Chapter 12 Test - JB
How did Ferdinand and Isabella unify Spain?
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Argon married and formed a dual monarchy. They forced all Spanish subjects to convert to Christianity or leave the country
What were the consequences of the Black Death?
the death of 1/3 or more of European's population, violence toward Jews, a decline in trade, a shortage of workers, and benefits of peasants
The word consequence means "effect or outcome", but it can mean "importance" or "significance". Explain what consequence means in this sentence: The co-worker's actions were of no consequence to her.
the sentence means that the co-worker's actions had no lasting result, or impact, and were therefore of no importance.
The last two Crusades ended in France's defeat by _______, king Louis IX later died of the ______________.
Baybars, plague
The monastic leader ___________ inspired leaders such as _____________ of France to enter into a failed Second Crusade.
Bernard of Clarvaux, Louis VII
What were the first three European universities, and what subjects did they teach?
Bologna, University of Paris, & Oxford. they taught liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, & anatomy)
_______________ monks preached simplicity, took vows of poverty, and aided the poor, while ____________ also lived in poverty and battled ____________.
Franciscans, Dominicans, heresies
The abbess ___________________ was an important contributor to a type of music know as _________________ Chant.
Hildegard of Bingen, Gregorian
What was lay investiture , and what was Pope Gregory VII's attitude towards it?
Lay investiture was the right of secular-or lay- rulers to nominate men to high Church offices and give them the symbols of their office. Pope Gregory VII believed that this practice undermined the Church's power and authority. As part of his goals to reform the Church, he declared that the pope's authority extended all over the Christian world and included rulers. He decided to eliminate lay investiture and have the Church appoint clergy and run its own affairs. Rulers who did not abide by its decisions would be removed from office.
In 1187, Jerusalem fell to _______________ Muslim forces, prompting the _____________ led at its end by _______________, who negotiated a settlement that gave Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem.
Saladin's, Third Crusade, Richard I
What was scholasticism? How did it influence theology during the Middle Ages?
Scholasticism was a philosophical system that strongly influenced the Middle Age's most highly regarded subject; theology, the study of religion and God. Scholasticism tried to show that faith was in harmony with reason. Its chief goal was to harmonize Chrisitan teachings with the works of the Greek philosophers, such as Aristotle, to demonstrate how the truths of faith are compatible with reason. Scholasticism even tried to prove the existence of God through reasons.
In what ways was the medieval Church involved in political as well as spiritual struggles?
The Churchs's involvement in feudalism and international politics; the status of many bishops and abbots as vassals to nobles; the complexities of lay investiture, which gave secular authorities power over clergy and sparked the Investiture Controversy; on the other hand, students may discuss ways in which the Church acquired political power through tools such as the interdict, which punished people who did not conform to Church doctrine; the influence of religious orders upon devout delivers throughout Europe
What was the purpose and focus of study in Europe's first universities?
The early universities in Europe were founded for the study of theology through the philosophical system of scholasticism; the chief task of scholasticism was to harmonize Christian teachings with the Greek philosophers; the first attempt at such reconciliation was undertaken by Anselm of Canterbury, whose Proslogian attempted to use reason to prove the existence of God; Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica argued that combining reasons with faith could help humans determine what is inherently good and evil; Roger Bacon's Opus Majus advocated a reform of all sciences, including logic, mathematics, physics, experimentation, and philosophy
The word libel comes from a Middle English word meaning "written declaration", which in turn comes from a Latin word meaning "little book". In the Middle Ages, why would written libel be potentially more harmful that spoken libel?
The written word has more permanence and tangibility than the spoken word, especially in the Middle Ages, when there were no means of recording libelous comments other than writing them down. Libel would have more impact and lasting power if it were delivered through the printed word. It could not be refuted, whereas spoken words could easily be denied.
Pope ________ framed the Crusades as a quest to free Jerusalem and the ___________ from ____________, or unbelievers.
Urban II, Holy Land, infidels
The Crusades were fought by rights who were motivated by the promise of ___________ and ____________ zeal.
adventure, religious
What features characterized Romanesque churches?
arched vaulted roofs in the shape of a cross, massive pillars, thick walls, and intersecting barrel vaults, few windows
How did the bubonic plague spread throughout Europe?
carried by fly-infested black rats along trade routes from Kaffa, on the Black Sea, to the rest of Europe
At the end of the "__________", two ships sank in a storm. The children on the other five ships were sold into ________ in North Africa.
children's crusade, slavery
How did kIng Henry VII strengthen the English monarchy?
he abolished private armies an refrained from overburdening the nobles and middle classes with taxes
What was Anselm of Canterbury's most significant contribution to scholasticism?
made one of the first attempts to demonstrate how the truths of faith are compatible with reason. He used reason to argue the existence of God
What features characterized the basilica of the late Roman Empire?
rectangular buildings with flat wooden roofs
In Europe, pilgrims often traveled to Rome or Santiago de Compostela, which housed the ______________ of several of the ___________.
relics, apostles
In the late 1000s and early 1100s, a wave of __________ enthusiasm led to a rise in monasteries and monastic _____________.
religious, orders
In the Middle Ages, the Church played a large role in everyday life; the _____________ guided people from birth to death, and included baptism, the Eucharist, and marriage.
sacraments
Medieval Christians dedicated churches to ___________ and venerated __________, objects connected with saints.
saints, relics
In return to fighting in the Crusade, the pope promised forgiveness of _______.
