Chapter 12 test
using diplomacy to avoid wars, which are always expensive, the king avoided having to call Parliament on any regular basis to grant him funds. not overburdening the landed gentry and middle class with taxes, Henry won their favor, and they provided much support for his monarchy. Henry's policies enabled him to leave England with a stable and prosperous government and an enhanced status for the monarchy itself.
How did Henry VII establish a strong monarchical government?
He rediscovered many manuscripts in monasteries and had Greek works translated to Latin, so that they could be more readily read and studied.
How did Petrarch help to develop Renaissance humanism?
the marriage of Isabella of Castile (1474-1504) and Ferdinand of Aragon (1479-1516) in 1469
How did Spain become a unified country?
Adulthood came only when the father went before a judge and formally emancipated(free) them. The age of emancipation varied from early teens to late twenties.
How did children formally become adults?
Charles VII (1422-1461) after he was crowned king at Reims. With the consent of the Estates-General, Charles established a royal army composed of cavalry and archers. The Estates-General also granted him the right to levy the taille, an annual direct tax usually on land or property, without any need for further approval from the Estates-General. Losing control of the purse meant less power for this parliamentary body. King Louis XI, known as the Spider because of his wily and devious ways. By retaining the taille as a permanent tax imposed by royal authority, Louis secured a sound, regular source of income. Louis added part of Charles's possessions, the duchy of Burgundy, to his own lands
How did each French monarch extend their political authority?
a well-executed policy of dynastic marriages
How did the Habsburgs acquire power?
The Balance of Power collapsed. Duke of Milan invited the French to intervene in Italian politics so the other states turned to the Spanish for help.
How did the Italian balance of power in the 1400s lead to Italy becoming a battleground for other European countries?
patrons of Renaissance culture(support through money)
How did the Popes further the Renaissance culture?
More people learned to read and write
How did the printing press affect Europe?
artistic genuises, Il Divino, heroes
How were great artists such as Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo viewed by the public?
involved in war and politics
How were the Popes of the Renaissance controversial?
(B) the secularization of historiography and the explanation of change over time.
Humanism's main effect on the writing of history was (A) a stress on God's influence on human events. (B) the secularization of historiography and the explanation of change over time. (C) anti-Christian attacks on medieval historians. (D) an increasing reliance on archaeological evidence. (E) stress the importance of non-Western subject matter.
realistic features, realistic relationship, religion, Latin & Greek literatures(mythologies)
Humanist characteristics in art and sculpture.
(D) true freedom.
In Concerning Character, Pietro Paolo Vergerio argued that liberal studies led to (A) the death of God. (B) the rise of the peasant. (C) insights into nature. (D) true freedom. (E) enslavement to the false god of knowledge
(E) Spain and France.
In the late fifteenth century, Italy became a battleground for the competing interests of (A) France and England. (B) England and Spain. (C) the Ottoman Empire and Spain. (D) Spain and Germany. (E) Spain and France.
Northern art had better details
In what ways was northern art different than Italian art?
(B) was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics.
Italian Renaissance humanism in the early fifteenth century, above all else (A) increasingly became alienated from political life. (B) was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics. (C) rejected the church and Christianity in general. (D) helped revive Greek as a "living" language. (E) had little interest in the past inasmuch as it was only the present that was important.
(B) experiment in areas of perspective.
Italian artists in the fifteenth century began to (A) ignore nature and paint for expression. (B) experiment in areas of perspective. (C) copy the works of previous artists. (D) move away from the study of anatomical structure. (E) focused entirely upon the natural landscape in reaction to the spiritual ideals of the Middle Ages.
(C) the movable type printing press.
Johannes Gutenberg was a key developer of (A) the water wheel. (B) the astrolabe. (C) the movable type printing press. (D) smokeless gunpowder. (E) the compass.
(C) not letting people read the Bible in the vernacular.
