chapter 12

Caret study - what supplements are involved

professor Gilbert omenn conducted the beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial (CARET) Beta - carotene and vitamin A supplement was increasing participants risk of lung cancer so the trial was stopped.

what does DSHEA require

requires: - supplements to be safe -unadulterated -properly labeled -be produced with good manufacturing practices -promoted with label information that is truthful

Botanical/Herbal supplements - characteristics , parts of plant, examples

-it usually consists of dried preparations of flowers, leaves, roots, bark, and/ or seeds - natural; less potent form of many drugs, but can still have drug-like effects and can cause drug interactions and exacerbate medical conditions - does not undergo the same stringent approval process as drugs do -may have other biological active ingredients to toxins in addition to their active or "useful" components examples- Echinacea, ginseng, ginkgo, St Johns wort

functional foods- definition and examples

defintion- contains nutrients or other constituents that enhance their contribution to health and disease prevention; also called Nutraceuticals; may be Whole Foods or enhanced processed foods; functional nutrient-dense foods may contain disease-fighting phytochemicals. examples- orange juice with added calcium, blackberries, blueberries, yogurt with live cultures, tomatoes, margarine with added sterols.

examples of dietary supplements and definition

food or substance that "supplements" the diet and contains one or more dietary ingredients or their parts ex: vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, enzymes

organizations that provide seals of quality

independent labs such as: - United States pharmacopeia convention (USP) - NSF international -consumerLab.com ( CL) **** NEVER THE FDA****

how are supplements administrated

intended to be taken by mouth- pill, capsule, tablet, liquid, powder, and bar

prebiotics - know the function and examples

prebiotics- promotes growth of probiotics in the colon; feeds and cultivates probiotics examples : chicory, onion, garlic, leeks, wheat, rye, barley, oats, lentils, beans, artichokes

probiotics- know what their functions are and examples

probiotics- live beneficial bacteria; can restore or maintain a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria examples- fermented dairy foods, buttermilk, yogurt with live cultures, cottage cheese, soy, miso, sauerkraut

DSHEA- what does it stand for and the year it was implemented and what does it do

the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. defines and regulates dietary supplements

list of people who may benefit from a supplement

- infants and children ( vitamin D) - women who may become pregnant ( folic acid) -pregnant women ( folic acid, iron , multivitamin) -vegans( B12 and D , calcium , iron, zinc) -people who don't consume dairy products ( Vitamin D , calcium) -people older then 50 years ( vitamin B12, and D) -People with dark skin ( vitamin D) - Individuals on restricted diets ( multivitamin) - smokers , alcohol dependent , people taking medications ( multivitamin) - women with heavy periods ( iron )

components of supplement facts panel

-serving size - precent daily value (DV) - dietary ingredients - non-dietary components - may include cautionary statements about potential side effects

new dietary ingredients how soon before market to notify the FDA?

DSHEA requires that manufacturers notify the FDA 75 days before new dietary ingredients/products are introduced, and they must provide the agency with evidence that the supplement is " reasonably expected to be safe" at the labeled dosage. unfortunately, it is common for supplement distributors and manufactures to ignore this and other regulations.

health claim definition and example

defintion- describe a relationship between a dietary supplement ingredient and reduced risk of a disease or condition. must be FDA approved based on the significant scientific agreement (SSA) Example- " reduces risk of osteoporosis"

structure/ function claim- definition and example

defintion- manufactures can only make structure/function claims without FDA approval. describes effect on the structure or function of the body and does not make reference to a disease. must include a mandatory disclaimer example- " promotes healthy joints" or supports the immune system

Qualified health claim- definition and example

defintion- the FDA also allows qualified health claims for conventional foods and dietary supplements when the evidence linking a food, food component, or supplement to reduced risk of a disease emerging but not well enough established to meet the SSA standard for a true health claim. example- " omega 3 may reduced coronary heart disease risk"

GRAS- what does it stand for and the definition

dietary ingredients have to be federally regulated and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) - a dietary ingredient that was introduced before the 1994 law

what can they prebiotics and probiotics do together

it can reduce the risk of illness, because in order to establish infections "bad" bacteria must adhere to the lining of the gut.