Chapter 12 Study Guide Madison Cortez
Compare and contrast body waves and surface waves.
-Body waves reach and travel through the interior. -Surface waves reach and travel along the surface.
Compare and contrast P-waves and S-waves.
-S-waves are slower and move side-to-side. P-waves are faster and move forward and backward.
Describe the three conditions of an earthquake.
-Two objects that are touching each other, where at least on of the objects can move. -A force(s) that will cause the movement. -Friction strong enough to temporarily keep the movement from starting.
Describe the plates around Japan.
3 plates connect right by Japan.
Describe a pyroclastic flow.
A destructive cloud of volcanic material that moves quickly down the side of a volcano after an explosive eruption
Describe the New Madrid Fault.
A fault zone within the North American Plate.
Describe a resurgent dome.
A mound in the vent of an erupted volcano.
Describe the formation of a lahar.
A mudflow that results from a volcanic eruption
Describe the epicenter.
A point on Earth's surface right above the focus of an earthquake.
Describe the Ring of Fire.
A region of earth's plate boundaries where oceanic crust is subducting under other plates; active volcanoes and earthquakes are common.
How are volcanic island chains formed?
A series of volcanoes formed as a lithospheric plate moves over a hot spot, the lava cools quickly and creates new crust.
What is a foreshock?
A small burst of shaking that occurs before a large earthquake.
What is an aftershock?
A small tremor that follows an earthquake.
Describe how a Caldera is formed.
A volcano collapses on itself forming a bowl shape.
What is a seismograph?
An instrument that measures and records seismic waves.
Where would you find a lava lake?
Found inside a caldera.
Describe the formation and composition of a cinder cone.
Has low silica magma and lava with high level of dissolved gas, they produce fire fountains
Describe what happened to Garrett Euler in the Republic of Cameroon in Africa.
He started recording seismic waves to learn more about the mantle. He received strange signals from a soccer game.
When, where, and how long was the longest earthquake in the United States?
In 1964, Alaska, 4 minutes.
Active volcano
It is erupting or that has erupted recently.
Describe a lava bomb.
Large pieces of glowing lava thrown from an explosive eruption.
Describe the formation and composition of fire fountains.
Like shaking a soda pop bottle and letting the pop squirt out all over, high gas magma
Extinct volcano
No longer erupts and is in the process of eroding.
Describe the San Andreas Fault.
Parts of the fault line may be stuck together while other parts may move and any time. It is located along the Western coast of the US.
What is the difference between pumice and ash?
Pumice is rock with lots of holes, ash has smaller particles of rock like sand.
What is the Richter scale?
Ranks according to their magnitude of the seismic waves recorded on the seismograph.
What is the Modified Mercalli Scale?
Rates on damage experienced by building, ground, and people during the earthquake.
What is the Moment Magnitude scale?
Rates the total energy released by earthquakes.
Explain how the epicenter of an earthquake is located.
Seismic waves. The larger the difference in arrival time the farther the epicenter is from the station.
Describe the formation and composition of a shield volcano.
Shield is flat and wide, low amount of silica, and either low or high levels of dissolved gases.
Describe the formation and composition of a composite volcano.
Tall, explosive, cone shaped volcano formed by layers of silica-rich lava and ash
What is an earthquake?
The movement of Earth's crust resulting from the release of built-up potential energy between two stuck lithospheric plates.
Describe the focus of an earthquake.
The point below Earth's surface where a rock breaks or slips and causes an earthquake.
What is liquefaction?
The process in which the vibration of the seismic waves causes ground water to rise to the surface, turning solid ground into a liquid-like material.
Describe the fault of an earthquake.
The region on Earth's surface that is broken and where movement occurs.
How is a volcanic island arc formed?
They are created by a series of volcanoes formed at subduction zones
Describe seismic waves.
Waves that the energy from an earthquake travel through.
Describe the sip and stick motion of an earthquake.
When potential energy exceeds the strength of the rock and the rock breaks and slips. Lithospheric plates slide past.
What is a volcano?
a vent in Earth's crust that releases steam and lava.
Dormant volcano
not erupting now, but may in the future.