John Wyclif criticized the Church for (A) wasting money on expensive cathedrals. (B) discriminating against women. (C) not letting people read the Bible in the vernacular. (D) discriminating against Muslims and Jews. (E) having a pope.
classic literature, humanist philosophy, religion, politics, science
List five characteristics of the Renaissance. Choose all that applies. a. classic literature(Romeo&Juliet, Latin, Greek) b.revolution c.all about god d.humanist philosophy e.religion f.baroque g.politics h.science i.new monarchs j.imperialism
(E) act without scruples for the good of the state.
Machiavelli's The Prince advocates that a successful ruler must (A) strive to earn the love of his people. (B) follow Christian principles in all his endeavors. (C) care for the weak, poor, and helpless. (D) kill all opposition immediately. (E) act without scruples for the good of the state.
(C) were an economic necessity of life involving complicated family negotiations.
Marriages in Renaissance Italy (A) were based on love and mutual affection. (B) were easy to dissolve or annul. (C) were an economic necessity of life involving complicated family negotiations. (D) were often worked out hastily with little thought. (E) declined as the sanction of the church and religion grew weaker
history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music
Of what subjects did the liberal arts curriculum consist?
northern European trade in timber, fish, grain, metals, honey, and wines
Over what goods did the Hanseatic League have a monopoly?
(B) Isabella d'Este.
Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling woman was (A) Battista Sforza. (B) Isabella d'Este. (C) Christina of Milan. (D) Catherine de Medici. (E) Christine de Pizan.
(E) could be whatever they chose or willed.
Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that humans (A) were fallen creatures, but regain their place by following God's will. (B) were nothing more than undifferentiated animals. (C) were divine and destined to spiritual life. (D) were destined to survive because they were the fittest animals. (E) could be whatever they chose or willed.
(E) saw slaves from Africa and the eastern Mediterranean used mostly as courtly domestic servants and as skilled workers
Slavery in Renaissance Italy (A) reached its height in the early sixteenth century. (B) was universally condemned by the Catholic Church. (C) disappeared entirely by the early fifteenth century. (D) experienced a slow decline. (E) saw slaves from Africa and the eastern Mediterranean used mostly as courtly domestic servants and as skilled workers
(B) were focused upon the acquisition and expansion of power.
The "new monarchs" of the late fifteenth century in Europe (A) continued the trend toward decentralization. (B) were focused upon the acquisition and expansion of power. (C) attempted to build up the nobility for support. (D) accepted the domination of the church as a matter of course. (E) were generally illiterate.
(E) Ottoman Turks.
The Byzantine Empire was finally destroyed in 1453 by the (A) crusaders. (B) Persians. (C) Russians. (D) Seljuk Turks. (E) Ottoman Turks.
(C) contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical speculations.
The Corpus Hermeticum (A) contained histories written by papal secretaries. (B) radically conflicted with the ideas of Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man. (C) contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical speculations. (D) advocated the final rejection of Neoplatonic thought. (E) was a scientific treatise and included no spiritual or philosophical concepts.
(D) a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture
The Italian Renaissance was primarily (A) a mass movement of the peasants. (B) characterized by a preoccupation with religion. (C) a product of rural Italy. (D) a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture. (E) a religious reform movement.
(D) Mehmet II.
The Ottoman Turkish sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453 was (A) Ali. (B) Murad III. (C) Lazar I. (D) Mehmet II. (E) Ibrahim Pasha.
(C) maintain peace between the Italian states for 40 years.
The Peace of Lodi served to (A) limit the sexual scandals that plagued the Papal court. (B) keep Naples from interfering in northern Italian affairs. (C) maintain peace between the Italian states for 40 years. (D) maintain peace between the Italian communes for 40 years. (E) ensconce the Medici in both Florence and Naples.
(C) Petrarch
The Renaissance figure in the following list who was not a leading painter was (A) Raphael (B) Michelangelo (C) Petrarch (D) Leonardo (E) Botticelli.
(D) was often seen as corrupt and debauched, as evidenced by Alexander VI.
The Renaissance papacy (A) was exemplified by the "spartan" and humble existence of Leo X. (B) saw popes build legal familial dynasties over several generations to maintain power. (C) was little concerned with war and politics, as shown by Julius II. (D) was often seen as corrupt and debauched, as evidenced by Alexander VI. (E) gave little support to the arts.
(C) attempt to return to the papacy to more humble times.
The Renaissance popes did all of the following except (A) patronize Renaissance culture. (B) participate in temporal authority at the expense of their spiritual responsibilities. (C) attempt to return to the papacy to more humble times. (D) combat church councils. (E) involved themselves in politics and war
(D) overwhelmingly made up of peasants.
The Third Estate of the fifteenth century was (A) predominantly urban. (B) essentially free from the manorial system, especially in eastern Europe. (C) relatively free from violence and disease in urban areas. (D) overwhelmingly made up of peasants. (E) made up of clergy and nobles.
(A) an elite movement, involving small numbers of wealthy patrons, artists, and intellectuals.
The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the products of (A) an elite movement, involving small numbers of wealthy patrons, artists, and intellectuals. (B) a mass movement in which all sections of society participated and contributed. (C) a narrow religious movement directed almost entirely by clerics. (D) a political movement in essence controlled mainly by kings. (E) foreign inspiration and influence, particularly from Islamic Spain.
(A) to dominate society as it had done in the Middle Ages.
The aristocracy of the sixteenth century was (A) to dominate society as it had done in the Middle Ages. (B) largely surpassed by the upcoming merchant class. (C) still powerful, but with little new blood to keep it vital. (D) extremely uneducated compared to the nobility of the Middle Ages. (E) to disappear by the early seventeenth century
(A) Baldassare Castiglione.
The author of The Book of the Courtier, a handbook on courtly manners, was (A) Baldassare Castiglione. (B) Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. (C) Girolamo Savanarola. (D) Niccolò Machiavelli (E) Cosimo de Medici.
(C) ensured that literacy and new knowledge would spread rapidly in European society.
The development of printing in the fifteenth century (A) pertained predominantly to secular works, as theological works were still done by hand. (B) saw the invention of movable type by Nicholas Fabian. (C) ensured that literacy and new knowledge would spread rapidly in European society. (D) made communication and collaborative work between scholars more difficult due to competition. (E) had little impact until the eighteenth century.
(D) Medici.
The family of merchants and bankers who dominated Florence during the high point of the Renaissance was the (A) Gonzaga. (B) Bardi. (C) Sforza. (D) Medici. (E) Machiavelli.
(A) contained as its primary goal the creation of wellrounded, virtuous and ethical citizens.
The liberal education taught by Vittorino da Feltre (A) contained as its primary goal the creation of wellrounded, virtuous and ethical citizens. (B) was for all segments of society, rich and poor. (C) advocated concentration on science and research, not rhetoric and verbal skills. (D) almost entirely excluded Christian teachings. (E) was designed to achieve political success as the paramount goal of an educated man.
(D) Michelangelo.
The painter of the Rome's Sistine Chapel ceiling was (A) Raphael. (B) da Vinci. (C) Botticelli. (D) Michelangelo. (E) Brunelleschi.
(E) all of the above
The results of the Hundred Years' War (A) reinvigorated and strengthened the French monarchy. (B) caused economic turmoil in England. (C) temporarily strengthened the nobility in England. (D) a and b (E) all of the above
(E) trade.
The wealth of the northern Italian cities that funded the Renaissance was gained mostly from (A) colonization. (B) the slave trade. (C) agriculture. (D) military conquest. (E) trade.
(A) rebirth.
The word "Renaissance" means (A) rebirth. (B) new world. (C) maturation. (D) escape. (E) culture.
(C) mining and metalworking, including manufacture of firearms.
Two key areas of Renaissance technological innovation were (A) fireworks and glass making. (B) mill construction and hydraulics. (C) mining and metalworking, including manufacture of firearms. (D) optical instruments and lens grinding. (E) the use of the vault and the arch.
(C) saw Muslim power vanish from the peninsula.
Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain (A) became increasingly corrupt and inefficient. (B) saw society become more secular. (C) saw Muslim power vanish from the peninsula. (D) had little remaining dissension and was thoroughly unified. (E) lost its independence to the Valois dynasty of France.
(A) a decline in serfdom.
Western Europe in the Renaissance saw (A) a decline in serfdom. (B) a decline in centralized royal government. (C) a reduction in urban trade networks. (D) a rise in famine. (E) an increase in slavery.
Habsburg, Burgundian, and Spanish
What areas did the Habsburg control?
The Lollards believed that the church should aid people to live a life of evangelical poverty and imitate Jesus Christ.
What did the Lollards want?
rebirth
What does the word "Renaissance" mean?
the study of the humanities, based on classical studies
What is Renaissance humanism?
The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe
What was the Hanseatic League?
Convert everyone to Catholicism
What was the Spanish Inquisition's goal?
Clergy who punished and tortured anyone who didn't practice Catholicism
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
The decline of serfdom, payed with money = less stayed as peasants
What was the biggest change for the peasantry by the Renaissance period?
(E) Hanseatic League
What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany? (A) Delian League (B) Prussian Confederation (C) Baltic League (D) League of German Cities (E) Hanseatic League
The purpose of a liberal education was thus to produce individuals who followed a path of virtue and wisdom and possessed the rhetorical(persuasion) skills with which to persuade others to do the same
What was the purpose of a liberal arts curriculum?
First Estate, the clergy, Second Estate, the nobility, Third Estate, which consisted of the peasants and inhabitants of the towns and cities
What was the social structure/hierarchy of the Renaissance?
possess fundamental native endowments, have a Classical education and to adorn his life with the arts, good impression; while remaining modest
What were 3 characteristics of a perfect nobleman according to The Book of the Courtier?
Gutenberg's Bible, completed in 1455 or 1456, was the first true book in the West produced from movable type
What were some early types of books printed on the Gutenberg press?
Venice, Florence, and Milan, the Papal States, and the kingdom of Naples.
What were the five major Italian states and who governed them?
Ferdinand and Isabella issued an edict on March 31, 1492, giving Spanish Jews the choice of exile or baptism; as a result, more than 160,000 Jews were expelled from Spain
What were the results of the Spanish Inquisition?
carefully calculate all the wicked deeds he needs to do to secure his power, and then execute them all in one stroke
What's one piece of advice from the Machiavelli document you can choose to explain in your own words.
(D) They valued the secular human form as the primary subject of painting.
Which of the following is not true of Northern Renaissance artists? (A) They had less mastery of the laws of perspective than many Italian painters. (B) The most influential artist was Jan van Eyck. (C) There was an emphasis on illuminated manuscripts and wooden panel painting. (D) They valued the secular human form as the primary subject of painting. (E) They never portrayed the human body.
(C) Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances.
Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy? (A) Young men asked women for their hand in marriage, after a lengthy courtship. (B) Husbands were generally the same age as their spouses. (C) Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances. (D) Men and women waited longer to get married than in the Middle Ages. (E) Men and women married earlier than in the Middle Ages because of increased economic opportunities.
(B) Donatello and Michelangelo.
Which pair of artists both sculpted a likeness of David? (A) Donatello and da Vinci. (B) Donatello and Michelangelo. (C) Michelangelo and da Vinci. (D) da Vinci and Brunelleschi. (E) Brunelleschi and Donatello.
Henry VII
Who began the Tudor dynasty in England?
(A) Leonardo
Who painted The Last Supper? (A) Leonardo (B) Michelangelo (C) Caravaggio (D) van Eyck (E) Botticelli.
(C) Petrarch.
Who said, ''Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language.'' (A) Savanarola. (B) Leonardo da Vinci. (C) Petrarch. (D) Dante. (E) Boccaccio.
