Chapter 13-15

The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue. 68 percent 97 percent 15 percent 100 percent 25 percent

97 percent

The neural tissue is isolated from the general circulation by the dura mater. meninges. choroid plexuses. arachnoid granulations. blood-brain barrier

blood-brain barrier.

________ fills the membranous labyrinth.

Endolymph

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?

Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long

What is produced by the structure labeled "2"? hormones neurotransmitters white matter blood cerebrospinal fluid

cerebrospinal fluid

Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain?

cerebrum

The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by ________ in the air.

chemicals

Identify the structure labeled "9."

ciliary zonule

The dural sinuses are located in the tentorium cerebelli. paranasal cavity. dural folds. pia mater. arachnoid mater.

dural folds.

Identify the neuron labeled "1." upper motor neuron lower motor neuron first-order neuron second-order neuron third-order neuron

first-order neuron

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic pelvic nerves synapse on neurons located within ________ ganglia.

intramural

The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the thalamus. midbrain. hypothalamus. brainstem. myelencephalon.

hypothalamus

Each gustatory cell extends ________ (or taste hairs) into the surrounding fluids through a narrow taste pore.

microvilli

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term basilar membrane?

moves up and down when the stapes moves back and forth

Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.

muscarinic cholinergic

Damage to the ________ nerve would result in near paralysis of the eye. optic abducens oculomotor olfactory trochlear

oculomotor

Nicotinic receptors

open chemically-gated sodium ion channels

The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem are located in the pons. diencephalon. midbrain. medulla oblongata. thalamus.

pons

Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called chemoreceptors. baroreceptors. thermoreceptors. proprioceptors. nociceptors.

proprioceptors

Which of the following is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain? diencephalon prosencephalon midbrain cerebrum pons

prosencephalon

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the

splanchnic nerves

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

suprarenal medullae

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when

sympathetic stimulation is increased

The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acids and small peptides is known as

umami

Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with control of breathing. visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck. subconscious control of skeletal muscles of the upper limbs. control of muscle tone. regulation of body temperature.

visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck.

Which of the following is true regarding the structure labeled "6"? 1. The synapse occurs between motor neurons. 2. The sensations may be filtered out. 3. The third-order neuron projects to the primary sensory cortex. 4. The third-order neuron's axon is myelinated by oligodendrocytes 3 only 3 and 4 2 only 1 and 3 1 and 4

3 and 4

The following steps occur in rods when they are excited by photons of light.

3, 6, 5, 2, 1, 4

Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic visceral reflex?

All of the answers are correct

Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?

All of the answers are correct

All of the following are true regarding the retina except

All of the information from the retina goes directly to the occipital cortex.

________ glands produce a secretion commonly called earwax.

Ceruminous

Which structure carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the body wall and limbs?

Gray Ramus

Stimulation of a neuron that terminates close to the longitudinal fissure of the left postcentral gyrus would produce a sensation in the lips. a muscle twitch in the lips. a muscle twitch in the right leg. a sensation in the right leg. both sensations and muscle twitches in the right leg.

a sensation in the right leg.

Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called

adrenergic

The space between the cornea and the iris is the

anterior chamber.

The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the cord is the ________ tract. lateral corticospinal anterior corticospinal rubrospinal reticulospinal vestibulospinal

anterior corticospinal

The spinal tract that relays information concerning crude touch and pressure to the CNS is the corticospinal pathway. lateral spinothalamic tract of the spinothalamic pathway. posterior column pathway. spinocerebellar pathway. anterior spinothalamic tract of the spinothalamic pathway.

anterior spinothalamic tract of the spinothalamic pathway.

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching array called the medulla. vermis. fourth ventricle. cortex. arbor vitae

arbor vitae.

Identify the structures labeled "8."

auditory ossicles

The external acoustic meatus includes all of the following except the

auditory tube.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stereocilia?

bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells

Which of the following is not true of the vascular layer of the eye?

contains photoreceptors

Sympathetic nerves

contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers

A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order?

cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid

In the human eye, most refraction occurs when light passes through the

cornea.

Peripheral adaptation ________ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS. neutralizes decreases stabilizes increases

decreases

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

digestive tract

Identify the structure labeled "7." lateral ventricle dura mater filum terminale fourth ventricle subarachnoid space

dura mater

The cerebellum adjusts motor activity in response to all of the following except gustatory information. tactile sensations. visual information. equilibrium-related sensations. proprioceptor information.

gustatory information.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following except that it is associated with the formation of plaques. is characterized by a progressive loss of memory. is the most common cause of senile dementia. has a clear genetic basis. may be associated with damage to the hippocampus

has a clear genetic basis.

Splanchnic nerves

innervate the viscera or internal organs

The region of the cerebral cortex that is medial and deep to the temporal lobe is the occipital lobe. insula. temporal lobe. frontal lobe. parietal lobe

insula

A structure that is located at the medial angle of the eye and contains glands that contribute to a gritty deposit is the

lacrimal caruncle.

Axons that decussate between the pyramids of the medulla oblongata belong to the ________ tracts. reticulospinal vestibulospinal anterior corticospinal lateral corticospinal rubrospinal

lateral corticospinal

What loss would result from cutting through the medial lemniscus on the right side? complete hemiplegia (paralysis) on the left side of the body loss of pain sensation on the right side of the body loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body loss of fine touch sensation on the right side of the body loss of pain sensation on the left side of the body

loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body

Based on the motor homunculus, which of the following body regions has the largest motor units? nose larynx lower limbs tongue hands

lower limbs

All of the following is a function of tears except

maintains acidic environment.

The posterior nuclei of the thalamus include all of the following areas except mammillary bodies. pulvinar. lateral geniculate. medial geniculate

mammillary bodies.

Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "2." motor commands to skeletal muscles visceral motor commands to smooth muscle fine touch to the cerebral cortex proprioception to the cerebral cortex pain and crude touch sensations

pain and crude touch sensations

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division.

parasympathetic

A ________ is a basic unit or packet of light energy.

photon

An elongate outer layer containing membranous discs and a narrow connecting stalk that attaches the outer segment to the middle layer describes a(n)

photoreceptor

Which ascending tract carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration? corticobulbar corticospinal posterior (dorsal) column spinothalamic both posterior (dorsal) column and spinothalamic

posterior (dorsal) column

Identify the structure labeled "1." basal nuclei primary sensory cortex thalamus autonomic motor center primary motor cortex

primary motor cortex

The vestibular nuclei at the boundary of the pons and the medulla function in all of the following except that they

send information to the vestibular complex of the inner ear.

In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

short; long

Chemoreceptors that play an important role in reflexive control of respiratory function are not affected by

sodium ion concentration.

The spinal tract that carries sensations from proprioceptors to the CNS is the fasciculus cuneatus. anterior spinothalamic. fasciculus gracilis. spinocerebellar. lateral spinothalamic

spinocerebellar

All of the following descriptions applies/apply to the term myopia except

the eyeball is too shallow.

Difficulties in estimating temporal relationships between events may stem from damage to the general interpretive area. the prefrontal cortex. the temporal lobe. Wernicke's area. Broca's area.

the prefrontal cortex.

The statement "There is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)? vagus and glossopharyngeal facial vagus trochlear glossopharyngeal

vagus and glossopharyngeal

Which of the following provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

vagus nerves