise Explanations

Steps for Impromptu

1. Create introduction 2. Think of two or three main points 3. Support main points with examples 4. summarize and conclude creatively

Steps in Refutation

1. Decide on grounds -can you object to the clain? -can you object to the inferences, and thereby refuse to accept the conclusion? 2. Develop the refutation -what is the position to be attacked -how can you explain the significance of what you're attacking -how can you present and develop the attack -how can you explain the impact of the refutation

Basic Elements of a Rhetorical Situation

1. Delivery- Presentation of a speech to an audience 2. Organization- of main ideas with the body and overall structure intro, body, conclusion 3. Memory- recalling main ideas basic structure of speech 4. Language- can be used to envoke emotion in the audience 5. Content- Combination of Material, analysis, research and judgement.

What are the book's 7 guidelines for presenting visual aids?

1. Display visual aids where listeners can see them 2. Avoid passing visual aids among the audience 3. Display visual aids only while discussing them 4. Explain visual aids clearly and concisely 5. Talk to your audience, not to your aid 6. Practice with your visual aid 7. Check the room and equipment

Guidelines for Presentational Support

1. Establish why you want to use it 2. Keep it simple 3. use color and sizes effectively 4. use font carefully and effectively 5. one font size-32, 38 for titles 6. Proofread 7. 6 lines of text down and across 8. pictures must be large enough to see 9. minimize use of animation 10. videos can not be advanced 11. aesthetic aspect to support 12. continuity is important 13. check grammar and spelling 14. make sure visual can be seen

• What are the six types of supporting materials?

1. Example: sample or instance that supports or illustrates a general claim. A: Brief Example = short instance (single sentence) used to support or illustrate your claim B: Extended Example = provides details about the instance being used , giving your audience a deeper and richer picture of your point 2. Definitions: Unfamiliar words that are defined A: Dictionary Definition = provide the meaning of a term as it appears in a dictionary. B: Expert definitions = come from a person who is a credible source of information. C: Etymological definitions = explain the linguistic origin of terms. D: Functional definitions = explain how something is used or what it does. 3. Testimony: information provide by other people (interviews) A: Expert Testimony: consists of statements made by credible sources who have professional or other in-depth knowledge of a topic B: Lay Testimony: statements made by persons with no special expertise in the subject they are discussing. 4. Statisitics: Piece of data or information presented in numerical form. 5. Narratives: anecdote (brief story) or somewhat longer account used to support your main points 6. Analogies: comparison based on similarities between two phenomena one thats familiar to the audience and one that is less familiar. A: Literal: two entities in same category are are compared B: Figurative: two entities are not in the same category but the characteristics of one can help the audience better understand the characteristics of another.

What are the 5 guidelines from the book on how to use images strategically.

1. Make sure images are large enough to be seen clearly 2. Choose high-resolution images 3. Keep graphs and charts clear and simple 4. In most cases, include a title above charts and graphs 5. Edit video so it is integrated seamlessly into your slides

What four things should you consider when using a video as a visual aid?

1. Make sure the clip isn't too long. (No longer than 30 sec) 2. Make sure the video is cued to start exactly where you want it 3. Edit the video to the precise length so it will blend smoothly. 4. Beware of low-resolution videos that may appear blurry when projected.

What are the 2 limitations of the Toulmin Model for analyzing an argument?

1. Only a test of the argument as a snapshot= Does not test the evolution of an argument -May suggest how you may need to evolve your argument, but says nothing about the dynamics of back and forth conversation 2. Cannot test the truth of the argument: -Only the logical structure of the argument -Toulmen Model will not tell you if someone is lying

What are the 2 ways to rebutt an argument? (Important)

1. Rebutting the GROUNDS of the opposing argument= (discrediting the evidence) -Disagreements about facts or relevance of facts provided 2. Rebutting the WARRANT of the opposing argument= Identifying and negating the assumptions that drive the argument -Disagreements about values, beliefs, or assumptions

What are the two ways to rebutt this agrument: "Smile: After All, It takes only 43 muscles to frown but only 17 muscles to smile." (Just understand)

1. Rebutting the grounds= Discrediting the evidence -Provide evidence that the data/evidence is not correct or relevant -ex.) David H. Song, MD, FACS, plastic surgeon reports that it actually takes 11 muscles to frown and 12 to smile" 2. Rebutting the warrant= Identifying and negating the assumptions that drive the argument -ex.) "So your choice of expression should be based only on how much effort it takes? Isn't it good to exercise your face muscles?"

Reasons we gather together

1. Reflection 2. To honor someone 3. To celebrate 4. To remember 5. To establish a goal

Audience Constraints on Persuasion

1. Selective Listening 2. Selective perception 3. Selective influence

Statistical fallacies

1. Small Sample 2. Unrepresentative sample 3. Variation of appeal to popularity

4 Steps of Building Main Ideas

1. State main idea 2. Cite source 3. Present supporting materials 4. Restate main idea

What are the essential characteristics of warrants? (Definitely don't concentrate on, just read)

1. Warrants explain how the ground supports the claim= Must connect the two, or argument has problem 2. Are a rule of inference= They describe some aspect of how we view the world, how we think about the world 3. Not always controversial or difficult 4. Have scope beyond the current argument= Has validity beyond the current set of circumstances (Unlike ground and claim) -Warrant makes our argument intelligible to people, but it is based on rules they already know (Or hope they know) 5. Typically not stated explicitly 6. Not universal truths= Can be disputed against

What are the two advantages of preparing visual aids in advance?

1. You have time and resources to devise creative and attractive aids 2. You can use the aids while practicing your speech

common pitfalls of introductions

1. beginning with an apology 2. being too brief or too long 3. giving too much away 4. reading 5. relying on shock tactics 6. promising too much 7. using unnecessary prefatory remarks 8. using long-winded poem 9. becoming someone else 10. overusing some techniques

functions of introductions

1. capture attention and focus 2. provide a motive for the audience to listen 3. enhance the credibility of the speaker 4. preview the message and organization

common pitfalls of conclusions

1. don't use your conclusion to introduce a new topic 2. don't apologize 3. don't end abruptly 4. don't change the mood or tone 5. don't use the phrases "in summary" or "in conclusion" except when you are actually at the end of your speech 6. don't ask for questions 7. don't ignore applause 8. don't forget to thank your audience and host 9. don't run away 10. don't read it

7 Keys of Practice

1. practice same way as you would during speech 2. never display until ready to use 3. plan on what you will say while playing 4. always plan to give presentation without support 5. have a backup plan 6. decide how you will best arrange the space 7. visit location where you will be giving the presentation

five guidelines and suggestions for introductions

1. prepare after the body of the speech 2. make it creative and easy to follow 3. communicate high energy by being well practiced 4. engage audience non-verbally before you start 5. consider time constraints and mood

how to conclude the same speech in different ways

1. quotation that personalizes your message 2. a dramatic story that also serves as a metaphor 3. rhetorical questions

motivating listeners

1. relate your topic to your listeners 2. communicate a feeling 3. broaden your message

how to introduce the same speech in different ways

1. startling statement 2. dramatic story 3. quotation

Trait anxiety, Situational anxiety

2 types of anxiety

Persuasive speech outline

250 points Identify a problem in our lives and then put the problem through the Need, Plan, Practicality 6 to 8 sources 6 to 8 minutes with 2 minutes Q and A

Equality, value, self determination

3 conditions for an invitational environment

Experiential, auditory, visual

3 kinds of listening or learning styles

Symbol, referent, thought

3 things in the semantic triangle of meaning

Be realistic about changing your audiences view, use evidence fairly and strategically, use language that respectfully motivates your audience to change

3 tips for giving an effective persuasive speech

Question of fact, question of value, question of policy

3 types of persuasive speeches

Match interests, match expertise, brainstorm

3 ways to choose a speech topic

What is a group?

3-15 people who share a common purpose

Competence, collaboration, control, common sense

4 C's regarding frame of mind in a Q&A

Listen, restate, answer, support answer with evidence

4 strategies during a Q&A

Place, Size and arrangement of audience, technology, temporal factors

4 things to consider when analyzing your speaker environment

Problem solution, problem cause solution, causal, comparative advantage, monroe's motivate sequence

5 way of organizing a policy speech

Research, practice, realistic expectations, visualize yourself succeeding, find points of connection with audience

5 ways to overcome nervousness

Volume, rate, pitch, pauses, articulation, pronunciation

6 verbal components of delivery

Manuscript

A delivery written out and memorized word for word, notes are permissible

Apostrophe

A figure of speech in which some absent or nonexistent person or thing is addressed as if present and capable of understanding. For example: "Hello darkness, my old friend I've come to talk with you again . . .." (Paul Simon, "The Sounds of Silence").

Define rhetoric

A focus on presentation skills, the ability to sell yourself and your ideas.

Racial profiling

A form of stereotyping attributed to racism

manuscript presentation

A mode of delivery in which the speaker reads aloud the prepared text of the speech.

extemporaneous presentation

A mode of delivery in which the speech is planned and structured carefully but a specific text is not written in advance nor memorized.

Indiscrimination

A perceptual barrier that causes one to emphasize similarities & neglect differences

Allness

A perceptual fallacy that allows a person to believe that they know everything about something

Frozen evaluation

A perceptual fallacy that discourages flexibility & encourages rigidity; an evaluation of a person that ignores changes

Which of the following statements about culture is incorrect?

A person can only have one cultural background.

Monroe's motivate sequence

A policy speech organization that gains attention, demonstrates a need, satisfies that need, shows visual of the benefits of the results, and then calls for action (Infomercials)

Comparative advantage

A policy speech organization that illustrates the advantages of one solution over others

Situational Communication Apprehension

A short-lived anxiety that occurs during a specific encounter. Examples include interviews, speaking to a professor about an assignment, or speaking to a significant other about a situation.

Good sense, good will, good moral character

A speaker must demonstrate their credibility by addressing 3 things:

Initial, derived, terminal

A speakers credibility is measured by the audience at 3 different times

forensic

A speech occasion concerned with rendering judgments about events in the past.

deliberative

A speech occasion that focuses on the future and is usually concerned with what should be done.

ceremonial

A speech occasion that focuses on the present and is usually concerned with praise.

Figure-ground principle

A strategy that facilitates the organization of stimuli by enabling one to focus on different stimuli alternately

Standpoint theory

A theory that one's place in the power hierarchy influences the accuracy of one's perception of social life

Attribution theory

A theory that posits that we assign meaning to behavior by ascribing motives & causes

Social identity model of de-inviduation effects

A theory that states that each individual has different identities that make themselves visible in different situations

Uncertainty reduction theory

A theory that states that individuals learn more about each other by monitoring their social environment

Invitational speaking

A type of public speaking in which a speaker enters into a dialogue with an audience in order to clarify positions, explore issues and ideas, or articulate beliefs and values

An argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather than that person's arguments is known as which type of fallacy?

Ad hominem fallacy

Which of the following terms describes the process of continually updating our impressions of other people based on the new things we learn about them?

Algebraic impressions

Sexism

Allowing gender stereotypes to control interactions with members of the opposite sex

anxiety

Almost everyone has some sort of __________

Plain folks

Americans do not like elitism, so powerful persons will often try to make themselves appear like the "common man."

Which of the following is considered the most important skill for a person with a high degree of emotional intelligence to possess?

An aptitude for managing their own emotions

Either-or

An argument in which a speaker claims our options are either a or b when actually more than 2 options exist

Ad hominem

An attack on the opponent's character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine his/her argument.

Appeal to emotion

An attempt to manipulate an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument.

examples of transition statements

An average approach and now, Hannah will talk about the next step A seamless presentation Derek: You've just heard about the first step the next process and step is...Jack:

Snap judgement

An evaluation made w/out reflection; an undelayed reaction

Symbolic Racism

An indirect form of racism that employs code words and subtle, unspoken contrast to suggest that one race is superior to another

Communication Apprehension (CA)

An individuals fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or perosns Developed by James McCroskey

What is Cognitive Dissonance?

An uncomfortable mental state when ones behavior and beliefs are not consistent.

During a job interview, Dori was careful to maintain eye contact with eye contact with her interviewer despite feeling nervous and uncomfortable. Dori's behavior is example of which of the following competent communication skills?

Appropriateness

Slippery slope fallacy

Argent in which a speaker claims that taking a first step in one direction will lead to inevitable and undesirable further steps

Appeal to nature

Arguing that because something is "natural" it is therefore valid.

appeal to tradition

Arguing that traditional practice and long- term history is the only reason for continuing a policy

Hasty generalization fallacy

Argument based on too few cases, or examples, to support a conclusion

Ad hominem

Argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather than that person's argument

Ad hominem fallacy

Argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather than that persons argument

Either-or fallacy

Argument in which a speaker claims out options are "either A or B", when actually more than two options exist. (False dilemma)

Slippery slope

Argument in which a speaker claims that taking a first step in one direction will lead to inevitable and undesirable further steps

False cause

Argument mistaking a chronological relationship for a causal relationship

False cause fallacy

Argument mistaking a chronological relationship got a casual relationship

Red herring

Argument that introduces irrelevant information to distract an audience from the issue

Red herring fallacy

Argument that introduces irrelevant information to distract an audience from the real issue

Fallacy

Argument that seems valid but is flawed bc of unsound evidence or reasoning

Bandwagon

Argument that something is correct or good because everyone else agrees with it

Bandwagon fallacy

Argument that something is correct or good. Bc everyone else agrees with it or is doing it

Counterarguments

Arguments against the speakers own position

on Rhetoric, taught the art of speaking. He brought system and order to the study of public speaking

Aristotles

Gain passive agreement

Ask audience to adapt a new position without also asking them to act in support of that position.

Bryce has just graduated from college and is about to begin job-hunting. What should he do first to determine if his online self-presentation needs improvement?

Ask himself if he's comfortable sharing all the elements of his online presentation with future employers.

Ginger is interested in becoming better friends with Pauline, but she doesn't know her that well even though they're friends on Facebook. Which of the following is the best example of an active strategy Ginger could use to reduce her uncertainty about Pauline?

Asking a mutual friend questions about Pauline

Loaded question

Asking a question that had a presumption built into it so that it couldn't be answered without appearing guilty.

Burden of proof

Asserting that the party making the claim does not have the burden to prove the claim, but rather the other party has the burden to disprove the claim being contested.

Common sense

Assess the reason behind the question being asked

Ad Hominem

Attacking someone's character

Motivational speech

Attention Need Satisfaction Visualization Action

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, and Action

Monroe's Motivated Sequence - be able to identify and describe the steps

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, visualization, action

Attitudes, Values, Beliefs

Attitude is a learned predisposition to respond either un/favorably to an object. Belief: way that you look at the world or realities structure. Value: core beliefs that guide your actions.

Analysis, understanding, demographics, interest, environment, needs, customized, expectations

Audience adaptation involves: AUDIENCE

Credibility

Audiences perception of a speakers competence and character

Competence

Audiences view of a speakers intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of a subject

Character

Audiences view of a speakers sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for their well being

No true scotsman

Avoiding criticism by claiming that the critique does not apply to the purest form of that which is being judged.

Tu quoque

Avoiding to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser. Answering criticism with criticism.

What graph should you use when showing comparisons among two or more items?

Bar graph

Goals of effective conclusions

Be memorable Give the audience a reason to remember you and your message. Be clear Repeat the one thing you want your audience to remember at the end of your speech. Be brief The announced ending of your speech should never go beyond one or two minutes.

Rhythm

Beat, rhyme, codence, syllables, speech sounds, masculine

Need

Before presenting a policy or plan of action, you must demonstrate that a current problem exists and relates to the audience. Ex. definition, statistics, narratives.

Ways to begin

Best practices for beginning a speech: Use an interesting statistic or example Quote someone Tell a story Ask a question Establish a personal link Refer to the place or occasion Refer to a recent or well-known event Address audience concerns and needs Mix the methods

Strategies for effective conclusions

Best practices for ending a speech: Summarize Quote someone Tell a story Share your personal feelings Use poetic language Call for action Refer to the beginning Mix the methods

Audience adaptation

Best practices for starting strong: Plan the beginning at the end Don't apologize Avoid using "My speech is about....." Don't overpromise You have to know what you will say before you can preview your key points. Don't conclude by demanding something from your audience unless you are reasonably sure that you can get it. Best practices for ending effectively: End when you say you will end Make sure the ending matches the speech Have realistic expectations

How does an average public speaker come across when using visual aids?

Better prepared More credible More professional

Which one of the following quadrants of the Johari Window consists of parts of yourself that you are not aware of but that are apparent to others?

Blind

If we have warrants for two opposite claims, how do we determine which argument is better? (Just understand)

Bring in new evidence (Backing) -Whoever's evidence supports their warrant better, it may be more persuasive than the other

Narrowing the claim makes it stronger, why is this?

Burden of proof= The broader the claim, the more you need to prove -The more narrow the claim, the less you have to prove, so many rebuttles that people want to make now can't (less burden of proof) ex.) "Everyone hates algebra" - easy to discredit "Many Americans dislike algebra"- easier to argue

How does an awareness of ethics help someone become a more competent communicator?

By guiding the person to remain honest in their communication

Speaker interference

Can be caused by information or the way a speaker conveys information, can be caused by language or the works and descriptions used to explain things, can be caused by differences or the way we view diverse appearances, mannerisms, and backgrounds

Ways to organize main points

Casual - cause and affect Spatial - location/ direction Topical - random

__________ is an audience's view of a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.

Character

Which of the following is NOT one of the five steps of perception-checking?

Checking stereotypes

Texas sharpshooter

Cherry picking a data cluster to suit the argument or finding a pattern to fit a presumption.

Conversion

Chip away at the edges of beliefs Identify a pattern of anomalies (people change beliefs when their old beliefs no longer explain things adequately) employ consciousness raising seek incremental changes use reluctant testimony

Bob spends his life constantly angry and is consumed with negative thoughts. Bob is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Chronic hosility

What are some Organizational Patterns?

Chronological, spatial, topical, casual, mnemonic/gimmick

Middle ground

Claiming that a compromise, or middle point, between two extremes must be the truth.

Bandwagon

Claiming that many people doing something is validation for the argument. An appeal to popularity.

Gambler's fallacy

Claiming that streaks (of completely independent events) are either due for a reversal or will continue its run.

Seven C's Method for Adding Value

Clarity, Create Emphasis, Connections, Conjure Lasting Memories, Concrete, Convey Certainty, Concise Explanations

What are the seven methods for adding value to your presentation?

Clarity, Emphasis, Connections, Unforgettable, Concrete, Reduce Speaker Anxiety, Minimize lengthy explanations.

The interpersonal process model of intimacy is based on which of the following premises?

Closeness within a relationship requires both disclosure and responsiveness to disclosure.

________ are similarities, shared interests, and mutual perspectives a speaker has with an audience.

Common ground

Mass communication

Communication to a large audience via media organization

Analogical reasoning?

Compares a concept, situation, or object that may be unfamiliar to the audience with a familiar concept, situation, or object.

condition of equality

Condition of an invitational environment that requires the speaker to acknowledge that all audience members hold equally valid perspectives worthy of exploration.

condition of self-determination

Condition of an invitational environment that requires the speaker to recognize that people know what is best for them and have the right to make choices about their lives based on this knowledge.

condition of value

Condition of an invitational environment that requires the speaker to recognize the inherent value of the audience's views, although those views may differ from the speaker's views.

Types of audience

Confused, Skeptic, and apathetic

Connotative and Denotative

Connotative:Implied/Suggested Denotative:literal/primary meaning.

What is Pathos?

Considering passions or emotions of audience

Group

Consists of three to fifteen people who share a common purpose, who feel a sense of belonging to a group, and who exert influence on one another. Beebe, Beebe, & ivy, 2009.

Constraints and Opportunity

Constraints are set by the audience and occasion. The constraints are you audiences values. Opportunity- Is the ability to modify your audiences beliefs.

Patchwork plagiarism

Constructing a complete speech that you present from portions of several sources

The Jefferson Strategy for managing anger involves which of the following?

Counting to ten before reacting

What is persuasive speaking?

Creation of oral messages which will increase commitment, alter beliefs, attitudes, or values, and ultimately ask for a change in the audience's action.

Terminal credibility

Credibility a speaker has at the end of a speech

Initial credibility

Credibility a speaker has before giving a speech

Derived credibility

Credibility a speaks develops during a speech

What is Ethos?

Credibility of the speaker

Types of Audience Analysis?

Demographic, Attitudinal, and Situational analysis.

Problem-Solution speech

Describe situation evaluate situation as a problem propose a solution argue for solution

Bandwagon

Do it because other people do it

Which of the following is NOT one of the five primary personality traits?

Dogmatism

Emotional/ Motivational appeal

E.A are msgs directed at heightening one or more of the basic human emotions. M.A are msgs that are linked to the values and beliefs of the audience.

Style

Edit the draft, Focus on vocab, styalistic devices Often overlooked

How People are Persuaded (psychology)

Elaboration

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of emotion?

Emotion is expressed freely in any way we like.

Troi flies off the handle all the time, no matter where he is. The way Troi exhibits his anger embarrasses his friends and family. Troi needs to learn which of the following skills?

Emotion management

Pathos

Emotional appeal--helps move people to action

Pathos

Emotional appeals made by a speaker; third of Aristotle's three types of proof

Maria aced her midterm exams and came home elated. This in turn cheered up her roommate. This is an example of which of the following?

Emotional contagion

Shandra seems to always know the right things to say to people, no matter the circumstance, and is really good at solving relationship problems. Shandra is high in which of the following?

Emotional intelligence

_______ are intense reactions to an event. ________ are short-term emotional reactions to events that generate limited arousal. _______ are low-intensity states that are not caused by a particular event and typically last longer than feelings and emotions.

Emotions; feelings; moods

Which of the following is NOT a way to prevent unwanted emotions from occurring?

Encounter awareness

Thalia knows she and her mother do not see eye-to-eye about politics, so she intentionally tries to avoid conversations that include this subject. Thalia is using which of the following strategies?

Encounter structuring

Gain immediate action

Encourage an audience to engage in a specific behavior or take a specific action.

public deliberation

Engaging in a process that involves the careful weighing of information and views.

informative speaking environment

Environment in which a speaker has expertise or knowledge that an audience needs but does not already have.

invitational environment

Environment in which the speaker's highest priority is to understand, respect, and appreciate the range of possible positions on an issue, even if those positions are quite different from his or her own.

Ethos

Ethics, credibility, morals, values

Even if a claim is implicit, for the Toulmin Model to work, it requires us to think about what our claim really us (Just Understand) -If the claim is unstated, we have to look for it, to ask what is really being argued in a given situation

Even if a claim is implicit, for the Toulmin Model to work, it requires us to think about what our claim really us (Just Understand) -If the claim is unstated, we have to look for it, to ask what is really being argued in a given situation

verbal, non-verbal, intentional, unintentional

Every message is these 4 things

What is Logos?

Evidence/Reasoning of presentation

Call of action

Explicitly request that an audience engage in some clearly stated behavior.

Invitational speech

Explores an issue and articulates a position

Which of the following is the best way to help others manage their grief?

Express emotional support

Showing up late for class and blaming it on traffic is an example of which of the following?

External attribution

A competent communicator would most likely choose which of the following forms or interpersonal communication when breaking up with a long-term romantic partner?

Face-to-face

Affectors

Factors that color responses to stimuli, including, but not limited to, culture, roles, biases, emotional state, past experiences, physical limitations, & capabilities

A mask is a private self designed to strategically veil the public self.

False

Culture is defined as an individual's set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices.

False

Derived credibility is an audience's view of a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of a subject.

False

Embarrassment is defined as the loss of one's mask.

False

Emotional contagion only spreads from person to person if the emotion is positive, such as happiness or laughter.

False

If something is salient, that means it is not notable or significant.

False

In an intimate relationship, it is appropriate to expect the other person to share all of their secrets with you.

False

In general, men disclose more than women.

False

In general, online communication is the quickest way to send and receive a message.

False

Internal attributions stem from factors unrelated to personal qualities.

False

Interpersonal impressions are mental pictures of how people act and how they communicate.

False

Men experience and express sadness and fear more than women.

False

Neuroticism is the degree to which a person experiences negative thoughts about others.

False

Positive impressions are more likely to be formed of people you perceive as outgroupers.

False

Self-actualization is the need for self-esteem, power, recognition, and prestige.

False

Sharing thoughts and feelings with another person automatically creates an intimate relationship with them.

False

Stereotypes are intricate and complex interpersonal impressions.

False

Terminal credibility is credibility a speaker develops during a speech.

False

The blind area of the Johari Window includes parts of yourself that you are aware of that you hide from others.

False

The intense sadness that follows a substantial loss is called empathy.

False

The most efficient way to form a quick judgment about a new person is to form an algebraic impression.

False

The synchronous nature of online communication makes people more likely to openly express emotions that they might otherwise conceal.

False

The use of overly graphic visual or verbal appeals has been shown to be extremely effective in "shocking" audiences into seeing a new perspective on an issue.

False

To convey your empathy to another person, it is best to use "I know" statements.

False

Wealth has the biggest impact on happiness.

False

When you present new information to your audience instead of well-known information, research has shown that you may lose your audience's attention.

False

Communication can be reversed.

False; every time you communicate interpersonally, you and the other person affect your future communication and the quality of your relationship

Jody is a low self-monitor, this means she prefers knowing exactly what she's expected to do or say in any given situation.

False; in this case Jody would be identified as a high self-monitor.

The exchange of a series of messages is called contexts.

False; it is called an interaction

Competent communications generally achieve most of their interpersonal goals and avoid relationship problems.

False; true competence is developed when we consistently communicate competently across all situations that we face—contexts that are uncertain, complex, and unpleasant, as well as those that are simple, comfortable, and pleasant.

What is glossphobia?

Fear of public speaking

A person displaying which of the following attachment styles is best described as fearing rejection and shunning relationships in an attempt to avoid the pain associated with them?

Fearful

Attitudes

Feelings we have developed toward specific kinds of subjects

Figurative Analog

Figurative: two entities are not in the same category but the characteristics of one can help the audience better understand the characteristics of another.

Step 5 - Call to Action

Final step, a call to the buyer to actually take action. It should be brief, powerful, and well word. END ON A STRONG NOTE.

Goals of effective introductions

Focus audience attention and interest Use compelling supporting materials, actively involve audience members, and speak expressively. Connect to your audience Relate your purpose, topic, and content to the audience's characteristics, interests, needs, and attitudes. Put YOU in your speech Link your expertise, experiences, and personal enthusiasm to your purpose and topic. Set the emotional tone Make sure the tone of your introduction matches your purpose. Preview the message Give your audience a sneak preview of your message. Stake your central idea and briefly list key points.

For every reason to a claim, you have to go through all 6 parts of the Toulmin Model in order to make an effective argument!!! (Just understand)

For every reason to a claim, you have to go through all 6 parts of the Toulmin Model in order to make an effective argument!!! (Just understand)

Online communication, such as an e-mail, is not the most effective in which of the following situation?

For providing the receiver time to respond

What is the process that amplifies presumed innate differences between men and women to the point where they perceive and produce communication in vastly different ways?

Gender schema

Gender Stereotyping

Generalizations based on oversimplified or outmoded assumptions about gender roles

Stereotypes

Generalized pictures of a race, gender, or group that supposedly represent its essential characteristics

Homa dislikes her new coworker because he does not make eye contact, mumbles, and seems insincere. What impression process is Homa using?

Gestalt

How and where did the study of rhetoric begin?

Golden Age of Greece's democracy, because of the writings of Sophists, Plato, and Aristotle

Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary emotion?

Grief

2

Have at least ___ subpoints

What do visual aids do? (regarding stage-fright)

Heighten audience interest shift attention away from speaker give the speaker greater confidence as a whole

Jeremy never seems to let stress bother him, and his close friends agree that he always seems to be looking on the bright side. Jeremy could best be described by which of the following traits?

High agreeableness

Despite his best efforts, Jared cannot seem to focus on his work; he is easily distracted by constant phone calls and text messages. Jared's personality would best be described as which of the following?

High extraversion, low conscientiousness

Cara is a social chamelion. She can talk to anyone in any social situation. Which one of the following terms best describes Cara?

High self-monitor

sample outline

II. In the body of a speech with a problem-solution organizational pattern, consider the following speaking order: a. Problem A. (speaker Jessica) I. solution for A. (speaker: pat) b. Problem B. (speaker pat) I. solution for B. (speaker morgan) c. Problem C. I. solution for c. (speaker bob)

Strategic planning

Identifies the purpose of your speech, the constraints on it, and the opportunity it provides. Then you select the best means to achieve your purpose, execute them, and evaluate the results.

Inducing a specific action

Identify desired action precisely Make the action as easy to perform as possible

Which of the following is considered one of the most important perceptual distinctions we make when forming impressions of other people?

Identifying them as an ingrouper or outgrouper

Passive agreement

If you face this type of agreement you should ask an audience to adopt a new position without also asking them to act in support of that position

Immediate agreement

If you face this type of agreement you should engage in specific action

Todd just met his new roommate, Jon. Todd assumed from Jon's shyness that he must not like people and have low self-esteem. Todd's beliefs about Jon are best explained by which of the following?

Implicit personality theory

Four ways to deliver you presentation

Impromptu, Read manuscript, Memorize, and extemporaneous.

In order to provide support for the warrant (backing), you can't just use the Grounds again (Understand) -You have to bring in new evidence that supports your warrant, and provides reasoning for its truth

In order to provide support for the warrant (backing), you can't just use the Grounds again (Understand) -You have to bring in new evidence that supports your warrant, and provides reasoning for its truth

Anaphora

In rhetoric, an anaphora ( "carrying back") is a rhetorical device that consists of repeating a sequence of words at the beginnings of neighboring clauses, thereby lending them emphasis. An expression that refers to another expression, especially a preceding one. An example is a pronoun that refers to its antecedent.

Stock Issues Model

Includes an intro, need, plan, practicality of that plan, conclusion, and then question and answer

__________ credibility is the credibility a speaker has before giving a speech.

Initial

Mythos

Interrelated set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and feelings held by members of a particular society or culture

Mythos

Interrelated set of beliefs, values, and feelings held by members of a particular society

Which of the following describes communication involving only one person, such as talking out loud to oneself or having a mental "conversation" in one's head?

Intrapersonal communication

5 Canons of Rhetoric

Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory, and Delivery

speech to explore an issue

Invitational speech in which the speaker attempts to engage an audience in a discussion about an idea, concern, topic, or plan of action.

cognitive restructuring

Involves identifying and changing irrational beliefs about self and also formulating new beliefs

systematic desensitization

Involves learning to relax while thinking about various types of anxiety-producing communication events

Common goals of persuasive speaking

Know, Feel and Do.

LOOK In the book and brush up on argument networks and using multiple grounds and warrants (If have time)

LOOK In the book and brush up on argument networks and using multiple grounds and warrants (If have time)

What is the most common type of graph?

Line graph

Which model of communication best characterizes text-messaging, email, and spam?

Linear

Visual Aids

Lists are brief and balanced, they recall, explain, persuade, enhance credibility, reduce nervousness

Literal Analogy

Literal: two entities in same category are are compared

Logos

Logical appeal--good reasons justifying action

Logos

Logical arrangement of evidence in a speech; the first of Aristotle's three. Types of proof.

__________ is the word Aristotle used to refer to the logical arrangement of evidence in a speech.

Logos

Sign

Looks for the appearance of things to predict other things.

What are three causes of communication apprehension?

Low self-esteem Parental reinforcement Inherited trait explaination

Argument from Silence

Making a converse argument from lack of evidence or information about a conclusion

Sexist Language

Making gender references in situations in which the gender is unknown or irrelevant, or using masculine nouns or pronouns when the intended reference is to both sexes

Memory

Memorize speech. Extemporaneous memory- preparing and practicing these notes. Knowing them so well but you don't need them.

4 Types of Delivery

Memorized, manuscript, extemporaneous, impropty

Thought (reference)

Memory and past experiences that audience members have with an object, concept, or event

Imagery

Mental pictures, descriptions, details, flowery/fluff, feminine

memory

Mental recall of the key ideas and the basic structure of the speech.

Terri says to Jorge, "I'm glad we can be so open with each other." This is an example of which of the following?

Meta-communication

Special pleading

Moving the goalposts or making up an exception when the claim is shown to be false.

Pick the statement that best depicts a person with a dismissive attachment style.

Nikka enjoys having a best friend but usually starts feeling trapped when they expect things from her.

Referent

Object, concept, or event a symbol represents

What are the types of visual aids?

Objects and Models Photographs and Drawings Graphs Charts Video Yourself (The speaker)

Type of presentational support

Objects, Models, Assistants, Photographs, PwrPts, Posters, Transparencies, Graphs/Charts, Audio/video/handouts, Pictures, and speakers own body.

Audience Demographics

Observable characteristics of listeners, including age, gender, educational level, group affiliations, and sociocultural backgrounds

Public communication

One person gives a speech to other people

Ethical Public Speaker

One who considers the moral impact of his and her words

Testimony

Opinions or observations of others

Either or

Option A or B, One plan or another

Perceptual sets & selectivities

Organizational constructions that condition a readiness to perceive, or a tendency to interpret stimuli in ways to which one has been conditioned

Problem-cause-solution organization

Organizational pattern that focuses on identifying a specific problem, the causes of that problem, and a solution to the problem.

Problem-solution organization

Organizational pattern that focuses on persuading an audience that a specific problem exists and can be solved or minimized by a specific solution.

Comparative advantages organization

Organizational pattern that illustrates the advantages of one solution over others.

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Our private self is the one we show to family members and romantic partners.

What is the General Purpose?

P.I.E-Persuade, Inform, and Entertain.

the three general purposes for a presentation

PIE- Persuade, Inform, Entertain

Chronological

Pattern of organization based on a sequence of events

Causal

Pattern of organization based on the cause and effect relationship between ideas and events

Spatial

Pattern of organization in terms of location or direction

Topical

Pattern of organization where the speaker divides a topic into subtopics (each which addresses a different aspect of the larger topic)

Low elaboration

People persuaded by enthusiasm or attractiveness of speaker ("the short cut")

Ethos

Personal credibility

3 General Purposes

Persuade, inform, entertain

High elaboration

Persuaded by arguments

Transition

Phrase (moving on, last but not least etc.)

Transition

Phrase that indicates a speaker is finished with one idea and is moving on to a new idea

Dress

Physical appearance and attire

Which graph is best suited for illustrating simple distribution patterns?

Pie Graph

Which of the following attachment styles is characterized by high attachment anxiety and low attachment avoidance?

Preoccupied

What are the guidelines for preparing visual aids?

Prepare visual aids well in advance Keep visual aids simple Make sure visual aids are large enough Use a limited amount of text Use fonts effectively Use color effectively Use images effectively

Communication creates change

Presentation, Contemplation, Conversation, Action.

Communication Creates Change

Presentation, Contemplation, Conversation, and Action

Begging the question

Presenting a circular argument in which the conclusion is included in the premise.

False dilemma

Presenting only two alternatives when more exists.

Incremental plagiarism

Presenting select portions from a single speech as your own

Primacy and recency effects

Primacy effect- is a tendency to recall the first items we see or hear in sequenced information. The beginning of a speech is powerful because audience attention is at its peaks. Recency effect- is the tendency to recall the last items we see or hear in sequenced information. A strong conclusion can ensure that the audience will remember you and your message in a positive way. The goodbye matters as much as the hello

Organizing persuasive speeches

Problem-Solution speech Motivational speech

Communication unfolds over time through a series of interconnected actions carried out by participants. This statement best describes which of the following features of communication?

Process

Inductive reasoning

Process of reasoning that uses specific instances, or examples to make a claim about a general conclusion

Types of Informative Speeches

Process, Event, Person/Place, Object, Idea, Specific Purpose

Necessities of Effective expressions in

Professional life, personal life, and public life.

Understand Public speaking as communication process

Public speaking helps information go back and forth from speaker to audience and then back. Certain audience member will zone in on a particular topic compare what they know and send messages back to the speaker based on facial expression or body language.

Frances and Jose are having a disagreement over who started giving whom the silent treatment first. This is an example of which aspect of organizing information?

Puctuation

5 P's of Great Leaders

Purpose, Personality, Passion, Power, and Pleasure

Qualifier

Qualifier= Refers to how claims are limited or made more specific (narrowed) -The more broad the claim, the more burden of proof you need to support your argument -Narrowing the claim makes it stronger ex.) "The Seahawks are the best team in the world." Is a lot harder to argue and requires a lot more evidence to be accepted than "The Seahawks are the best team in the U.S."