A Florentine statesman and historian he wrote the book called Prince
Who was Niccolò Machiavelli?
Rich white boys
Who went to school?
In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile,England: the first Tudor king, Henry VII
Who were the "new monarchies" of the Renaissance?
King Louis XI
Who were the French monarchs of the 15th century?
a follower of the 14th century English religious reformerJohn Wycliffe.
Who were the Lollards?
A wealthy banking family who virtually ruled Florence.
Who were the Medicis?
Jan van Eyck: first to use oil paint, Albrecht Dürer:did not reject the use of minute details characteristic of northern artists. He did try, however, to integrate those details more harmoniously into his works and, like the Italian artists of the High Renaissance, to achieve a standard of ideal beauty by a careful examination of the human form.
Who were the important Northern Renaissance artists? Why were the Northern Renaissance artists important?
Kids die at an early age.
Why did families want lots of children?
(B) the shortage of workers created by the Black Death.
. The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth century occurred largely as a result of (A) continued warfare and the capture of foreign prisoners. (B) the shortage of workers created by the Black Death. (C) papal decrees encouraging a paternal relationship with pagans. (D) movements for Italian naval domination of the Mediterranean and the attendant need of manpower. (E) the importation of slaves from Africa.
(B) the Greek language.
A subject of particular interest to fifteenth-century humanists was (A) botany. (B) the Greek language. (C) accounting. (D) engineering. (E) theology.
(E) a distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.
According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented (A) the greatest period of economic recovery in the history of civilization. (B) a period of moral decline. (C) an era of tremendous graft and corruption in Italian government. (D) a continuation of the culture of the High Middle Ages. (E) a distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.
(D) Habsburg dynasty.
After 1438, the position of the Holy Roman Emperor remained in the hands of the (A) Sforza family. (B) Medici family. (C) pope. (D) Habsburg dynasty. (E) Hohenzollern dynasty
(A) Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire.
All of the following monarchs were successful in continuing the centralization of their "new monarchies" except (A) Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire. (B) Henry VII of England. (C) Ferdinand of Aragon in Spain. (D) Louis XI the Spider of France. (E) Isabella of Castile
Females married between the ages of sixteen and eighteen, factors of environment, wealth, and demographic trends favored relatively late ages for the first marriages of males, who were usually in their thirties or even early forties
At what age did women marry, and how much older were their husbands?
(C) were used to express wealth and power of an aristocratic family.
Banquets during the Renaissance (A) expressed the simplicity of the life idealized in courtly society. (B) were not held on Holy Days and on such celebrations as weddings. (C) were used to express wealth and power of an aristocratic family. (D) were banned by the papacy. (E) were restricted to the wealthy bourgeoisie
D) dominated by five major regional independent powers.
By the fifteenth century, Italy was (A) a centralized state. (B) dominated by the Papal States exclusively. (C) the foremost European power. (D) dominated by five major regional independent powers. (E) made up of hundreds of independent city-states.
B) very popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personal comportment expected of Renaissance aristocrats.
Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier was a (A) primer on military training for nobles. (B) very popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personal comportment expected of Renaissance aristocrats. (C) sharp denunciation of the wasteful noble life. (D) treatise against active participation in public life. (E) work on how to achieve political power and then keep it.
Details were worked out in advanced and reinforced by a legally binding marriage contract (important part of the contract was the dowry, amount of money the wife's family gives to the husband's family).
Explain how marriages were arranged.
The balance of power was to treat each other as equal but it doesn't mean they reunite.
Explain the Italian balance of power in the 1400s.
(A) an example of a skilled, intelligent, independent Italian warrior prince.
Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino was (A) an example of a skilled, intelligent, independent Italian warrior prince. (B) an outspoken advocate of Italian unification. (C) a callous, disloyal prince, loathed by the papacy. (D) strictly opposed to the proliferation of condottieri in Italy. (E) a pious subject of the papacy