Chapter 12/13 Quiz
A female has a blood test. One mL of her blood is drawn, spun in a centrifuge, and the plasma volume is measured and found to be 0.6 mL. Two months later the same patient returns to the doctor and, after doing another blood test, the doctor tells the patient that she has become anemic compared to her previous visit. Which of the following is most likely to be the woman's hematocrit on the second visit?
35%
When lying down, a subject's respiratory rate is 12 breaths per minute, anatomical dead space is 150 mL, and minute ventilation is 7 L/min. Which of these is closest to alveolar ventilation in liters per minute?
5.2
During a physical examination, a patient has a resting tidal volume is 550 mL; the average resting respiratory rate is 15 breaths per minute; the total lung capacity is 6,000 mL; and anatomic dead space is 150 mL. The patient's resting alveolar ventilation is
6.0 L/min.
If the nerves from the carotid and aortic bodies are cut, which of these would occur?
A decrease in arterial
Regarding the relationships between the rates of oxygen consumption/carbon dioxide production and alveolar ventilation, which of these statements is TRUE?
A decrease in metabolism without a similar decrease in alveolar ventilation would result in hyperventilation.
During the course of a ride on a roller coaster, what would be FALSE regarding your heart?
A decrease in the slope of the pacemaker potential
What causes the opening and closing of the heart valves?
A pressure difference on the two sides of the valve
Which of the following drugs, administered as an aerosol spray, would be most likely to help a patient during an asthmatic attack?
A β2 -adrenergic agonist
Which of the following statements concerning the differences between action potentials in skeletal muscle cells and in ventricular cardiac muscle cells is TRUE?
After sodium influx through voltage-gated channels occurs in ventricular cells, prolonged influx of calcium from the extracellular fluid occurs. No such calcium influx occurs in skeletal muscle cells.
Which is TRUE about the condition anemia?
All of the answers are true.
Which is TRUE regarding the regulation of heart rate?
All of the choices are true.
What determines the movement of blood in systemic veins?
All of the these
Distinguishing characteristics of veins include which of the following?
All veins carry blood toward the heart.
You embark on a hiking trip on Mt. Kilimanjaro (altitude = 19,000 ft; Atmospheric air pressure = 379 mmHg). As you ascend, what happens to the
Alveolar PO2 decreases.
Which is the most likely effect of physical endurance training on a person's cardiac performance?
An increase in maximal stroke volume
Which of the drug treatments listed below is INCORRECTLY matched to a mode of action in treating hypertension?
Antagonists of parasympathetic receptors—reduce TPR by decreased stimulation of arteriolar smooth muscle
You've just stepped on the treadmill and are beginning to increase your speed. As you reach your maximum, which of the following values will NOT increase?
Arterial PCO2
After CO2CO2 is produced by tissues, in what form is most of that carbon transported to the lungs for removal from the body?
As dissolved HCO3−
Which of these is demonstrated by the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
At normal resting systemic arterial PO2 , hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.
You and your colleague are medical technicians in a cardiac function lab. You are reading the ECG of a patient and your friend is trying to capture an image of the semilunar valves opening using an ultrasound. At what point should you tell your friend to start recording images?
At the beginning of the QRS complex
Which of the following drugs might be prescribed to alleviate hypertension?
Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists
Which of the following statements regarding blood clotting is TRUE?
Blood clotting requires activation of thrombin.
If the arterial blood pressure in the brain is suddenly decreased, the flow through arterioles in the brain will immediately fall and then which of these will occur next?
Blood flow will return toward its original level due to flow autoregulation.
In which form is most of the oxygen carried in arterial blood?
Bound to hemoglobin
Which of these would tend to increase ventilation?
Breathing air with increased PCO2
The plateau of the action potential in cardiac ventricular cells results from the opening of voltage-gated long-lasting _________ channels in the plasma membrane of the cell.
Ca2+
Following hemorrhage, reflexes are triggered that attempt to compensate for the blood loss. As a result of the blood loss and the reflex mechanisms, which of the following will be TRUE, compared to pre-hemorrhage values?
Cardiac output will be decreased and total peripheral resistance will be increased.
Which of the following statements about the cardiac cycle is TRUE?
Closure of the atrioventricular valves occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole.
You are a synthetic chemist and have created a compound that appears to bind to acetylcholine receptors. When applied to the inside of the right atrium, what will the affect be?
Decreased heart rate
A hard-working sales clerk is in a busy department store. They have stood completely still behind the check-out counter for an 8-hour shift. At the end of the shift the clerk feels somewhat dizzy and guesses that their blood pressure is quite low. All of the following factors normally contribute to homeostatic blood pressure regulation. Which one is most likely contributing to the clerk's symptoms?
Decreased skeletal muscle pump
Under what condition is lung compliance increased?
Emphysema
What is the term that describes the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoiesis
Which of the following statements regarding hypoxia is correct?
Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.
Which is TRUE about the comparison of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle with that in skeletal muscle?
Extracellular Ca2+ plays a major role in cardiac but not skeletal muscle.
Which of the following would be most likely to be determined with a patient's ECG recording?
Failure of the AV node
Which of these causes inhalation/inspiration?
Flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that combines which of the following?
H2O and CO2
An individual donates a pint of blood to a blood bank. A few minutes later, which of the following would be increased compared to pre-donation values?
Heart rate
An individual donates a pint of blood to a blood bank. A few minutes later, which of the following would be increased compared to pre-donation values?
Heart rate and total peripheral resistance
A hard-working sales clerk is in a busy department store. They have stood completely still behind the check-out counter for an 8-hour shift. At the end of the shift the clerk feels somewhat dizzy and guesses that their blood pressure is quite low. When they get home they also notice that their ankles are swollen. What physiological issue is most likely to blame in this scenario?
High hydrostatic pressure in lower leg capillaries
Which is characteristic of a person chronically suffering from hypoxic hypoxia?
Higher-than-normal hematocrit
After a long fever, a person is sweating profusely. They end up requiring several changes of clothing before the skin begins to dry off. After this sweating event, what can we expect of their physiological state?
Hypotension
Which of the following statements concerning control of blood flow through arterioles is TRUE?
If the arterial blood pressure to an organ suddenly decreases, arterioles in the organ will dilate in response.
Where is most of the iron in a person's body located?
In erythrocytes
Which of the following statements concerning regulation of blood flow is TRUE?
In the systemic circuit, increased levels of metabolic waste products and decreased oxygen concentration in tissues promote hyperemia through the tissues.
Which of these correctly describes the chloride shift?
In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
Which of the following statements about the refractory period of neuronal or muscle membranes is TRUE?
In ventricular cells, the absolute refractory period coincides with the period of increased Na+ and Ca2+ permeability.
An individual has had too many alcoholic drinks. Alcohol is a systemic vasodilator and it increases urine volume, thereby decreasing blood volume. In order to maintain cardiac output, what can their body do?
Increase heart rate
Which of the following statements regarding control of respiration is correct?
Increased concentrations of lactic acid stimulate ventilation primarily by acting on peripheral chemoreceptors.
Which of the following does NOT contribute to increased stroke volume during exercise?
Increased length of filling time during diastole
In the systemic circuit, which of these best describes active hyperemia?
Increased metabolic activity that results in vasodilation
Which of the following factors would NOT tend to increase systemic arterial blood pressure?
Increased parasympathetic stimulation
If all other factors remain the same, which of these results in an increase in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin?
Increased plasma PO2
Which of the following is most likely to occur when a soldier stands at attention—very still, with legs and spine straight?
Increased storage of blood in the veins of the feet and legs
Which of the following would cause a decrease in the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Increased temperature of the blood
Which of the following statements concerning the capillaries is FALSE?
Increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure decreases the likelihood that filtration will occur.
Which of the following is a cause of asthma?
Inflammation of the bronchioles
Under normal circumstances, which of the following would result from an increase in transpulmonary pressure?
Inhalation/inspiration
During a yoga class you take a deep breath, then relax and let the breath out slowly. During that exhalation, which would NOT be true?
Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
Which of the following statements regarding pulmonary surfactant is TRUE?
It increases the compliance of the lungs.
Which correctly describes functions of protein C?
It inhibits clot formation and inactivates factors Va and VIIIa.
Which of the following statements regarding the dissolving of blood clots is FALSE?
It involves aggregation of soluble fibrin fragments into fibrin.
Which is TRUE about the pleural sac?
It is a closed sac surrounding each lung that contains only a tiny volume of lubricating fluid.
Which is normally TRUE about the intrapleural pressure?
It is lower than alveolar pressure.
Which of the following does NOT describe hypertension?
It is usually a result of chronically elevated cardiac output.
Which of the following statements about blood clotting is FALSE?
It requires the presence of erythrocytes.
Drug X is a new drug to treat Alzheimer's Disease. This drug is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and circulate in the CSF. The drug is slightly acidic and at the recommended dose it decreases the CSF pH from 7.4 to 7.3. Will Drug X have any effect on respiration?
It will cause an increase in respiratory rate.
You have a patient who is showing signs of edema (tissue swelling) all over the body. In addition to visible swelling in the hands, feet, and face, you can also see evidence of swelling around internal organs when viewing his CAT scan images. Thinking about what you know about the factors that regulate fluid flow from the blood vessels, which of the following causes of edema is most likely?
Low plasma protein concentration due to liver failure
A male patient complains of physical weakness and fatigue. A blood test shows his hematocrit to be 30%. Which of the following diagnoses is the least likely to explain his symptoms?
Lung disease
In a patient with decreased production of plasma proteins, which of the following would be TRUE?
More fluid than usual will flow out of the capillary based on the osmotic pressure.
Which of the following statements about membrane potentials in different types of cardiac cells is TRUE?
Myocardial cells have a resting membrane potential of about -90 mV; pacemaker cells do not have a steady resting membrane potential.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
Net uptake of carbon dioxide from the air and removal of oxygen from the blood
Which occurs during isovolumetric ventricular contraction?
No blood enters or leaves the ventricles.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding ventilation-perfusion inequality?
No inequality exists in normal lungs.
Person A is resting in a chair for a long period of time; the calf and thigh muscles are totally relaxed. Nearby, Person B is also resting in a chair, but is wiggling, kicking, tapping, and vibrating their legs; resulting in a pattern where the calf and thigh muscles are alternating between relaxed and contracted states. If all else is equal, who has the higher stroke volume, Person A or Person B?
Person B has a higher stroke volume.
Which of the following occurs first in hemostasis?
Platelet aggregation
In a patient with a mutation that causes an inactive von Willebrand factor (vWF), which of the following would be TRUE?
Platelets will not adhere to collagen.
Which of the following is NOT a property or function of blood plasma?
Production of erythrocytes
What is one function of the type II alveolar cells?
Production of surfactant
Type II alveolar cells are among the last cells to mature during fetal development. In babies born prematurely, type II alveolar cells are often not ready to perform their functions. Which of the following drugs would be most likely to help an infant with immature type II alveolar cells?
Pulmonary surfactant
Which of the following is TRUE during the initial stage of an asthma attack?
R is increased.
Which of the following are chemoreceptors?
Receptors in the aortic and carotid bodies
Which of the following changes would most increase the resistance to blood flow in a blood vessel?
Reducing vessel diameter to one-half the original diameter
You find a friend in the midst of anxiety-induced hyperventilation. You're unable to calm them down, so you call an ambulance. When your friend arrives at the ER, which of the following is the likely diagnosis?
Respiratory alkalosis
Which structure is NOT part of the "anatomical dead space"?
Respiratory bronchiole
A patient had heart surgery to repair the pacemaker of the heart. Into which structure did the surgeon need access?
Sinoatrial node
In a patient with an abnormally leaky aortic valve, what would you expect?
Some backflow of blood into the left ventricle during ventricular diastole
Which of the following is most responsible for keeping the lung surface and the thoracic wall from separating?
Subatmospheric intrapleural pressure
Which of the following statements about the response of arteriolar smooth muscle to changing oxygen partial pressures is TRUE?
Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2PO2 by dilating, but pulmonary arterioles constrict in response to decreased PO2 >.
You're resting on the couch watching TV. Which of the following is the most likely reflection of the values in your body? Regarding the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 , which of the following statements is true in a normal person at rest?
The PO2 in the systemic arteries is approximately 100 mmHg and the alveolar PO2 is approximately 105 mmHg
You are learning to read electrocardiograms. You know that the patient you are examining has a pathology affecting depolarization of the ventricles, therefore you're looking for a change in what portion of the ECG?
The QRS complex
The athlete would have a lower heart rate and larger stroke volume.
The athlete would have a lower heart rate and larger stroke volume.
How would a hemorrhage immediately affect the activity of the baroreceptors?
The baroreceptors would decrease their rate of firing to all medullary cardiovascular center cell types.
Which correctly describes the cause of the increase in alveolar ventilation that occurs when a person ascends to high altitude?
The decrease in PO2 of inspired air decreases alveolar and arterial PO2, stimulating the peripheral chemoreceptors.
You've been sitting cross-legged on the floor of your dorm room while studying. As you stand up to go get a snack, you realize that you've lost feeling in one of your feet. A minute later, all feeling is restored. Being a physiology student, you understand that blood flow was occluded during the time that you were sitting, and that blood flow was restored as you stood up. What else is TRUE?
The decreased oxygen content of the foot tissues and the increased levels of metabolic wastes both acted as vasodilators, increasing the flow of blood through the tissues upon standing.
What brain center has neurons that fire mainly during inspiration and have input to the spinal motor neurons that activate the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles?
The dorsal respiratory group of the medulla oblongata
During a run, your gastrocnemius (calf) muscle has a temperature of 38.5° C, while your biceps brachii (upper arm) muscle has a temperature of 37.5° C. Which of the following is TRUE of the red blood cells as they pass by these muscles?
The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.
Which of the following correctly compares the factors involved in bulk flow of fluid in systemic and pulmonary capillaries?
The hydrostatic pressure inside pulmonary capillaries is significantly lower.
A patient in the ward was recently in a motor vehicle accident. Their injuries are causing a lot of pain, and as a consequence to the morphine they've been given, respiratory rate is quite low. Which of the following is likely to be TRUE?
The level of H+ ions in their blood has increased.
An individual donates a pint of blood to a blood bank. A few minutes later, which of the following would be decreased compared to pre-donation values?
The percentage of cardiac output flowing to the kidneys
The volume of air flowing into the alveoli during inhalation/inspiration is increased when there is an increase in which of these?
The pressure gradient from the atmosphere to the alveoli
What is hemostasis?
The prevention or stoppage of blood loss
Which best defines cardiac output?
The product of the heart rate and the volume ejected from the ventricle during a cardiac cycle
Consider the equation F = ΔP/R. It describes the flow (F) of fluid in a tube in which there is a pressure difference (ΔP) between the two ends and resistance (R) to flow. Based on this equation, which is a correct conclusion?
The rate of fluid flow in a tube will increase if the pressure at the beginning is increased while the pressure at the end of the tube stays the same or is decreased.
What is described by the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart?
The relationship between length and tension in cardiac muscle cells
Which is correct about the contraction sequence of the heart?
The two atria contract at the same time, and as they are relaxing, the two ventricles contract together.
Type II alveolar cells are among the last cells to mature during fetal development. In babies born prematurely, type II alveolar cells are often not ready to perform their function. Which of the following would be TRUE of these babies?
They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
A patient comes in to your office with dramatically high blood pressure. Which of the following symptoms might turn up in your exam?
Tissue swelling due to increased fluid leaving the capillaries
Which of the following conditions would result in a systemic arterial PO2PO2 lower than is typical of a healthy person at sea level?
Traveling to high altitude
You are dissecting a species of amphibian that has just been discovered in the rainforest. You find a blood vessel where the blood travels at a low pressure and velocity. If the frog is in an upright position, blood flow through this vessel would also be against gravity. Anatomically, what do you expect of this blood vessel?
