Chapter 12: The Lymphatic System
stimulating complement fixation
Fever has the effect of doing all of the following EXCEPT: A) denaturing (scrambling) proteins B) speeding up repair processes C) stimulating complement fixation D) increasing metabolic rate of tissue cells E) stimulating the liver and spleen to gather up iron and zinc
pathogens
Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called __________.
antibodies
Humoral immunity is provided by: A) pyrogens B) antibodies C) interferon D) skin and mucous membranes E) complement fixation
is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva
IgA: A) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma B) is involved in allergies C) is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy D) is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva E) can fix complement
tuberculosis
Immune sera are used for all of the following EXCEPT: A) snake bites B) rabies C) botulism D) tetanus E) tuberculosis
cytotoxic T cells
Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called __________.
precipitation
Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called __________
redness, heat, swelling, and pain
List the four most common indicators of acute inflammation: __________.
blood plasma
Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the __________.
thoracic duct
Lymph from the left arm returns to the heart through the: A) left subclavian artery B) thoracic duct C) aorta D) right lymphatic duct E) inferior vena cava
subclavian veins
Lymph in the right leg rejoins blood flow in the: A) inferior vena cava B) subclavian veins C) common iliac veins D) axillary veins E) femoral veins
blood
Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from: A) blood B) cytosol C) saliva D) tears E) cerebrospinal fluid
complement fixation
Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of: A) phagocytes B) natural killer cells C) interferon D) keratin E) complement fixation
plasma
Most B cell clone members become __________ cells.
tonsils, the appendix, and Peyer's patches
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes: A) tonsils, the appendix, and Peyer's patches B) spleen C) tonsils only D) thymus gland E) tonsils and spleen
MALT (mucos-associated lymphatic tissue)
Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as __________.
immunocompetent
Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be: A) immune B) incompetent C) clonal D) immunocompetent E) complemented
anaphylactic shock
Systemic (bodywide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called __________.
False
TRUE or FALSE The study of immunity and the immune system is called endocrinology.
False
TRUE or FALSE There are three major immunoglobulin classes: IgM, IgA, and IgD.
False
TRUE or FALSE Tissue grafts harvested from an unrelated person are called xenografts.
False
TRUE or FALSE Vaccines provide naturally acquired active immunity to diseases such as pneumonia, diphtheria, and measles.
True
TRUE or False The lymphatic vessels and cardiovascular veins are similar in that they operate under low pressure and some larger ones have valves.
issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances
The adaptive (specific) defense system: A) is an innate defense B) provides mechanical barriers to the body C) issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances D) is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens E) includes the skin and mucous membranes
complement fixation
The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called __________.
skin and mucosa membranes
The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is: A) natural killer cells B) inflammatory response C) skin and mucous membranes D) fever E) phagocytes
hypothalamus
The body's temperature-regulating "thermostat" that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the: A) cerebellum B) hypothalamus C) pineal gland D) medulla oblongata E) thalamus
IgM, IgA, IdD, IgG, IgE
The five major immunoglobulin classes are __________.
stimulate release of lysozymes
The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT: A) cause capillaries to become leaky B) stimulate release of lysozyme C) activate pain receptors D) dilate blood vessels E) attract phagocytes to the area
thymus
The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the: A) appendix B) tonsils C) thymus D) spleen E) Peyer's patches
Peyer's patches
The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called: A) thymus tissues B) tonsils C) appendix D) intestinal nodes E) Peyer's patches
antigen-presenting
The major role of __________ cells is to engulf antigens and present pieces of them to the cells that will deal with those fragments.
chemotaxis
The migration of phagocytes and white blood cells to an inflamed area along a chemical gradient is called: A) perforins B) immunity C) complement fixation D) chemotaxis E) diapedesis
neutralization
The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called: A) complement fixation B) agglutination C) precipitation D) chemotaxis E) neutralization
variable
The region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody is called the __________ region.
Grave's Disease
The relatively common autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine is called: A) systemic lupus erythematosis B) myasthenia gravis C) Graves' disease D) multiple sclerosis E) glomerulonephritis
spleen
The role of the __________ in the lymphatic system is to remove worn-out blood cells and return some of the products to the liver.
IgG
The specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the placental barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is: A) IgE B) IgG C) IgM D) IgD E) IgA
the pumping action of the heart
Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return: A) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels B) milking action of skeletal muscles C) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels D) the pumping action of the heart E) pressure changes within the thorax
chemotaxis
Which one of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies inactivate antigens: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) precipitation D) neutralization E) complement fixation
gamma globulin
Which one of the following is NOT a type of immunosuppressive therapy given after surgery to prevent rejection of a graft: A) radiation B) corticosteroids C) antiproliferative drugs D) immunosuppressive drugs E) gamma globulin
AIDS
Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease: A) multiple sclerosis B) type I diabetes mellitus C) rheumatoid arthritis D) AIDS E) Graves' disease
IgB
Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes: A) IgG B) IgB C) IgA D) IgE E) IgD
fever
Which one of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response: A) pain B) swelling C) fever D) redness E) heat
antibody production
Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses: A) antibody production B) the inflammatory response C) fever D) natural killer cells E) intact skin
they form an antigen-binding site
Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies: A) they determine the specific type of antibody class formed B) they determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role C) they form the "stem" of an antibody D) they are the same or nearly the same E) they form an antigen-binding site
constant region
Which portion of the antibody's structure determines its antibody class: A) constant region B) variable region C) disulfide bonds D) heavy chain E) light chain
diapedesis
51) The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called: A) coagulation B) antibody production C) diapedesis D) chemotaxis E) agglutination
body's own cells
63) Lymphocytes are trained to be self-tolerant of: A) bacteria B) viruses C) foreign blood cells D) body's own cells E) fungi
elephantiasis
A tropical disease that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called __________.
helper T cells
AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called __________.
vaccines
Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive __________.
delayed hypersensitivity
Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to: A) anaphylactic shock B) immunodeficiency C) immediate hypersensitivity D) acute hypersensitivity E) delayed hypersensitivity
an identical twin
An isograft is a tissue graft donated by: A) an unrelated person B) the same person C) a different animal species D) a parent E) an identical twin
T Cells
Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of: A) T cells B) antibodies C) plasma cell D) B cells E) antigen-presenting cells
allergens
Antigens that produce abnormally vigorous immune responses whereby the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless are called __________.
bone marrow
B cells develop immunocompetence in the: A) thyroid gland B) lymph nodes C) thymus gland D) spleen E) bone marrow
self-antigens
Cells studded with protein molecules found on our own cells that do not trigger an immune response within us (but may within others) are called __________.
pyrogens
Chemical secreted by white blood cells and macrophages called __________ help to increase the body's preset temperature to promote a fever.
edema
Excess accumulations of fluid, which impair the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called __________.
True
TRUE or FALSE Allografts are tissue grafts taken from an unrelated person.
True
TRUE or FALSE Antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins.
True
TRUE or FALSE Antigen presentation is essential for the activation of clonal selection of T cells.
True
TRUE or FALSE Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when one receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites.
True
TRUE or FALSE Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens.
True
TRUE or FALSE Injured cells release chemicals such as histamine and kinins that dilate vessels, attract phagocytes and activate pain receptors.
True
TRUE or FALSE Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts contained within red bone marrow.
True
TRUE or FALSE Lymph flows in one direction only: toward the heart.
False
TRUE or FALSE Lymph nodes have more efferent vessels draining the node than afferent vessels bringing fluid into the node.
True
TRUE or FALSE Macrophages arise from monoctyes formed within the bone marrow.
True
TRUE or FALSE Memory cells are descendants of an activated B or T cell.
False
TRUE or FALSE Natural killers are unique phagocytic defense cells that can kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells well before the immune system is activated.
False
TRUE or FALSE The antibody a mother passes to her fetus is IgM.
False
TRUE or FALSE The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils.
False (the lymph nodes only filter lymph)
TRUE or FALSE The lymph nodes filter bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells from blood on its way back to the heart.
False
TRUE or FALSE The most important function of the thymus gland is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver.
True
TRUE or FALSE The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation.
True
TRUE or FALSE The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination.
individual genetic makeup
The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist is determined by: A) individual genetic makeup B) the total number of self-antigens at a given time C) the total number of macrophages at a given time D) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time E) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance
naturally acquired passive immunity
The specific type of acquired immunity that a fetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called: A) artificially acquired natural immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired passive immunity D) naturally acquired active immunity E) artificially acquired active immunity
immunology
The study of immunity is called: A) immunology B) anatomy C) histology D) pathology E) microbiology
lymphocytes
The third line of defense involves the adaptive response mediated by __________.
inguinal, cervical, axillary
The three regions of the body that contain large collections of lymph nodes are the __________.
adolesence
The thymus gland is most active during: A) adolescence B) old age C) middle age D) infancy E) the entire lifetime
right lymphatic duct; thoracic duct
The two large ducts in the thoracic region that drain lymph are called the __________.
haptens (incomplete antigens)
Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called __________.
snake bites
Vaccines are NOT for: A) pneumonia B) snake bites C) tetanus D) measles E) polio
artificially acquired active immunity
What specific type of acquired immunity do vaccines provide: A) naturally acquired passive immunity B) artificially acquired active immunity C) naturally acquired active immunity D) naturally acquired artificial immunity E) artificially acquired passive immunity
afferent lymphatic vessel
What structure carries lymph into a lymph node: A) trabeculae B) afferent lymphatic vessel C) germinal center D) follicles E) efferent lymphatic vessel
throat
Where are the tonsils located: A) left side of abdominopelvic cavity B) small intestine C) armpits, groin, and neck D) beneath sternum overlying heart E) throat
spleen
Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver: A) tonsils B) Peyer's patches C) spleen D) thymus gland E) tonsils
tonsils
Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat: A) tonsils B) cervical lymph nodes C) Peyer's patches D) axillary lymph nodes E) thymus gland
antihistamines
Which of the following is often used to treat allergies: A) blood transfusions B) bone marrow transplants C) antihistamines D) immunosuppressor drugs E) corticosteroids
self-antigens
Which of the following substances is NOT typically perceived as an antigen: A) self-antigens B) pollen grains C) fungi D) virus particles E) bacteria
spleen
lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells
tonsils
lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat
