Chapter 12 sociology
What was the school day originally based on
Day length remnant of agricultural society
some factors that contribute to high college dropout rates
Factors contributing to drop-out rate: high educational costs driving students out rigors of college work part-time status for students increases probability of noncompletion
Literacy
Understanding, evaluating, using and engaging with written text to participate in society, to achieve one's goals and to develop one's knowledge and potential"
what is positive and negative about summer break
positive- money saved because running schools all year increase cost negative - children lose acquired skills over the summer
Manifest function
Manifest function
Comflict prospective on education
Reproduces rather than reduces social stratification( groups) ( poor stay poor wealthy stay wealthy) and ensures that discovery of talent will be limited exp. poor and working-class children have fewer opportunities to demonstrate their talents and abilities because they lack equal access to educational opportunities.
de facto segregation
School segregation based on residential patterns or student choice, which persists even though legal segregation is now outlawed White flight to the suburbs Property taxes creates inequality in funding
negative about college internship
Student interns are economically exploited Universities benefit from course tuition dollars with little actual cost to them Employers are provided with free worker Lower income students lose by being unable to afford interning for no pay All lose as entry-level jobs become unpaid internships
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Study found teachers treat students that they believe to be "gifted" differently Self-fulfilling prophecy: students come to see themselves through their teachers' eyes and perform better or worse accordingly Women, Asian Americans receive higher grades than actual test scores Latinos, African Americans, and white men receive lower grades
Why was summer break created in school
Summer break created to meet wishes of vacationing elite
possitive about college internship
Used to build resume and job experience Human capital, knowledge, and social networks
school busing,
a court-ordered program of transporting public school students to schools outside their neighborhoods.
School segregation
education of racial minorities in schools that are geographically, economically, socially separated from those attended by whites Under slavery, crime for slaves to read/write Jim Crow laws in South legalized segregation Northern schools remained segregated as a result of residential segregation
formal educaton
education that occurs within academic institutions such as schools Became increasingly common with industrialization
Functionalist Perspective on education
educational institutions provide moral education, socialize members, and promote social solidarity
Mass education
extension of formal schooling to wide segments of the population First educational institutions in the United States created by Puritans for religious studies
Latent function
he latent, or unintended, functions include the propagation of societal norms and values that Durkheim argued should be explicit concerns of moral education. For example, beginning with kindergarten, children learn to organize their lives according to schedules, to sit at desks, to follow rules, and to show respect for authority
critics to functionalist idea on eduction say
however, say schools function to reproduce the existing class system, favoring those who are already the most advantaged and putting obstacles in the paths of those who are disadvantaged.
Manifest function
intended, functions of education include the transmission of general knowledge and specific skills needed in society and the economy, such as literacy and numeracy.
literacy
is defined as the ability to read and write at a basic level—but it also required that they learn skills, work habits, and discipline that would prepare them for jobs as industrial laborers, accountants, inventors, designers, merchandisers, lawyers, operators of complex machinery, and more (Bergen, 1996).
Hidden curriculum
is to socialize members of the working class to accept their class position (Bowles & Gintis, 1976). Children are taught at an early age to define their academic ambitions and abilities in keeping with the social class of their parents. Conflict theorists argue that lowered educational ambitions are reinforced through inferior educational opportunities, as well as labeling and discrimination in the classroom
What is preventing schools from lengthening the school day in present times
many students work or participate in extracurricular activities
moral education,
meaning that educational institutions not only provide the knowledge and training necessary for members to fulfill their economic roles in modern society but also function to socialize individuals, building solidarity in the group.
credential society
one in which access to desirable jobs and social status depends on possession of certificate or diploma certifying completion of formal education
1954 Brown v. Board of Education
ruled segregation unconstitutional
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
ruled that segregation was allowed, as long as the facilities were "separate but equal"
What is wrong with school day in US
students may be falling behind because they spend less time in the classroom
social solidarity
that is, the bonds that unite the members of a social group.
Education
the transmission of society's norms, values, and knowledge base by means of direct instruction First occurred informally through family and community
Word poverty
to characterize the impoverished language environments in which some children grow up. poor have less books use less words with their children-Less books, children hear 32 million less words spoken to them, lower vocabularies—translates into lower literacy
Public education
universal education system provided by the government and funded by tax revenues rather than student fees Borne out of labor union activism; segregated by gender and race