sins
What features characterized Gothic cathedrals?
tall, soaring towers made possible by the use of round ribber vaults and pointed arches and by the invention of the flying buttress. they had thin walls filled with stained glass windows
What is significant about the Song of Roland?
the French Song of Roland is one of the earliest and best examples of the heroic epic, a form of vernacular literature that is described in poetic form the batt;e son kings and lords
What events in the European Christianity set the stage for Martin Luther's reformation?
the episode of the Avignon popes and the Great Schism led to calls for reform; in England, reformer John Wycliff undertook a far-ranging attack on papal authority; Wycliff's ideas inspired a group of Czech reformers led by John Hus, who called for an end to clerical corruption and excessive papal power
Who initiated the Hundred Years' War, and how was it won?
the war began after King Philip VI of France seized the duchy of Gascony from King Edward III of England. Military victories by Joan of Arc and the use of the cannon contributed to France's victory
What was the most popular vernacular literature of the 1100s?
troubadour poetry, in which nobles and knights told of love for a lady who inspired both courage and poetry
How did Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica attempt to reconcile Aristotle with Christian doctrine?
used logic and scholarly investigation
Medieval people controlled the ______________ in Italy, and bishops were often _____________ to nobles.
papal states, vassals
Christians also made ________________ to shrines, the greatest of which, they believed, was the Holy City of ____________________.
pilgrimages, Jerusalem
The Crusades benefited some Italian ___________ cities, and helped cause the end of __________ and the emergence of nation-states.
port, feudalism
What are sacraments, and how did an interdict affect them? Why was a pope's use of an interdict such an effective method of controlling rulers?
A sacrament is an important Chrisitian rite to which believes desire access. An interdict from the pope forbade priests from giving sacraments to a particular group of people, such as the subjects of a ruler who was disobeying the Church. Because believers wanted the religious comforts offered by the sacraments, when a priest was under interdiction, the people presumed their ruler to have the interdiction lifted. The ruler would have to agree to the pope's wishes if the ruler wanted to remain in power. The interdict was thus a powerful spiritual and political weapon.
What caused the Great Schism?
After the death of Gregory XI, Italian cardinals and French cardinals each elected their own pope. An effort to resolve the problem resulted in the election of a third pope. This period of insecurity is known as the Great Schism.
Why did a taste for vernacular literature such as the chanson de gets develop in the 12th century?
Although Latin was the universal language of medieval civilization, new literature was being written in the vernacular-the language of everyday speech in a particular region, such as Spanish, French, English, or German. The market for vernacular literature developed and grew, giving rise to such popular forms as the chanson de geste, or heroic epic, in which knights battled courageously for their kings and lords.
In the First Crusade, European Christians captured ________ in 1098. In June 1099, they reached ______________ and killed many of its inhabitants.
Antioch, Jerusalem
The ________ order of monks was one of the first to take their religion to people outside the monastery.
Cistercian
In the Fourth Crusade, Western forces sacked _________ and destroyed the power of the ____________ Empire.
Constantinople, Byzantine
In the 1200s , Pope ____________ used books such as the _____ to bring the Church to the height of its political power.
Innocent III, interdict
The Church's _______________ sometimes used ________ to extract confessions of heresy and used executions to punish it.
Inquisition, torture
The ________________ Controversy, which was initiated by a decree from Pope Gregory VII in 1075, ended in an 1122 compromise called the_______________________.
Investiture, Concordat of Worms
The Crusades provided a backdrop for the persecution of _______, who suffered periodic ________, or defamatory statements, attacks, and expulsion.
Jews, libels
How did the Crusades affect the political development of Europe?
The Crusades helped to break down feudalism; kings levied taxes and raised armies to fight the Crusades, and nobles met their obligations by selling their lands and freeing their serfs; as nobles lost power, the kings created stronger central governments; kings also gained new wealth as a result of trade with the East; these developments paved the way for the emergence of nation-states; by the mid-1400s, England, Spain, and France became strong European nations
How did European Christian views of infidels lead to the Crusades?
The Crusades started when the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus asked for help against the Seljuk Turks, Muslims who had taken control of Asia Minor. Pope Urban II asked Europe's warriors to free Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims, who as non-Christians, were viewed as infidels, or unbelievers. The Crusaders believed that it was God's will that they join a holy war to remove the infidels from the Holy Land.
The full definition of corporation involves the idea that a corporation is treated as a separate legal entity, with the rights and responsibilities of an individual. How does knowing that the word corporation is derived from Latin word parts corpor ("body") -ation ("something connected with a process or action") help you to understand the legal concept of a corporation?
The Latin word parts that make up corporation highlight the idea that the business organization is a "body" that is viewed legally as an entity, like an individual person, with similar rights and responsibilities
What were the problems of the late Middle Ages, and how did Europe recover from them?
The bubonic plague caused the death of one-third or more of Europe's population as well as an economic crisis; the Great Schism causes a political split in Europe and a decline of Church power; France and England fought the Hundred Years' War; European monarchies centralized their power as Europe recovered
How does Chaucer's Canterbury Tales provide both historical and literary insight into medieval England?
features a collection of stories from the point of view of 29 pilgrims representing all levels of English society
What did King Louis XI do to strengthen the French monarchy?
he strengthened the used of the taille, curbed the power of French nobles, added new territory, and promoted industry and commerce taille: anual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy