Chapter 12: Transformations in Europe

Hobbes

I argued that people were naturally selfish and needed strong rulers to keep them in order.

Locke

I believed people should let people rule them in exchange for natural rights.

Voltaire

I criticized religious persecution and supported freedom of speech. .

How did Gutenberg's press revolutionize the way books were made?

It allowed books to be developed cheap and in large quantities. Brought dramatic changes to Europe, and later the world.

Shakespeare

Love of vernacular english and interest in the ways of the world made him a true Renaissance man.

Raphael

Mastered the art of perspective; "School of Athens" reflects human devotion to classical ideas.

Explain how discoveries made during the Scientific Revolution impacted modern sciences.

Most importantly the Scientific Revolution developed the scientific method to learn and investigate certain situations and data. But it also provided ideas in technology and sciences that would be used in the future.

Galileo

Observed sky directly with a telescope, confirmed heliocentric theory and challenged the Catholic church.

What are some of the ways the print revolution transformed Europe?

Triggered four important cultural and intellectual movements of early modern Europe; the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment. Also revolutionized how how people spread ideas and knowledge across Europe.

Dante

Wrote in vernacular language and wrote "Divine Comedy"

Petrarch

Wrote lyrical poetry in Italian, Scoured libraries across Europe for classical works and brought them to wider attention.

Scientific Method

a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific assumptions

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

a shift in thinking about the study of nature and the natural world that began in the mid-1500's and moved beyond traditional religious teachings

Social Contract

an agreement in which the people give power to a government in return for its protections.

Mercantilism

an economic philosophy that favored self-sufficiency; encouraged stockpiling gold and silver, encouraged exports, discouraged imports to keep that gold and silver in the country.

ENLIGHTENMENT

an intellectual 18th-century movement that sought to apply scientific methods to the study of society and government

Absolutism

power and authority rests in the hands of one powerful individual

Separation of powers

the division of powers among branches of government

Montesquieu

I argue for a three branch government and the separation of powers.

Rousseau

I argued for government as well and argued for a political system based off the will of the people.

How did Descartes contribute to the scientific method?

Descartes was skilled at mathematics and logic, believed that human reason could be used to solve complex problems.

Da Vinci

"Mona Lisa" made thousands of inventions, drawings, and paintings.

Smith

I argued that a successful economy must help the poor..

4 ways the Enlightenment transformed Europe

1. Encouraged new ways of thinking among some political thinkers. 2. Gave rise to new political ideas. 3. Promoted optimistic faith for the future. 4. Encouraged the trend toward secular attitudes in society.

List five reasons why the Renaissance originated in Italy.

1. Italy was rich because of trade and commerce. 2. City-state rulers wanted to compete with rivals by bringing artistic glory to their cities. 3. Scholars from the Byzantine Empire brought knowledge to Italy. 4. Foreign contact from trade gave Italians a greats awareness of the world. 5. Italian people were surrounded by the remains of classical Rome which stimulated interest in the past.

Explain how the Scientific Revolution created a shift in thinking from relying on religion and tradition to relying on experience and investigation when searching for truth.

After the Renaissance and Reformation challenged traditional authority and inspired independent thought, people began looking beyond religion for answers to question about nature and the universe. This questioning spirit encouraged the growth of science.

Copernicus

Determined that Earth and the other planets revolved around the sun.

How did Francis Bacon contribute to the scientific method?

Emphasized the value of experimentation, believed science should have practical benefits. This would promote the growth of technology, with all of its economic and environmental effects.

Explain how the Enlightenment thinkers were influenced by the idea that humans were naturally good and would act for the common good in society when freed from the restraints of church and government.

Enlightenment thinkers started believing that the church and government were corrupted and people who based their actions on independent thought and reasoning would benefit society. Scientific processes became more ideal than being told what to do or learn..

Give examples to show how Enlightenment thinkers believed that natural laws guided the universe including political, social, economic, and educational institutions.

Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousseau believed that people are corrupted in society and and that they can find a purer life in harmony with nature. Enlightenment thinkers were optimists and and thought social and political progress was a definite idea in the future.

Erasmus

Greatest writer of Christian humanists, critisized corruption and abuse in the Catholic church.

Newton

Published book explaining laws of gravity and motion. Contradicted church teachings.

What does "renaissance" mean? Why is it used to describe this period?

Renaissance comes from the French word meaning "rebirth." It perfectly describes this time period because of the revival in culture that this period brought to the world.

Describe the impact that the Scientific Revolution had on educational systems.

The Science Revolution not only helped developed the understanding of the heliocentric theory but also gave people curiosity in learning and discovering the universe instead of being told what is right and what is wrong.

Explain how the new Enlightenment belief in natural laws guiding economic systems caused a shift from mercantilism to free market economics.

The enlightenment brought independent thought to the world where people could investigate and learn for themselves. By doing this people began to become independent in other ways than thought but economics as well.

Explain the shift from absolutism to representative government based on a social contract between the governed and their government.

The government will not abuse their power or mistreat the public, according to the social contract, and the public will give them power and obey the laws in return. If the government breaks the contract, the people have the right to overthrow the government.

How did the ideas of the Renaissance transform Europe?

The ideas of the Renaissance challenged the Catholic church, which at the time had complete control over knowledge and culture. This quest for a more meaningful faith would lead to a major transformation of Christianity during the 1500s.

How did the ideas of the Scientific Revolution transform Europe?

The ideas of the scientific revolution transformed the way people began to think about the world. They began to think separately from the Catholic church and learned how to understand the universe. They developed laws from the natural world and became curious about more discoveries to be made.

How is the Internet revolution similar to the print revolution in the 15th century?

The internet revolution is much like the print revolution in the way they both promote knowledge using simpler and easier tools that are easy to spread.

Describe how the philosophy of Enlightenment thinkers rejected traditional Church doctrines and emphasized earthly as well as spiritual welfare.

The philosophers that rejected traditional Church bills, believed in the earth and nature and that people should live logically and not depend on the church leaders to guide our lives and choices. This cause tension between these thinkers and the church.

Explain how the Scientific Revolution inspired and paved the way for the Enlightenment and political revolutions in Western Europe and colonies in the late 18th Century.

The scientific revolution inspired people about science and its goals of understanding the laws of nature. It gave people hope to use power of reason to understand and improve society. It also lead to the most important advances in biology, medicine, and chemistry.