Chapter 12 Questions

How did Charles G. Finney's teachings differ from traditional Calvinist beliefs?

Finney believed humans could accept or reject Divine grace.

Who was Charles Grandison Finney?

He was the most influential advocate of dynamic Protestantism.

What was the native country of the greatest number of immigrants to the United States in the early decades of the 19th century?

Ireland

Who were the primary targets of the American nativist movement?

Irish Catholics

What was the most successful association of workers in the 1830s?

National Trades' Union

What is meant by the term "Benevolent Empire"?

People, as God's agents, should care for other people.

Who was considered the intellect leader of Transcendentalism?

Ralph Waldo Emerson

George Rapp's community of Harmony was taken over by:

Robert Owen for a socialist experiment.

Where did women gather in 1848 to pass their Declaration of Sentiments, a kind of declaration of independence from male domination?

Seneca Falls, New York.

How did some Americans react to changed in their country in the first two decades of the 19th century?

They withdrew into covenanted communities to prepare for the end of days.

After the 1830s, the American reform movement focused on what issue?

abolition

One of the American Slavery Society's greatest internal problems involved

admission of women

How did advocates of the Benevolent Empire attempt to perfect society?

by personal contact, testimony, and exhortation

How were children of the wealthy usually educated prior to the Civil War?

by private tutors

A series of sermons by the Reverend Lyman Beecher in 1825?

changed the debate on temperance from a health issue to a spiritual issue

What was a noticeable trend among master craftsmen in America by the 1830s?

distribution of production to outworkers

Hydropathy, a popular fad of the antebellum period, involved:

drinking and bathing in mineral water.

After the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, most Latter-Day Saints:

followed Brigham Young to Utah

What did the Working Men's Association of New York seek as a way to break the grip of what it called the "aristocracy"?

free public education for all

In the new culture of self-improvement that characterized the 1830s, what did reformers believe was the key to individual success?

hard work, industriousness, and frugality

How did middle-class households usually earn their income?

in fees or commissions rather than wages

According to Horace Mann, secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, what barred the poor from prosperity?

lack of education

On what did most reform movements come to rely as the best method to achieve their goal by the 1840s?

legislation

The French observer Alexis de Tocqueville observed that Americans:

loved to organize

What changes occurred in urban development by the 1830s?

neighborhoods stratified by class

Women were particularly drawn to Shakerism because:

of a belief in the spiritual equality of women and men.

What effect did moral reform have on American political parties?

party organization became fragmented and weakened

What did Seth Luther mean by the term "middle class"?

persons whose jobs required mental rather than physical labor

What did the term "immediatism" mean to abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison?

the beginning of the process that would lead to the end of slavery

What about Joseph Smith's teachings most offended others?

the doctrine of plural marriage

The philosophy of self-culture brought what social movement to prominence?

the lyceum movement, which featured lectures on various subjects

Each of the following statements characterizes the culture of self-improvement except:

the movement was particularly popular among members of the upper class.

What type of individual typified the "New Middle Class"?

the self-made man

What was the largest and longest-tenured reform proposal aimed at improving individuals in society?

the temperance movement

What was the primary purpose of the American Bible Society?

to distribute Bibles in cities and frontier settlements

For what purpose did the Rev. Ezra Stiles Ely establish the Society for Supporting the Gospel?

to work with indigents in urban shelters

The Female Moral Reform Society

tried to reclaim women from prostitution

Advanced education at the college level in the antebellum period

was available only for males

What group provided the "backbone" of the Benevolent Empire?

women volunteers

The organization or new political groups such as the Working Men's Party provides evidence that:

workers lacked confidence in existing parties