Chapter 12,13,14,15 EXAMS

What was Hernan Cortes crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire

Cortes was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica Empire

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish

Divided the Atlantic Ocean Spanish west and Portugal east

Erasmus

Dutch Humanist who wrote In Praise of Folly, a satire which made fun of political, social and religious

How did English colonies differ from the major European colonies in their treatment of African women

English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves

Characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyages of columbus

Europe was a minor outpost and had few things to offer

Sforza

Family from Milan who ruled harshly and dominated the north

Merchant Guilds

Formed the communed, built and maintained the city walls, regulated trade, collected taxes and kept order

How did cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's 32 districts

When Vasco da Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters

He hired a Indian pilot as his guide

According to his agreement with the Spanish crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia

He would be named viceroy over any territory he discovered and receive one-tenth of the material rewards of the Journey

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean

Islands off the coast of japan

In music, the baroque style reached it culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European History

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitude toward secular rulers

Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinist encourage opposition

Why did Elizabeth I nave he cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots executed

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth

Who resisted the Portuguese efforts to gain control over the Indian Ocean trade

Muslim controlled port cities

Signori

One man rule who handed it down to his son

What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to

Popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation

The Junkers were...

Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state

In addition to reforming the church, was the other goal of the Council of Trent

Securing reconciliation with the protestants

How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Inca King Atahualpa

The Spanish Ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding for ransom and then executing him

How did the Encomienda system function

The Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ and demand tributes from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter

Bruni

The first to divide history into 3 eras-ancient, medieval, and modern

In the early 16th century, anticlericalism focused primary on the primary issue...

The immorality of priest who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy

What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the 16th century

The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods

How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies

The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy

How did the choice to embrace or reject the reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire

The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms

How did the Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa

They traded for slaves with local leaders

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce

They viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support and marriage partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community

What new religious order for women emerged in the 16 century

Ursuline order

Versari

Wrote the Lives of the Artist

What did the Saint Bartholomew's day massacre lead to

a lengthy civil war

Luther believed that the church consisted of

a spiritual priesthood of all christian believers

When speaking of "moral economy" historians are referring to

a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition profit

Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany

appealed to the national sentiment of German princes

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a

confidence among Calvinist in their own salvation

Shakespeare's history plays, such as Richard II

expressed an English national consciousness

The edict of nantes

granted tFrench Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns

Bartolome de Las Cases asserted that the Indians

had human right

How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army

he confirmed the Junkers' privileges , including their authority over the serfs

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a

military dictatordhip

The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or

millets

Louis XIV selected councilors from the

newly ennobled or upper middle class

At the time of his death Columbus believed the islands he found were

off the coast of Asia

Luther viewed celibacy as

opposed to human natures and God's commandments

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

prevent Charles V from increasing his power

Settlers from the Massachusetts colony dispersed into new communities such as Connecticut and Rhode Island because

religious disputed among the colonist

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprising of 1648-53 known as

the Fronde

The European voyages of the 15th century was derived from a desire to share in the wealth of

the Indian Ocean trade

In the 15th century 2 rival Islamic empires dominated the middle east; the Turkish ottomans and

the Persian Safavids

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of

the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry III

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war

what aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerge

the printing press and its ability

Savonarola

A Dominican Frair who predicted that God would punish Italy for its moral vice and corrupt leadership

Medici

A family in Florence

How did justifications for slavery change from the 15 to 18th centuries

Arguments supporting slavery started to focus more on science and nature and less on religion

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany

Became either Lutheran of Catholic

Humanist

Believed studying the classic would provide essential skills for future diplomats, lawyers, politicians, and others to provide a much broader and more practical type of training than offered in universities

After losing access to the slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained slaves...

Black Africans

Borgia

Built up a state in central Italy by using new military equipment and tactics

Major motivation for European exploration

Desire for material profit

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the

Habsburg-Valois wars

How did the Calvinist understand the idea of work or labor

Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified

What is the name of French Protestants

Huguenots

How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans

It benefited them because it brought them christianity

How did martin Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the diet of worms

Luther gained a larger for his reform ideas

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect the upper-class women

Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women

What was the name given the Catholic and Huguenot moderates in France

Politiques

Condottieri

Powerful military leaders who kept order

Portugal participation In European expansion was given critical support by

Prince Henry

Best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace

What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain

Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the 16th century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties

In Hungary, Lutheranism was

Spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenburg

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called

St. Petersburg

Charles III

The French King who invaded Italy in 1494

In chronicle order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the 1, 16, 17th centuries

The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch

How wide spread was the influence of the Inquisition

The inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement

They held strong anti-german beliefs

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state

They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans

How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia

They sought a northwest passage across North America

What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft

They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance

Ficino

Translated Plato's dialogues into Latin to synthesize Christian and Platonic teachings

Petrarch

Traveled Europe in search of classical Latin manuscripts

Northern Humanist

Viewed learning as a way to reform the chrch

Machiavelli

argued that the governments should be judged on moral principles established by God

How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European Cartographers

asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is

Gutenberg

creator of the printing press

John Calvin rejected the ideas of free will because he believed it would...

detract from the sovereignty of God

The Colloquy of Marburg

failed to resolve the differences among Protestants on the issue of Eucharist

Typically, French classicism

presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the

prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France

The dissolution of the English monasteries

resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' war was

to side with peasants

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the 16th century was

to uplift the moral condition of both the clergy and laity

17th Century Dutch East India Company

took much of the East Indies from Portugal

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that

was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes

Castiglione

wrote the courtier

Renaissance

A change from a god centered world to a man-centered world

Prester John

A mythical Christian King in Africa

How did inquisitorial legal procedure differ from the accusatorial legal procedure

A suspect would not be told the charges against him

Characterizes the immigration (forced or unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800

About 4 times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans

In the 17th century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions

Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martys

How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect spanish colonization

Asia was to far so the Spanish focus on developing their American colonies

Mirandola

Believed that both Christian and classical texts taught that the universe was a hierarchy

How did French Colonies respond to the problem of the low migration DIFF: levels of France

Colonial officials encourage french traders ti form ties with and marry native women