Valves that allow only one-way flow of blood
Which of the following is a result of increased sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle?
Venous return of blood to the heart increases.
You have a patient who produces sufficient intrinsic factor but has pernicious anemia due to a dietary deficiency. Which of the following supplements should they take to improve symptoms?
Vitamin B12
Which of the following is NOT an anticoagulant or stimulator of blood clot dissolution?
Vitamin K
You embark on a hiking trip on Mt. Kilimanjaro (altitude = 19,000 ft; Atmospheric air pressure = 379 mmHg).mHg). As you ascend, what are you likely to notice about your breathing?
You need to work harder to inhale, expanding your thoracic size beyond what is normal
You and your lab partner are doing an experiment in physiology lab. Each of you has an isolated muscle cell and you are supposed to stimulate it with an electrode as soon as its absolute refractory period ends. You're watching an electromyograph tracing to know when to use the electrode. Your partner has a cardiac muscle cell and you have a skeletal muscle cell. Which one of you will use your electrode more times in one minute?
You will use the electrode more times in a minute than your partner will.
Platelets participate in hemostasis by
aggregating to form a plug and releasing chemicals that promote vasoconstriction.
You just ate a huge, delicious breakfast and now are going to head out for your morning run. As you try picking up the pace, you find running to be quite difficult because
blood flow to the abdominal organs is dominant.
What is the primary regulator of the magnitude of alveolar ventilation under normal circumstances?
concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
Arterial systolic pressure occurs _________ while arterial diastolic pressure occurs _________
during the middle of the phase of ventricular ejection; just before the semilunar valve opens
Sinoatrial node cells
exhibit spontaneous depolarization that is speeded by activation of their beta-adrenergic receptors.
Action potentials in the heart spread from cell to cell through
gap junctions.
Following strenuous exercise, blood levels of lactic acid are _________ compared to pre-exercise levels. This change in acid concentration causes a reflex _________ in ventilation by activating _________.
increased; increase; peripheral chemoreceptors
You've just been told by your doctor that you have a heart murmur between the first and second heart sounds. You go home to search for more information on this condition on the Internet and find that you have
insufficiency of an AV valve or stenosis of a semilunar valve.
Action potentials in neurons in the inspiratory center of the medulla oblongata result in action potentials in the _________ nerves to the diaphragm, which in turn cause _________ of the muscle, resulting in a/an _________ in the volume of the thoracic cage.
motor; contraction; increase
Normally, the hydrostatic pressure difference between capillary fluid and interstitial fluid favors movement of fluid _________ a tissue capillary. The protein osmotic pressure difference between capillary fluid and interstitial fluid normally favors movement of fluid _________ a tissue capillary.
out of; into
A decrease in metabolism without a similar, compensatory decrease in alveolar ventilation will have what effect on the systemic pH?
pH will increase.
According to the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart
stroke volume increases with increased venous return.
Blood flow through most organs in the systemic circuit is regulated primarily by increasing or decreasing the _________ activity to arteriolar smooth muscles in the organ. Another form of regulation, called _________, depends upon the metabolic activity of the organ. Increased activity leads to increased interstitial fluid metabolites, which cause _________ of the arterioles. The former is a type of _________ regulation of blood flow; the latter is an example of _________ regulation.
sympathetic; active hyperemia; dilation; extrinsic; intrinsic
During exercise, there is a decreased flow of blood to
the abdominal organs.
During the cardiac cycle of an individual at rest
the duration of diastole is greater than that of systole.
You (a healthy individual) are swimming underwater when you can no longer resist the urge to breathe. This overwhelming urge is probably due to
the increase in plasma H+.
Atherosclerosis is
the major cause of heart attacks.
When you head to bed at night, you bring a glass of tap water with you and set it on the nightstand. Upon waking in the morning, you discover there are tiny gas bubbles along the sides of the container. The best explanation for this is
the partial pressure of a particular gas in a liquid equilibrates to match the partial pressure of that gas in the air to which the liquid is exposed.
Which is an intermediary protein that enables platelets to adhere to collagen?
von Willebrand factor (vWF)