Question of policy

Question that addresses the best course of action or solution to a problem.

Question of Value

Question that addresses the merit or morality of an abject, action, or belief.

Question of fact

Question that addresses whether something is verifiably true or not.

The Five Canons of Rhetoric

ROSED- Research, Organization, Style, Extemporaneous, Delivery

Inductive reasoning?

Reasoning which moves for a special instance to a general conclusion.

State or situational anxiety

Refers to people who are apprehensive about communicating with others in a particular situation (large groups, people you don't know, publicly, etc.)

Trait anxiety

Refers to the anxiety people feel when they are apprehensive about ANY communication in ANY situation, it is a part of who you are

Thomas is living abroad in Sydney, Australia during his junior year of college. To build his intercultural competence, he should avoid doing which of the following?

Reminding locals he's an American to excuse his mistakes

Internal summaries

Reminds us what you have already discussed, usually in the conclusion sometimes body

After his fight with Keesha, Jan analyzed what happened to see if he could determine ways in which his own behavior and emotions had caused the conflict. This process could best be described as which of the following?

Responsible perception-checking

Stereotypes

Rigid perceptions that are applied to all members of a group or to an individual over a period of time, regardless of individual variations

Analogical

Rooted in an analogy

Notebook paper, pencils, pens, a backpack, and a lunch box suggest the concept of school. This is an example of which of the following?

Schemata

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of interpersonal communication?

Segmented

General Strategic Resources

Select Appropriate supporting materials Use sounds reasoning Follow appropriate organization patterns Establish positive ethos Encourage Retention through reinforcement Achieve identification

Which of the following theories suggests that self-esteem is determined by how the ideal self compares to the ought self?

Self-discrepancy theory

To impress a blind date, Wen brings flowers and gives many compliments in order to seem likable and thoughtful. Which interpersonal goal is Wen trying to achieve?

Self-presentation

Joi is sure that she is going to make a fool out of herself when she has to give a presentation in class. She is so convinced of this that she forgets what she is supposed to say and runs out of the room embarrassed. What happened to Joi is an example of which of the following?

Self-serving bias

Which of the following does NOT describe a communication channel?

Sensory

4 Connection Styles

Signpast, Transition, Internal Preview, Internal summary

Common ground

Similarities, shares interests, and mutability perspectives a speaker has with an audience

Signposts

Simple words or phrases used to indicate where you are in your speech or highlights important ideas in your speech (first, lastly, next, etc.)

What are some Anxiety Reducing Techniques?

Skills training, deep breathing, imagery, re-framing, Positive self-talk

Gina notices that the most popular girls in school wear 7 For All Mankind jeans. When Gina goes shopping with her mom, she says that she does not want generic jeans anymore because she has to have the 7 brand. This example illustrates which of the following?

Social comparison

Which of the following theories uses an onion as a metaphor to describe peeling back or revealing layers of information about yourself?

Social penetration theory

PowerPoint - pros and cons

Some cons can be: Hoping it hides your unpreparedness, Providing too many slides,Blocking it,Having too much text. Pros: Clear and concise, also showing direct information.

Ethos

Speakers credibility; the second of Aristotle 's three types of proof

Deductive Reasoning

Speaking broadly about a subject uses a familiar or commonly accepted idea to argue the valiclity of something specific.

Conversational

Speaking style that is more formal than everyday conversation but remains spontaneous and relaxed

Example

Specific instances used to illustrate a concept, experience, etc.

Informative speech

Speech that communicates knowledge and understanding about a process, an event, a person, or place, and object, or concept.

Commemorative speech

Speech that praises, honors, and recognizes, or pays tribute to a person, event, or idea

Persuasive speech

Speech whose message attempts to change or reinforce an audiences thoughts, feelings, or actions.

• Why should you use supporting materials in your speech?

Supproting materials strengthen your speech in many ways. 1. Build an audience Interest: must motivate your audience to focus through appealing supporting materials 2. Enhance Audience Understanding: if information is new make sure to have supporting info that will help audience to understand material presented 3. Strengthening Audience Memory: Give audience hooks from supporting materials.. help them remember!! 4. Winning Audience Agreement: Provide supporting data to show audience claim is true 5. Evoking Audience Emotion: touch on their emotions = humor to break up slum of statistics

Collaboration

The Q&A is not an argument, you are working with the person asking the question

Selective perception

The aspect of perception comprising selective exposure, selective attention, & selective retention, which enables individuals to see, hear, & believe only what want to

presumption

The assumption that a statement or claim is true until shown otherwise.

Overattribution

The attributing of everything an individual does to a single or a few specific characteristics

common knowledge

The beliefs and values that members of a society or culture generally share.

What is Situational Communication Apprehension?

The degree of anxiety someone feels will vary depending on the context or situation

style

The distinctive character that may make a speech recognizable or memorable.

Preliminary Tuning Effect

The effects of previous speeches or other situational factors in predisposing an audience to respond positively or negatively to a speech

Context

The environment or situation in which a speech occurs

Which of the following best describes intimacy?

The feeling of closeness and union between partners

Scripts

The general ideas that individuals have about persons & situations & how things should play out

invention

The generation of materials for a speech.

Cultural lens

The influence of culture on perception

Genetic

The judgment of quality based solely on its origins.

Perceptual shortcuts

The kinds of perception exhibited by lazy perceivers who rely on stereotypes to help them make sense of experience

Channel

The means by which a message is conveyed (radio, speaking, TV, etc.)

Selective attention

The means by which one focuses on certain cues while ignoring others

Schemata

The mental templates or knowledge structures that individuals carry w/them

Strawman

The misrepresentation of an argument to make it easier to attack.

Values

The moral principles that suggest how we should behave or what we see as an ideal state of being

Audience Dynamics

The motivations, attitudes, beliefs, and values that influence the behavior of listeners

Plan

The next step is to present a plan that responds to this needs. Give the specifics of how it will work.

Fundamental attribution error

The overemphasis of internal or personal factors

Self-serving bias

The overemphasizing of external factors as influences on one's behavior

Horn effect

The perception of negative qualities in a person one dislikes

Halo effect

The perception of positive qualities in a person one likes

Selective exposure

The practice of exposing oneself to people & messages that confirm one's existing beliefs, values, or attitudes

delivery

The presentation of the speech to an audience.

Slippery slope

The presumption that A should not happen because if A is allowed to happen then Z will eventually happen and Z is undesirable.

Appeal to authority

The presumption that a claim must be true because an someone in a particular position thinks so.

False cause

The presumption that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of the other.

The fallacy fallacy

The presumption that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been committed, that the claim itself must be wrong.

Personal incredulity

The presumption that something is probably not true because it is difficult to understand.

Composition /Division

The presumption that the properties a part must apply to the whole or that the properties of the whole must apply to its parts.

Closure

The process by which fills in a missing perceptual piece

Perception

The process used to make sense of experience

Person-based processing

The processing of information about a person based on the perceptions of the individual, not on their membership in a particular group

Category-based processing

The processing of information about a person that is influenced by attitudes towards the group into which the person is placed

Define Persuasion:

The psychological process where a presenter is asking the audience for change.

Selective retention

The recalling of things that reinforce one's thinking & the forgetting of things one finds objectionable

What is Trait-like Communication Apprehension?

The relatively stable degree of anxiety a person experiences across contexts (public speaking, meetings, interpersonal, and group communication) over time.

Gender prescriptions

The roles & behaviors that a culture assigns to males & females

Condition of self determination

The speaker recognizes that people know what is best for them and have the right to make choices about their lives based on this knowledge

Condition of value

The speaker recognizes that the views of the members of the audience, although they may differ from the speaker's, have inherent value

Condition for equality

The speaker sees audience members as holding equally valid perspectives and positions that are worthy of exploration

ethos

The speaker's character as perceived by the audience.

arrangement

The structuring of materials within the main ideas, the organization of main ideas within the body of the speech, and the overall structure of introduction, body, and conclusion.

for the speech as a whole the important criteria are

The stylistic level (grand, middle, plain). variety. Balance. Conciseness. Memorable phrases. Congruence of language and delivery.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency of any nation, race, religion, or group to believe that its way of looking at and doing things is right and that other perspectives have less value

The fundamental attribution error is best described by which of the following?

The tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal causes rather than to external ones

ethnocentrism

The tendency to imagine that one's own views are typical of everyone else's.

Perceptual constancy

The tendency to maintain the way one sees the world

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to perceive what is right or wrong, good or bad, according to the categories & values of one's own culture

Fact-interference confusion

The tendency to treat observations & assumptions similarly

Blindering

The unconscious adding of restrictions that that do not actually exist

Verbal components of delivery

They are reflected through our use of vocal variety or changes in volume, rate, and pitch that affect the meaning of words delivered

How can two arguments have the same grounds (evidence) but opposite claims? (Just understand)

They can have different warrants that connect the grounds to the claim ex.) Winning "Best New Artist" Grammy can be argued that it means the death of an artist's career, or it can be argued that it boosts an artist's career So claim can either be: 1.) Macklemore's career will be a sucess 2.) Macklemore's career will fizzle and die quickly

How does the audience respond when a speech is presented visually and verbally?

They find the message more interesting Grasp it more easily Retain it longer

Correct reasoning

Think of it as building a house or cooking Integral part of critical thinking -Recognizing standards forms of logic -Avoiding fallacies

Auditory

This person learns best by hearing good verbal explanation and descriptions

Fear appeal

Threat of something undesirable happening if change does not occur.

Purpose

To inform, invite, persuade, introduce, commemorate, accept, etc.

Know the definition of communication.

To stimulate meaning in the minds of others through verbal and nonverbal skills.

Speeches of Commemoration

Toast/roast , weddings , birthdays, celebrations, clearly identify topic, qualities, characteristics, details, obstacles , contributions, personal relationship

How to Reduce Stress

Topic proposal, plan ahead, practice

Types of introductions

Topic-specific introductory methods- Rely on topic-related supporting material to capture attention, gain interest, enhance the speaker's credibility, focus on the topic, and set the appropriate mood Situation-specific introductory methods- Rely on the speaker's adapting to the interests and concerns of a specific audience in a particular setting or situation

Toulmin Model

Toulmin Model= A model for building and analyzing and argument (Heuristic tool to help unpack the logic of claims and the support offered for them) *Audience centered courtroom approach instead of purely logic approach to argument: -Assertions are tested by opposition -Neutral party determines "verdict"

What are two types of Communication Apprehension?

Trait-like Communication Apprehension, Situational Communication Apprehension

Which model of communication includes the active role receivers play in constructing meaning during a communication event?

Transactional

5 types of Connectives

Transitional statements, Internal previews, internal summaries, signposts, nonverbal transitions.

If we perceive a relationship with another as I-Thou, according to Buber, we are

Treating the other as a unique individual

A dismissive attachment style is characterized by viewing relationships as relatively unimportant.

True

Although it may protect a person from feeling intensely painful emotions, deactivation may lead to deep depression.

True

Anger is the most intense and potentially destructive emotion.

True

Being ethical in interpersonal communication includes more than not harming another person through words or actions.

True

Being loved and belonging are social needs.

True

Content information consists of the actual meaning of the words exchanged.

True

Gender is the most profound outside force that shapes one's sense of self.

True

It is better to proceed slowly when sharing very personal or deep-seated values or emotions with another person.

True

It is not possible to keep information disclosed online private or secret.

True

Jealousy is an example of a blended emotion.

True

One of the earliest writings about interpersonal communication, by Ptah Hotep, urged people to be truthful and listen actively.

True

One part of offering empathy involves trying to see from another person's perspective.

True

Punctuation is the process through which information is structured into a chronological sequence that matches an experienced order of events.

True

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy is a treatment aimed at helping neurotic patients purge themselves of irrational beliefs.

True

Responsible perception-checking will result in fewer interpersonal communication errors.

True

Self-disclosure means revealing private information about yourself to others.

True

Self-esteem is the value we assign ourselves.

True

Supportive communication means conveying emotional support and offering personal assistance.

True

The act of venting increases a person's anger.

True

The actor-observer effect is the tendency to make external attributions regarding one's own behavior.

True

The communication choices we make determine the personal, interpersonal, and relationship outcomes that follow.

True

The dynamic nature of interpersonal communications means that no two moments within the same interaction will ever be identical.

True

The most effective way of engaging difficult and unavoidable emotions is reappraisal.

True

The self is an evolving composite of self-awareness, self-concept, and self-esteem.

True

The six primary emotions include anger, joy, disgust, surprise, sadness, and fear.

True

The tendency to interpret the actions of another person in a positive light just because you have a positive Gestalt of them is called the halo effect.

True

The two most common ways to manage triggered emotions are suppression and venting.

True

To maintain face, your behavior and communication must complement your public self.

True

Understanding culture, particularly cultural differences, plays an important role in determining ways to improve interpersonal communication.

True

When Gestalts are formed, they are more likely to be positive than negative.

True

When developing theory, you create a set of descriptive statements that define a phenomenon of interest.

True

gender neutral

Try to speak using ________ __________ language so your speeches address both men and women

Speaking outline

Type of outline that is different from the written outline that uses key words to help you remember

Brainstorming outline

Type of outline using keywords and phrases

Working outline

Type of outline with research and main points

Question of policy

Type of persuasive speech: Addresses the best course of action or solution to a problem

Question of value

Type of persuasive speech: Addresses the merit or morality of an object, action, or belief

Question of fact

Type of persuasive speech: addresses whether something is verifiably true or not

Margaret asked all her friends which history class to take to get an interesting teacher who can help her understand difficult subject matter. Margaret's information-seeking behavior is best explained by which of the following?

Uncertainty reduction theory

Invitational Environment

Understanding, respecting, and appreciating the range of positions possible on an issue even if those positions are quite different from the speaker's own, is the highest priority

assumptions

Unstated, taken-for-granted beliefs in a particular situation.

How should one set up the color scheme of their presentation?

Use colors consistently. Set up one color for backgrounds, one for titles, and one for the other text throughout your slides.

Which of the following is not one of the three ways to build your credibility during your speech?

Use humor or entertaining stories to relax your audience.

Ambiguity

Using a double meaning or ambiguity of language to mislead or misrepresent the truth.

Anecdotal

Using a personal experience or isolated example as evidence.

• Know the terms on Speak Up's page 250.

VOCAB

According to social penetration theory, the core of the self is comprised of which of the following types of attributes?

Values, traits, fears

Which of the following is the most effective strategy for improving a bad mood?

Vigorous exercise

In an online context, what others say about you is more believable than what you say about yourself. What theory does this best describe?

Warranting theory

Warrants

Warrants= Connect the grounds to the claim (provides justification for thinking that the ground does support the claim) -The warrant is almost never explicitly stated -Even when they aren't stated explicitly, the become the HEART of the ARGUMENT

Beliefs

What we know or think we know about subjects

Internal Summary

What's happened last sentence in main point 2. Review

Internal Preview

What's left. What's to come. Last sentence in first main point

Traitlike Communication Apprehension

When a person feels anxious about speaking in most situations whether it is one-on-one or in front of a group of people.

Audience-based Communication Apprehension

When a person is anxious about speaking in front of a certain group (e.g., classmates, coworkers) or person (e.g., professor, boss, parent, etc.).

Context-based Communication Apprehension

When a person is anxious whenever he or she has to speak in a particular setting. Examples include public speaking, meetings, group discussion situations, and one-on-one situations.

Practicality

When presenting a plan, a speaker must also demonstrate that the plan is practical and the best solution.

synergy

When the group is able to achieve more than the sum of each members effort, is created by Kirkman & Rosen 2000

What is the most effective way to show drawings or photographs?

With a presentation program such as PowerPoint and Keynote

Symbol

Word or phrase spoken by a speaker

Control

Work the room during Q&A, maintain _______ of your audience and pursue questions from everyone

Memorized

Written out and memorized word for word, but notes are NOT permissible

Ethos, Logos, Pathos

You can convince people to believe with _________ and _________ and you can get someone to act on something with _________

Public Speaking

_________ has structure, purpose, and role that are different than other types of communication

Careful

_________ listener overcomes listener interference to better understand a speaker's message

Ethical

__________ listener considers the moral impact of a speaker's message on one's self

Critical

__________ listener listens for accuracy of a speech's content

Team Presentation

a "well-coordinated" presentation by a cohesive group of speakers who are trying to inform or influence an audience of key decision makers (2004)

Archetype

a basic pattern or concept common to people of different times and cultures. A pattern, character, or situation frequently found in literature. For example: the journey theme; the savior figure; hero/heroine figure;

Facts and Examples

a concrete, vivid and specific noteworthy observation

What is a team?

a coordinated group of people organized to work together to achieve a specific common goal.

Team

a coordinated group of people organized to work together to achieve a specific, common goal

team

a coordinated group of people organized to work together to achieve a specific, common goal

Outcome Statement

a defining statement that reflects your general purpose, identifies your topic, and dictates an observable, measurable action you want your audience to achieve

outcome statement

a defining statement that reflects your general purpose, identifies your topic, and dictates an observable, measurable action you want your audience to achieve

Definitions

a description that tells the meaning of a word or phrase that can provide clarification and a common starting point from which to educate your audience

Preparation Outline

a detailed outline of the presentation; should contain 80%

Bandwagon (appeal to majority/appeal to popularity)

a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

Slippery Slope

a fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent events that cannot be prevented

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

False Dilemma

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Hasty Generalization

a fallacy that involves making a generalization with too few examples

Straw Man

a fallacy that shows only the weaker side of an opponent's argument in order to more easily tear it down

non sequitur

a fallacy where the conclusion does not follow from its premise

False analogy

a fallacy where two things are compared that do not share enough (or key) similarities to be compared fairly

Sign reasoning

a form of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about phenomena based on events that precede or coexist with (but not cause) a subsequent event

Generalization

a form of inductive reasoning that draws conclusions based on recurring patterns or repeated observations

Casual reasoning

a form of inductive reasoning that seeks to make cause-effect connections

False Cause

a general fallacy involving causal reasoning, where it is assumed that something that is neither strong or direct enough has caused something else, or something that happened first in time caused something later

attitude

a learned predisposition to respond either favorably or unfavorably to an object

attitude

a like or dislike that influences behavior

Research inventory

a list of the types of information you have and the types you want to find

Analogies

a literal comparison or a figurative comparison between two things

Analogies

a literal comparison or figurative comparison between two things

brainstorming

a mental free-association exercise in which one identifies, without evaluation, the first thoughts that come to mind when one is presented with a given term or category.

listening

a mental operation involving processing sound waves, interpreting their meaning, and storing their meaning in memory.

problem-solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence pf a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

causal order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

Value

a person's idea of what is good, worthy or important. Values help us decided what we think is acceptable.

Belief

a person's idea of what is real or true or not. Beliefs tend to be conceptual. Like believing in a higher power or soulmates.

Self-fulfilling prophecy (part of "increasing sense of urgency")

a prediction that comes true because of actions listeners take after hearing the prediction

issue

a question raised by the thesis statement that must be addressed in order for the thesis itself to be addressed effectively.

meaningfulness

a sense of commitment

hearing

a sensory process in which sound waves are transmitted to the brain and someone becomes conscious of sound.

Interlibrary loan

a service in which your library can borrow materials not available locally from other libraries for you to use

delivery outline

a shortened version of the preparation outline used for delivering the presentation which includes only key words or phrases and delivery cues to prompt the speaker

Delivery Outline

a shorter version of your preparation outline used for delivering your presentation

Master status

a significant position occupied by a person in society that affects their identity in almost all social situations.

rhetorical situation

a situation in which people's understanding can be changed through messages

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarized the speaker's preceding point(s)

Opinions and Testimonies

a statement of experiences, beliefs, or feelings of an individual

Opinions and Testimonies

a statement of the experiences, beliefs, of feelings of an individual

preview statement

a statement that previews the next topic you will discuss in the presentation

Narratives

a story that recounts or foretells real or hypothetical events

Enthememe

a syllogism with one of the premises missing

metaphor

a symbol that tell your listeners that you are saying more

simile

a text that creates an image that shows similarity between two concepts or objects that are different explicitly using a connective word such as "like" or "as"

metaphor

a text that creates an image that shows the similarity between two things that are different

Syllogism

a three-sentence argument composed of a major premise (a generalization or principle that is accepted as true), a minor premise (and example of the major premise), and a conclusion

Deductive Reasoning

a type of reasoning in which a conclusion is based on the combination of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true

Inductive reasoning

a type of reasoning in which examples or specific instances are used to supply strong evidence for (though not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion; the scientific method

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

Image

a word or phrase in a literary text that appeals directly to the reader's five senses. An image is thus any vivid or picturesque phrase that evokes a particular sensation in the reader's mind. For example: light images in Rome and Juliet - sun, torches, moon, stars, etc.

transition

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to the other

Problem-Cause-Solution

a) nature of problem b) causes and effects of the problem c) best solution

The basic requirements for effective style are

accuracy and appropriateness to the audience and situation

Impact

achieved when others outside the group comment on work done by the group

impact

achieved when others outside the group comment on work done by the group

impact

achieved when others outside the group comment on work done by the group.

What causes physical displays of nervousness?

adrenaline

Speeches to Entertain

after dinner speeches, purpose/reason, humours way

guidelines for using presentational aids

aid is relevant, not flashy or busy, has large enough text or images for all to see easily, use it at the right times, and cite sources

multiple perspective pattern

allows the speaker to address the many sides and positions of an issue before starting a dialogue with the audience most effective for invitational speeches examines the topic from multiple views ex. theory 1-4, open for discussion

Figurative analogy

an analogy where the two things under comparison are not essentially the same

Literal analogy

an analogy where the two things under comparison have sufficient or significant similarities to be compared fairly

Attitudinal Analysis

an assessment of your audience's general disposition and knowledge level about your topic

Stories

an engaging way to keep your audience focused, a way to be more relatable

strategic plan

an identification of the objectives to be sought in a speech and the means for achieving them.

Symbol

an object that represents itself and something else - another set of ideas or thoughts. Usually symbols are easily recognized and are universal. Advanced writers will use more sophisticated and complex symbols that will play a specific role in the story.

topical structure

an organizational patter of mentioning all the economic facts, for example, before mentioning all the political facts.

chronological order

an organizational patter that is in time order

spatial order

an organizational pattern of arranging items according to their location.

cause and effect

an organizational pattern of beginning with conditions and then describing their causes, or vice versa

problem and solution

an organizational pattern of first explaining a problem and then pointing to the solution

preparation outline

an outline used in developing a speech; main ideas and supporting material are usually set forth in complete sentences.

presentation outline

an outline used while presenting a speech; typically consists only of key words written on an index card.

cognitive dissonance

an uncomfortable mental state when one's behavior and beliefs are not consistent

Deductive Reasoning

applying a generally accepted idea to a more specific instance

Deductive reasoning?

applying a generally accepted idea to a more specific instance.

Logical Fallacies

are mistakes in reasoning-getting one of the formulas, inductive or deductive, wrong

Passion

are passionate and enthusiastic about their content/topic; audience will listen and care

Voluntary audiences

are there on their own time, they usually have the same common interest as the speaker. They are the best listeners.

Hasty generalization

argument based on too few cases, or examples, to support a conclusion

Fallacy

argument that seems valid but is flawed because of unsound evidence or reasoning

Sophists

art of persuasion by any means; both sides

Easiest to change

attitude

Which of the following is easiest to change? attitude, value, or belief?

attitude

personification

attributing human qualities to an inanimate object or concept

Personification

attributing human qualities to inanimate onjects

audience attitude

audience attitude speaks to your assessment of your audience's general dispoistion behavior and knowldege level of you optic habits and behaviors knowledge attitiudes values beliefs ethics motivations

Choir

audience members who have knowledge , agree with the claim, and emotionally invested

the choir

audience members who have knowledge about your subject, agree with your claim, and are emotionally vested in your topic.

the skeptic

audience members who have prior knowledge or experience on your subject, but in principle do not agree with your claim

Skeptic

audience members who have prior knowledge or experience, but do not agree

the confused

audience members who may bot have formed a prior opinion on your topic due to their lack of knowledge or experience on your subject

Confused

audience members who may not have formed a prior opinion on topic due to lack of knowledge

the apathetic

audience members who may or may not have prior knowledge about your subject, yet they have no interest or emotional investment

Apathetic

audience members who may or may not have prior knowledge, but no interest

being appropriate

avoid sounding self-important, signs of disrespect, and inappropriate emotion

Parallelism

balanced sentence

The __________ fallacy occurs when a speaker argues that something is correct or good based on the observation that everyone else agrees with it or is doing it.

bandwagon

3 aspects of finding your voice

becoming a competent speaker discover your self identity finding your place in society

there are two types of audiences: voluntary and involuntary

blah

allusions

brief references to something with which the audience is assumed to be familiar.

Signposts

brief words or statements that tell the audience where to focus attention

Statistics and Numbers

brings an air of credibility and objectivity to your presentation

logically dependent idea

cannot stand on its own but requires that another claim or statement be true.

agenda setting

causing listeners to be aware of and to think about a topic that previously had escaped their attention.

organizational patterns

chronological spatial topical multiple perspectives

care and concern for others, the thoughtful use of words and language, and the flexibility to see the many sides of an issue

civility

main ideas

claims that address the issues in your thesis statement, and they are the major divisions of the speech.

three types of audience analysis survey questions

closed-ended, scale, and open-ended

Reframing

cognitive restructuring; redefine thoughts and create more positive, neutral labels for stressful situations

deliberation

combines: 1. an egalitarian process that gives people ample time to speak and to listen to other 2. dialogue that bridges differences among participants

what does public speaking ask of you

commitment of your time dedication to finding your voice public speaking ethics-standards that determine the rightness or wrongness of public communication behaviors speaking from responsible knowledge quoting out of context plagiarism

topoi

common or typical categories for organizing subject matter.

Interpersonal communication

communication with others

Intrapersonal communication

communication with ourselves

Analogical Reasoning

compares a concept, situation, or object that may be unfamiliar to the audience with a familiar concept, situation, or object

Metaphor

comparison of 2 things that are alike

read your manuscript when

complicated material is being presented

psychological unity

concluding the presentation by referring to ideas or concepts which were referred to in the introduction

Condition of self-determination

condition of an invitation environment that requires the speaker to recognize that people know what is best for them and have the right to make choices about heir lives based on his knowledge.

Condition of equality

condition of an invitational environment that requires the speaker to acknowledge that all audience members hold equally valid perspectives worthy of explorations.

Condition of value

condition of an invitational environment that requires the speaker to recognize the inherent value of the audience's views, although those views may differ from the speaker's views.

requirements of the multiple perspective pattern

conducting research so the information can be explained to the audience presenting each perspective fairly so the audience members can make their own assessments make room of even more perspectives to be offered from the audience

group

consists of three to fifteen people who share a common purpose, who feel a sense of belonging to the group, and who exert influence on one another

A speaker must have ________ eye contact with the crowd

constant

Sophists

contemporaries of Plato, believed that rhetoric was the art of persuasion by means, including manipulation and trickery

Value

core beliefs about how much "worth," "importance," "preciousness," or "sacredness" something or someone has

values

core beliefs that guide your actions

Pleasure

create a pleasurable experience; accomplished selling yourself and ideas

how to create a successful impromptu speech

create an introduction, think of two to three main points, support your main points with examples, statistics, and testimony, and summarize and conclude creatively

Metaphor

creates an image that shows the similarity between two things that are different

red herring

creating a diversion or introducing an irrelevant point to distract someone or get someone off the subject of the argument

The audience's perception of a speaker's competence and character are known as his or her __________ .

credibility

Derived Credibility

credibility you build or create while making the presentation (sources, facts, and logic)

Terminal Credibility

credibility you have at the end of the presentation

Initial Credibility

credibility you initially bring to the table

When you appeal to mythos in a speech, stay audience centered and keep in mind that members of your audience may have different __________ myths.

cultural

describe 3 major forms of speech

deliberative-used in law making forensic-used in court ceremonial-used during public ceremonies

Nonverbal Transitions

describe the way you use your gestures, facial expressions, and body movements to create transitions within your presentation

Demographic Analysis

descriptive summary of the audience's objective characteristics or traits

Explanations

detailing how and why something works

body

develops your thesis statement and offers proof to support your claims.

mapping

diagraming the relationship between the thesis of a speech and its main ideas.

Denotative

dictionary definition of word

denotative meaning

dictionary meaning

Topical

divides presentation into natural divisions based on the speaker's discretion

Deep Breathing

do breathing exercises to relax

logically independent idea

does not require the truth of any other claim or statement as a condition for its own truth.

COM major is a...

doorway

Analogical reasoning

drawing conclusions about an object or phenomenon based on its similarities to something else

conclusion

draws together the ideas in the speech so that they are memorable. Also, gives a strong note of finality to the speech.

Empowered Teams

effective teams; exhibit potency, meaningfulness, autonomy, and impact. (2000)

Pathos

emotion appeals. Fine line

pathos

emotional proof / the ability to influence others by inspiring the passions or emotions

Inflection

emphasis

public deliberation

engaging in a process that involves the careful weighing of information and views

invitational environment

environment in which the speaker's highest priority is to understand, respect and appreciate that range of possible positions on an issue understand the issue fully respect diverse views appreciate the range of possible positions on an issue (even if they are different) engage in a dialogue with your audience create a space in which your audience and you can express their views

invitational environment

environment in which the speakers highest priority is to understand, respect, and appreciate the range of possible positions on an issue, even if those positions are quite different from his or her own.

Imagery

envision yourself successfully delivering a speech

conditions of an invitational environment

equality value self determination

Guidelines to Presentational Support

establish why you want to use the presentational support, keep it simple, use color and sizes effectively, use font carefully and effectively, proofread, use no more than six lines across and down of text, choose large pictures, minimize animations, cut videos, consider the aesthetic, be consistent, check grammar and spelling, make sure everyone can see

ethos

ethical proof / the credibility of the speaker due to good character

Aristotle's three types of proofs

ethical proof, logical proof, emotional proof

barriers to cultural growth

ethnocentrism stereotypes

The term Aristotle used to describe a speaker's credibility is:

ethos.

artistic standard

evaluation of a speech according to its ethical execution of principles of public speaking without regard to its actual effects.

expediency standard

evaluation of a speech according to the effects it produced.

The three major types of supporting materials:

examples, statistics, testimony

analysis

exploration of a speech topic to determine which subordinate topics must be covered.

In persuasive speaking, you make appeals to emotions to accomplish all of the following goals except:

expressing personal doubts.

Hyperbole

extreme exaggeration

cultural facts

facts that are commonly known among the members of a culture; common knowledge.

invitational language

fair + unbiased respectful tone encourage opposing views + ideas offer positive reinforcement + dialogue ex. 'i came to this view because' 'that's a new perspective, let's explore that more' 'can you elaborate on that idea'

An argument that seems valid but is flawed because of unsound evidence or reasoning is known as a(n) __________ .

fallacy

Socroties and Artistotle

fathers of public speaking

Power

feed off the energy of the audience; energizes listeners

empowered

feeling like your group is successful

empathy

feeling what listeners feel and knowing what they think.

Connotative

figurative, variable, and emotional

connotative meaning

figurative, variable, and emotional meaning

How to enhance your credibility

find others who have written about their similar experiences, find documented facts that confirm your observations, and or share the testimony of others who agree with your views

hard skills

focused academic accomplishments such as degrees or expertise

when a persons style is identified with a group we say it's of a type.. what types?

generic: styles that fit into a category (jazz,mystery) culture: identify basic styles of a culture(work ethic) archetypes: patterns of basic human experiences recurring across times and cultures (rhythm of birth and death or struggle)

Step 1 - Attention

get the audience to listen, aim to do two basic things: get the audience attention and ease the audience into the topic.

potency

group members collectively have confidence in their abilities

Primary emotions, which research has shown tend to be expressed similarly across cultures, include all of the following except:

guilt.

Civility

have care and concern for others. (Flexibility)

extemporaneous speech

having a clear sense of the main ideas and how to organize them, but have not planned the speech in advance word for word and can adapt to feedback from the audience.

impromptu presentation

having little or no time to prepare for a speech

the listening process

hear sound, select what you want to focus on, interpret or assign meaning to sound, respond to it, remember what was said

Pauses

help audience process

Explanations

help create deeper understanding by describing the relationships and connections between causes and effects; how and why

Definitions

helps provide clarification and a common starting point from which to educate your audience

cognitive restructuring

helps you to redefine your thoughts and create more positive, or at the very least, neutral labels for stressful situations

4 fallacies of casual reasoning

historical fallacy, slippery slope, false cause, confusing correlation and causation.

word choice signals

how each speaker feels about the subject

Volume

how loud or soft

Attitude

how positive or negative we feel about something.

Expertise

how skilled and knowledgeable about your topic

subheadings

ideas that are components of or support for the main ideas in the speech

Strategic planning

identify goals and determine how best to achieve them

A speaker who uses words wrong or miss pronounces seems

ignorant

Interference

illegal, penalty, negative, bad. ex. no feedback, distraction no value offensive

Step 4 - Visualizing the Results

in this step you are working to intensify your audience's desires for your product/service. option A. The Positive Method option B. The Negative Method option C. The Contrast Method (negative first, positive second in comparison)

Step 3 - Satisfy the NEED/WANT

in this step, you will now fill the NEED/WANT you built in step 2. Be sure the solution you offer really does fit the NEED/WANT A. Statement B. Explanation C. Theoretical Demonstration D. Reference to Practical Experience E. Meeting Objections

Ad Miscericordium (appeal to pity)

inappropriate appeal to pity or emotions to hide lack of facts or argument

Two types of reasoning

inductive and deductive

testimony

information or an opinion that is expressed by someone other than the speaker

speech about a procress

information speech that describes how something is done, how something comes to be what it is, or how something works.

Supports

information that effectively validate your claim

speech about a concept

informative speech about an abstraction, something you can't perceive with your senses, such as an idea, a theory, a principle, a worldview, or a belief.

speech about an object

informative speech about anything that is tangible, that can be perceived by the senses.

speech about a place or a person

informative speech that describes a significant, interesting, or unusual place or person.

speech about an event

informative speech that describes or explains a significant, interesting, or unusual occurrence.

Intrapersonal communication

inside, within your own head

connectives

internal summaries, internal previews, markers, signposts, etc

sources of communication

intrapersonal communication- with ourselves interpersonal communication- with other people group communication-among members of a team mass communication-generated by media public communication-a person gives a speech to other people

Red Herring

introduces irreverent information to distract you

speech to explore an issue

invitational speech in which the speaker attempts to engage an audience in a discussion about an idea, concern, topic or plan of action must include opposing views

Speech to articulate a position

invitational speech in which the speaker invites an audience to understand an issue from his or her perspective and then opens up a conversation with audience members to learn their perspectives on the issue.

a value

is a positive or negative judgement about a particular thing (can be a statement a practice etc)

a belief

is a statement that someone regards as true

Satire

is a text or performance that uses irony, derision, or wit to expose or attack human vice, foolishness, or stupidity. Contemporary vehicles for satire include The Colbert Report, South Park, and The Onion.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence (MMS)

is an organizational pattern used to develop a sense of WANT or NEED in the audience, satisfy that WANT or NEED, and help the audience get enthused about the advantages of that SOLUTION.

Team

is coordinated group of people organized to work together to achieve a specific, common goal. Beebe 2009.

Hyperbole

is exaggeration used for dramatic effect. For example: I gained 15 pounds after eating that cheesecake.

Inductive reasoning

is observing a regularity, pattern or trend, make a claim on the future based on the past

Theme

is the central ideal of the literary work; it is implied rather than directly stated.

selective exposure

is the concept that our communication choices are not random

persuasive speaking

is the creation or oral messages that will increase commitment, alter beliefs, attitudes, or values, and ultimately ask for a change in the audience's actions.

Personification

is the device used to give inanimate objects human characteristics. For example: The leaves danced down the driveway.

perception

is the particular interpretation or understanding that a listener gets from a speech.

Temporal factors

issues relating to time (length, time of day, age of audience)

critical judgements

judgments that can be articulated and defended by providing the reasons for them.

Stories

keeps audience engaged

Transitions

key to a seamless team presentation. Avoid statements like "and now"

Delivery Outline includes.....

key words or phrases and delivery cues

speakers ethos

language influences how the audience perceives the speaker as a person

Attitude

learned predisposition to respond either favorably (like) or unfavorably (dislike) to an object, person, belief

Group

less than 25, classroom, office, team, social group

Best Source in any library

librarian

Similie

like or as comparison of 2 things

Effective leaders both

listen and present well

oral style

listeners can't control the pace of delivery there is no pause button you can't review the speakers main points because of this listeners are more dependent on the speaker then readers are on the writer and the speaker must make the speech as easy as possible for listeners to follow and remember

general public

listeners who share the characteristics of people in general, such as common sense, self interest, sensitivity to others, and enthusiasm for a good story.

critical listening

listening that enables you to offer both an accurate rendering of the speech and an interpretation and assessment of it.

The speaker who is language offends listeners like racist sexist usually

loses credibility

thesis

main idea of the speech

Spatial

main points are organized by location and direction

Thesis

makes known the main points of your presentation

advantages to a team presentation

many minds and bodies decrease the amount go work that would otherwise be given to one person, more minds generate more ideas, thereby increasing the quality of the presentation, and the audience will benefit from hearing multiple voices and perspectives when they hear the presentation

vocalized pauses

meaningless sounds that a speaker produces during moments of silence.

Scale Questions

measure the respondents' impressions or reactions to a question or statement

emotional appeals

messages directed at heightening one or more of the basic human emotions

Motivational Appeals

messages that are linked to the values and beliefs of the audience

Logical fallacies

mistakes in reasoning; erroneous conclusions or statements made from poor inductive or deductive analyses

Facts and Examples

more vivid and specific, the easier the audience will understand

The interrelated set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and feelings held by members of a particular culture are known as __________ .

mythos

style in a speech can be negative

not always positive, politician can have a bullying manner or preacher mumbling or when using "uh" or "like" too much

statistics

numbers that record the extent of something or the frequency for which it occurs

Statistics

numerical summaries of fact, figures, and research findings

Irony

occurs when the outcome is the opposite of what is expected; the reversal of meaning or situation. Different types of irony include: situational, a reversal of expectations; verbal, a reversal of meaning ; satirical irony, to ridicule a human folly; irony of fate, in which circumstances come about that are the opposite of the outcome expected by the protagonist; dramatic irony, where the reader is aware of the outcome - however, the protagonist is not.

thesis statement

one sentence that makes known the main points of your presentation

informality

oral style is more informal. If you speak in complete sentences. We use contractions like can't more frequently and speeches. And grammar errors don't matter because you are speaking out loud.

repetition

oral style is more repetitive than written style. Speaker might repeat key ideas for emphasis. A catchy phrase my work her in the speech. Even the structure might be a repetitive pattern. If not over done repetition can highlight main ideas and it's also a memory aid

simplicity

oral style is simpler than written style speakers use shorter and more common words. Descriptions are brief. Sentences are shorter and less complex.

chronological

organization pattern that allows you to trace a sequence of events or ideas ex. jenny ensured the audience learned about the complexity of the issue before discussing

spatial

organization pattern that organizes ideas according to location or geography ex. different neighborhood crime rates

Arrangement

organization, coherent, cohesive Writing process Introduction, body, conclusion, research, visual aids

multiple perspectives pattern

organizational pattern that allows the speaker to address the many sides and position of an issue before opening up the speech for dialogue with the audience.

problem-cause-solution organizational pattern

organizational pattern where information is presented in three main sections: a) the nature and significance of the problem, b) the causes and effects of the problem, and c) the best possible solution of the problem

chronological organizational pattern

organizational pattern where main points are organized by time or in order of process

causal organizational pattern

organizational pattern where the main points are ordered to show a cause and effect relationship

spatial organizational pattern

organizational pattern where the main points are organized by location or direction

topical organizational pattern

organizational pattern where the presenter decides on the main points of the presentation

important communication skills for a successful career...

passion and managing

style

pattern of choices attributed to a person by others to characterize or to distinguish him or her... a manner of expression, style is audience dependent

memorized presentation

paying such close attention to the text that you commit it to memory

soft skills

people skills, communication skills, etc

public speaking offers

personal benefits social benefits cultural benefits

values

positive or negative judgments that listeners apply to a person, place, object, event, or idea.

Skills Training

practice speech and talk to people

Seven Keys to Practicing with Visual Support

practice with the presentational support the same way you would if you were presenting it, never display the presentational support until you plan to use it, plan on what you will say while video clip is being played, always prepare to give the presentation without the presentational support in case it malfunctions, always have a backup plan, decide how you will best arrange the space in which you give your presentation, always visit the location where you will be giving the presentation to plan

articulation

precision and clarity in the production of individual vocal sounds.

enunciation

precision and distinctness in sounding words.

Ethics

principles or guidelines that one uses to determine what is right or wrong in a situation

demographic analysis

process to determine the dimensions and dynamics of an audience which includes factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic level, and political affiliation

situational analysis

process to determine the external or environmental and technical factors which will influence the presentation such as audience size, physical location, time of day, and availability of technology

attitudinal analysis

process whereby you determine the audience's personal thoughts and expectations towards a topic which includes their attitudes, beliefs, or values

dialect

pronunciation pattern

inflection

pronunciation pattern for a sentence as a whole

Internal Previews

provides the audience with a preview of the key ideas that are coming next in the presentation

the civil exchange of ideas and opinions among communities about topics that affect the public

public dialogue

Periodicals

published at regular intervals—usually weekly, monthly, or quarterly—and have the advantage of being more up to date than books

the five P's of great presentations

purpose, personality, passion, power, pleasure

The 5 P's of Great Leaders

purpose, personality, passion, power, pleasure (same as great presentations)

strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

Parallelism

putting your sentences and phrases in a similar pattern

open-ended questions

questions a person is to answer in his or her own words

Close-Ended Questions

questions provide respondents with options from which they can select the appropriate answer

four ways to deliver your presentation

reading your manuscript, memorizing your manuscript, impromptu speaking, extemporaneous speaking

Casual reasoning?

reasoning where you demonstrate what on even is related or caused by another even or situation.

Inductive Reasoning

reasoning which moves from a specific instance to a general conclusion

An argument that introduces irrelevant information into an argument to distract an audience from the real issue is known as a(n):

red herring fallacy.

Autonomy

refers to a sense of freedom groups believe they have over their work

communication apprehension

refers to fears and worries people have about communicating with others

how to gain the audience's attention

relate your topic to the audience, shock or startle the audience, use suspense, ask the audience questions, use a quotation, use humor, and tell a story

2 Important Factors

relevant and researchable

important factors for choosing a topic

relevant and researchable

Alliteration

repeating of the initial consonant sound in a sentence

Repetition

repeating of the same words, sounds, or phrases

Alliteration

repetition of speech sound

rhythm includes attention to

repetition, parallel wording, anti-thesis, inversion of normal word order.

condition of equality

requires the speaker to acknowledge that all audience members hold equally valid perspectives that are worthy of explanation

condition of self determination

requires the speaker to recognize that people know what is best for them and have the right to make choices about their lives based on this knowledge

condition of value

requires the speaker to recognize the inherent value of the audience's views, although they may differ from the speaker

5 Canons

research, organization, style, extemporaneous, delivery

feedback

responses from the audience that signal how they are reacting to what you say

The secondary emotions include all of the following except:

reverence.

Internal Summaries

review what has already been discussed in the previous main point

Repetition

saying something over again

Pronunciation

saying the correct word

pandering

saying whatever will please an audience even if it is not what the speaker really believes.

Articulation

saying words clearly

speaker who uses Colorfull appropriate language can lead listeners to

see things from a new perspective

Meaningfulness

sense of commitment

meaningfulness

sense of commitment.

autonomy

sense of freedom groups believe they have over their work.

outcome statement

sentence that summarizes what you ultimately want your audience to do.

functions of an introduction

setting the tone of a presentation, gain the attention of the audience, establish your credibility and sincerity with the audience, and preview the main points of your presentation

Pitch

sharp or flat your voice is

maxims

short pithy statements, often proverbs. clarify with memorable phrase

Casual

show a cause-effect relationship

Antithesis

shows opposite ideas in the same sentence

functions of a conclusion

signaling the end of a presentation, reviewing the main points of the presentation, wrapping up the presentation and creating psychological unity for the audience, leaving the audience with a lasting and positive impression of you and your presentation

public speaking and conversation similarities and differences

similarities: organizing thoughts logically, tailoring message to audience, telling a story for maximum impact, adapt to listen to feedback difference:more highly structured, requires more formal language, requires different method of delivery

Signpast

singular word (next)

sometimes the audience will not want to listen

skeptics people who are confused people who are apathetic

5 ways to manage speech anxiety

skills training, deep breathing, imagery, reframing, and positive self-talk

salient

some ideas may be more important than others

pronunciation

sounding of a word in the accepted way.

Personality

speak in a natural, conversational manner; connect with you

Purpose

speak with a clear sense of purpose; why they should listen

public speaking model/interactive process

speaker message audience channel noise/interference feedback setting encode decode

reflexivity

speakers often refer to themselves, the audience, and situation. And they can make an organizational structure

expertise

specialized skill or technical knowledge; know-how; expertness

Jargon (n)

specialized terms within a given field of knowledge. outsiders find hard to understand like when lawyer says "probable cause"

Mnemonic/Gimmick

spell out a word or some other kind of memory device

Minors offered in Organizational Communications

sports communication, organizational communication

Four Steps of Building Main Ideas and Citing Sources

state your main idea, cite your sources, present supporting material, restate main idea

Definition

statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase

general purpose statement

statement of the overall goal of the speech: providing new information or perspective, agenda setting, creating positive or negative feeling, strengthening commitment, weakening commitment, conversion, or inducing a specific action.

Facts

statements that can be verified by someone else

beliefs

statements that listeners regard as true

motivational appeals

stir the audience's deeply felt emotional desires and motives

values

stronger then belief's

Influence

strongest element of public speaking

parallel structure

structure in which phrases are of similar syntax and length

fields

subject-matter areas with distinct norms or assumptions.

audience culture

subjective factors that characterize a particular audience and make its situation distinct.

Opinions

subjective statements that presumably are based on experience or expertise

introduction

supports the body of your speech and should capture your audience's attention and indicate your intent

conclusion

supports the body of your speech, reinforces your message and brings your speech to a close

What are three methods for reducing communication apprehension?

systematic desensitization cognitive restructuring communication skills training

Speeches of Introduction

talking about yourself/honoring ourselves, usually unsuccessful, bad at talking about yourself

Mass communication

television, internet, radio , newspaper. Intended audience

Involuntary audiences

tend not to be as open and are more likely to tone out and show hostility.

Simile

text that creates an image that shows the similarity between two things that are different and the words like or as are always used

Acceptance Speeches

thank you, show your awareness of the situation of the award/moment

Organizational pattern

that allows the speaker to address the many sides and positions of an issue before opening up the speech for dialogue with the audience.

potency

that group members collectively have confidence in their abilities.

critical thinking

the ability to form and defend your own judgments rather than blindly accepting or instantly rejecting what you hear or read.

Critical thinking

the ability to form and defend your own judgments rather than blindly accepting or instantly rejecting what you hear or read.

Pathos

the ability to influence others by inspiring the passions or emotions

rhetorical criticism

the analytical assessment of messages that are intended to affect other people.

Rhetoric by Donald Bryant

the art of adjusting ideas to people and people to ideas

definition of "rhetoric" according to Donald Bryant

the art of adjusting ideas to people and people to ideas

parallelism

the construction of parallel wording in sentences or phrases which possess a distinct rhythm

initial credibility

the credibility initially brought to the presentation such as credentials, accomplishments, reputation, etc

Ethos

the credibility of the speaker due to good character

terminal credibility

the credibility one has at the end of a presentation based off of the quality of one's conclusion, facial expressions, and body posture

derived credibility

the credibility that is built or created while making the presentation in the quality of cited information and the logical flow of the presentation

sources

the document, book, webpage, person, etc that supplies information for the presentation

Atmosphere

the emotional colouring given to the story. It is created through the author's choice of setting, words, types of character and descriptions. For example: humour, sadness or fear.

tone (capture attention and focus)

the emotional disposition of the speaker as the speech is being delivered

Public Dialogue

the ethical and civil exchange of ideas, thoughts, opinions, and values. Back and forth, banter, talk to another person as an equal.

credibility (enhance credibility)

the extent to which a speaker is perceived as a competent spoke-speaker

Glossophobia

the fear of public speaking

glossophobia

the fear of public speaking / "tongue dread"

Communication Apprehension

the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others

Suspense

the feeling of anxiety or uncertainty surrounding the outcome that the author is able to create through a variety of techniques.

onomatopoeia

the formation of words which sound like the objects they represent

main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches count 2-5 main points

supporting materials

the materials used to support a speaker's ideas.

mood (capture attention and focus)

the overall feeling you hope to engender in your audience

audience analysis

the process of assessing an audience in order to provide the appropriate level of information, and consists of three types of questions: attitudinal, situational, and demographic

research

the process of looking for and discovering supporting materials for the speech

Deductive reasoning

the process of reasoning that uses a familiar and commonly accepted claim to establish the truth of a very specific claim

Logos

the proof the speaker employs through evidence or reasoning

situation

the specific context in which the speech is given

rate

the speed at which a person speaks, measured in words per minute.

rhetoric

the study of how messages affect people

logos

the substance and structure of a speech's ideas

belief

the way you look at the work or the way you structure your reality.

Listener Interference

this type of interference is caused by the listener/audience member. It can range from being uninterested all the way to doodling, daydreaming, sleeping, texting, picking at our nails/hair, eating, being sick...anything really. As a speaker we can try our hardest to be engaging and lively but at the end of the day, it's the listener's fault they fail to listen to our message.

Speaker Interference caused by differences

this type of interference is caused by the speaker but really illustrates how ignorant audience members can be. Listening fails to occur when the speaker is different from the audience members and/or is different from what the audience member expects. It's the speaker's responsibility to address that difference and almost justify it in a way. Sadly this "difference" can be based on really anything; race, class, sex, gender, tattoos, politics, religion, accent, hair color, sexuality, you name it; someone will use it to label you as "different." It's known as ignorance because as speakers we shouldn't have to explain but we do.

Speaker Interference caused by information

this type of interference is caused by the speaker. Sometimes speakers will bombard their audience members with highly complicated material or bore their audience members with material that is too simplistic. This type of interference deals with poor topic choices, tangents, over complicating/over simplifying things, talking in circles, etc. It's the information you're sharing that causes the breakdown in listening.

Speaker interference caused by language

this type of interference is caused by the speaker. The speaker might use language that is offensive, exclusive, vague, not politically correct, too casual or too highbrow. Their language might be riddled with jargon, technical language, slang, and or profanity. Audience members fail to listen because they do not like how you're saying things or they don't understand the actual words and/or language you are using/speaking.

Importance of group presentations

to get to know your classmates, and to get an outlook on what working life will be like.

key to a seamless team presentation

transitions

Four types of connectives:

transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts

An either-or fallacy is an argument in which the speaker claims our options are "either A or B," when actually more than two options exist.

true

To enhance the credibility of a source used in a persuasive speech, you should provide all the information necessary for your audience to access the source on their own, including dates, credentials, and other significant information.

true

When you speak persuasively, seek a balance between reason and emotion.

true

identification

trying to find common ground between what they know about the audience and what they want to say

invitational speaking

type of public speaking in which a speaker enters into a dialogue with an audience to clarify positions, explore issues and ideas or articulate beliefs and values

Invitational speaking

type of public speaking in which a speaker enters into a dialogue with an audience to clarify, positions, explore issues and ideas, or articulate beliefs and values.

Antithesis

unbalance, juxtaposition

Public communication

unbiased, critical info, succeeds where mass communication fails, Inageration, state of the union, oval office address.

other tips

use inclusive language avoid false dilemmas ask your audience to elaborate keep your own emotions in check make sure you leave time for discussion allow discussion to unfold stay true to the purpose of invitational speaking know your own position on the topic

tips for invitational speeches

use invitational language allow time for discussion, exploration + deliberation show respect for diverse positions

Positive Self-Talk

use positive sayings

Post hoc ergo prop- ter hoc (historical fallacy)

using progression in time as the reason for causation, but nothing else

Onomatopoeia

using words that sound just like the objects

Delivery

verbal - rode, pit, inflection etc. nonverbal - eye contact, dress, etc.

transition

verbal bridges between ideas, words, phrases, or sentences that tell your audience how ideas relate

Question to consider when deciding to use a visual support:

what do I want the presentational support to do?

Chronological

when organizing points by time

Synergy

when the group is able to achieve more than the sum of each member's efforts

synergy

when the group is able to achieve more than the sum of each member's efforts

Casual Reasoning

where you demonstrate that one event is related or caused by another event

Sources

where you get your supportive material

disadvantages to a team presentation

working with others requires coordination and puts pressure on individuals' schedules, team presentations are likely to take more time than individual presentations

oral style versus written style

written is at your own pace and you can always go back to re-read or check things out but oral : oral is ephemeral = it is delivered and then it is gone

memorize your manuscript when

you are a keynote speaker or attending any formal event

impromptu speaking when

you are put on the spot

extemporaneous speaking when

you can prepare and use flashcards

Parody

- a literary or artistic work that mimics in an absurd or ridiculous way the conventions and style of another work. Parody is also known as spoof, lampoon or burlesque. Weird Al Yankovich parodied Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean".

Allusion

- an indirect or direct reference to familiar figure, place or event that is know from history, religion (the Bible), literature, mythology or some other field of knowledge - in a piece of literature. For example: "The girl's love of sweets was her Achilles heel," referencing the warrior in Greek mythology.

Pathetic Fallacy

- is a device in which nature or inanimate things are described in a way that is similar to or sympathetic about the events and emotions of the character. For example: A character's bad mood is reflected in a rain storm.

Flashback

- is a device useful to writers for filling in past information; the writer presents scenes that occurred in the character's life prior to opening incident of the work. The flashback is told in the past tense and relived in a character's memory

Polptoton

- is a rhetorical term for repetition of words derived from the same root but with different endings. For example, "Choosy Mothers Choose Jif".

Determine speakers goal, look for consistency, write down new words and phrases, write down questions, offer nonverbal feedback, review speech

6 ways to listen effectively

Extemporaneous

A carefully prepared and practiced delivery from brief notes (most of the speeches we did)

Allegory

A form of an extended metaphor in which objects, persons and actions in a narrative are equated with meanings outside the narrative itself. Quite often characters are personifications of abstract ideas, while the setting and the actions of the narrative explain the relationships between these abstractions. Forms of allegory include fables and parables. An entire novel or short story can be allegorical in nature; it conveys a message - usually moralistic. For example: The Grasshopper and the Ant

Stream of Consciousness

- is a style of writing that reflects the thoughts of a person. Often the ideas will move quickly and flow from image to image and idea to idea - like a stream flowing. Because of the uninterrupted flow of thought from a human mind, a stream is the best way to describe the way we think. Writers will use this style of writing to represent the thoughts and ideas of a character through an internal monologue. This is another device which reveals the inner thoughts of a character.

Dream Sequence

- is a technique which offers insight into a character's psychology. It reveals the inner, unspoken desires and conflicts of the character. For example: The Big Lebowski - the Dude.

Metaphor

- is an implied comparison between two unlike objects. For example: Life is a roller coaster. Note that the words like or as are NOT used in this type of figurative language.

Motif

- is an underlying pattern of a recurring idea, phrase, image or action. It unifies a story by repeatedly recalling its earlier occurrence. For example: The motif of dual or multiple parents pervade the Harry Potter books.

Diction

- is the author's choice of words, which can create the tone. Choice of words can be a critical indicator of the character's personality

Characterization

- is the method by which an author creates the traits, thoughts, and actions which develop the character for the reader. There are five methods of developing a character.

Consonance

- is the repetition of the same or similar consonant sounds in a line or succeeding lines of verse. For example: Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectile/ Whether Jew or Gentile, I rank top percentile, (Lauryn Hill - Fugees)

Foil

- is the term applied to any person (or sometimes a thing) that underscores or enhances the distinctive characteristics of someone - through the use of strong contrast.

Imagery

- is the use of images in a literary work. Images are created through use of concrete details, adjectives and figures of speech, which give readers a vivid impression of what or who is being describes.

Onomatopoeia

- literally means "name poetry" which occurs through the use of words which are connected or imitate their sound. For example: hiss, buzz, bang.

Foreshadowing

- occurs when elements in the narrative (signs or events) hint at or predict future events or the conclusion. This literary technique is used to create suspense as well as offer suggestions to the reader of plot directions. Foreshadowing is never apparent until the entire plot unfolds and the reader is able to see how elements in the beginning of the plot played a role in its final unraveling.

Tone

- refers to the author's attitude about a subject or position regarding an issue. Tone is often revealed through the author's choice of details, characters, events. Tone is NOT mood.

Assonance

- the repetition of similar vowel sounds within a line or succeeding lines of verse. For example: "Old age should burn and rave at close of day;/ Rage, rage, against the dying of the light." (Dylan Thomas, "Do not go gentle into that good night")

Determine whether you decided, were asked, or required to enter this dialogue; identify your audience and their characteristics; determine your topic, purpose, and thesis statement; formulate your main points; gather your materials; organize your ideas into an intro, body, and conclusion; select language that enhances your ideas; practice your speech; deliver your speech; congratulate yourself on a successful speech

10 steps to entering the public dialogue effectively

New, formal settings, subordinate position (something is on the line), obvious (you are by yourself), audience is unfamiliar

5 main reasons people are nervous about public speaking

Extemporaneous, conversational, impromptu, manuscript, memorized

5 methods of delivery

Chronological, spatial, topical, causal (cause and effect), problem-solution

5 ways to order your speech

Objects (models and demonstrations), handouts, video, powerpoints, poster board, images

6 examples of a visual aid

50, 25

Average person only retains about ___ percent of what they heard, 48 hours later they will only retain ____ percent of the original percentage

credibility

Citing sources adds _________

Internal previews

Tells what you plan to discuss next, goes in the intro

The speakers powers of definition or a stylistic resource especially

The choice of denotations and connotations and persuasive definitions

First main point

The most important thing you want your audience to know should be included in what part of your speech?

Experiential

This person learns best by touching, exploring, and participating

Visual

This person learns best by watching and seeing how something works

3 to 6

You should practice your speech ____ to ____ times

Simile

a direct comparison between two objects using the words like or as. For example: It is as cold as ice.

type

a pattern of stylistic choices that characterizes a group with which a person identifies

Paradox

a phrase that appears to be contradictory. For example: He was glad to finally be punished for his crimes.

Epiphany

a sudden moment of significant realization by a character. Usually it is a turning point in a character's life; he or she very suddenly becomes aware of some critical aspect of self or reality that has previously confused the character. For example: a man who suddenly realizes he loves a woman who has been a friend for many years.

denotation and connotation

denotation= referents for a given word and connotation= feelings or emotional responses associated with a given word

vividness is a matter of

clear and compelling description. use of narratives. employing similes and metaphors. words with vivid sounds. personification. reference to hypothetical ppl.

A speaker who uses obscure words may impress some but also seem

distant arrogant or condescending

The speaker who begins every other sentence with the word now will drive the audience to

distraction

if you can create a memorable soundbite listeners will

easily recall your point and identify you with it

signature

individual pattern of stylistic choices that characterize a particular person

Symbolism

is the use of symbols; something that suggest rather than directly depicts. The object or image stands for something else beyond its literal meaning or significance. For example: darkness symbolizes evil and light symbolizes goodness.

Contrast

is used by an author or poet to produce a significant effect with opposing elements, ideas, or objects in the way a painter does with paints. This can create an astonishing emotional effect on the reader. For example: The use of pink jacket in Schindler's List - a black and white film.

factors when developing an oral style

simplicity. repetition. informality. reflexivity. potential for clutter.

potential for clutter

sometimes bees can get out of sync because we are on the spot in thinking on our feet

repeating words like um and like detract from

the message

malapropism

unintentional but possibly meaningful confusion of words or usages .... can be humorous or devastating for a speakers credibility

clarity is achieved through

use of familiar and concrete terms. use of maxims. limiting the use of jargon and defining technical terms. Removing clutter. And employing the active voice.

performative versus conversational style

with performative the audience consists of passive spectators and it reminds listeners of a performance where the performers are concerned and expressing themselves. And conversational style is the listeners are more active participant in a discussion with the speaker where the speaker wants to connect with them.