Chapter 13 AP Euro

Mennomites

Followers of Menno that spread from the Netherlands into Germany and Poland and Lithuania

Hapsburg-Valois Wars

Francis (despot of Valois Dynasty) became embroiled in conflict with Charles V (HRE) over disputed territories in southern France. This War lasted 24 years (1521-1544)

Indulgences

a remission of all or part of the temporal punishment due to sin

Schmalkaldic League

established to ally the protestant princes with the new French King

Predestination

that god had predestined some people to be saved and others to be damned

The Imitation of Christ

the great mystical classic of the Modern Devotion that de-emphasizes religious dogma -written by Tomas a Kempis

Ecclesiastical Ordinances

this established four orders or offices: pastors, teachers, elders, and deacons and their duties were to preach the gospel, administer the sacrament and correct unchristian behavior. Created a special body for enforcing moral discipline

Defense of the Seven Sacraments

A theological treatise written by Henry VIII

Oratory of Divine Love

-first organized in Italy in 1497 , was an informal group of clergy and laymen who worked to emphasize the importance of personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity

Theatines/Ursulines

-founded in 1524, the _________ encouraged reforming the secular clergy and pushing clerics to fulfill their duties. Founded orphanages and hospitals to care for victims -The _________ were a new order of nuns that founded Italy in 1535 and focused on establishing education for girls.

Edward I and Bloody Mary

-he succeeded Henry underage (1547-1553) -she came to reign with little understanding of politics -she married Phillip II who was despised in England and managed to fail at stopping Protestantism in England -died in 1558 and ended the restoration of Catholicism

Munster

-in the 1530s, this was a site of an Anabaptist uprising -had experienced severe economic disasters and also religious hysteria that led to the legal recognition of the Anabaptists

John of Leiden

-proclaimed himself king of the New Jerusalem -he would lead out the elect from Munster to cover the world and purify it of evil to prepare for the second coming -believed that all goods would be held in common and the saints would live without suffering

Anabaptists

-radicals that formed a large variety of different groups who shared some common characteristics -attractive to peasants, weavers, miners, and artisans affected by the economic changes -advocated adult baptisim and believed that Christians should not participate in or be governed by a secular state. -were persecuted and killed

Henry VIII of England

-was King of England from 1509 until he died -was the 2nd monarch of the Tudor dynasty, succeeding his father, Henry VII. - known for his part in separating the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church -tried to obtain an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon because of her failure to produce a male heir as well as his love for another woman

Compare and contrast the chief ideas of Zwinglianism, Anabaptism and Lutheranism. What did they have in common? How were they different?

All three, Zwinglianism, Anabaptism and Lutheranism began from a single person's beliefs that differed from overall Christianity. Both Lutheranism and Zwinglianism look to the state to supervise the church while Anabaptism strongly disagrees and thinks they should be totally separated. Anabaptism believes in Adult baptism while the other two do not. Luther was a theologian, unlike both the other people.

Praise of Folly

"A satirical view of his contemporary society in which folly, {...} shows how she dominates the affairs of humankind" written by Erasmus in 1509. -humorous, effective criticism of the corrupt practices in his society

John Calvin

- 1509-1564 -systematic theologian and organizer of the Protestant Movement -went from humanistic studies to law and found himself into the Greek Language -he became convinced of the guidance of god that he became a determined reformer

Thomas a Kempis

- life (1380-1471) -The best known member of the Brothers of the Common Life in the 15th century -Wrote "The Imitation of Christ"

Ulrich Zwingli

-1484-1531 -a product of the swiss rural cantons -bachelor of arts and master of arts as well as ordained a priest and accepted a parish -began the Reformation in Swizterland then slowed after his death

Ignatius Loyola

-1491 to 1556 Spanish Nobleman -unable to be a real soldier - he vowed to be a soldier of god and prepare for his lifework by mortification, prayer , pilgrimages, and education -gathered the Jesuits (founded the society of Jesus)

St. Teresa of Avila

-1515-1582 -nun of Carmelite order -experienced mystical visions that resulted in the ecstatic union of her soul with god. -believed that it should lead to an active life of service

HRE Charles V

-1519, elected as emperor of HRE -desired to maintain his dynasty's control and hoped to preserve the unity of the catholic faith -The French, Turks,

Gustavus Vasa of Sweden

-1520, led Sweedish barons to overthrow Christian II of Denmark -became king of an independent Sweeden1523-1560 -established a Luthern Reformation

Martin Luther

-Born in 1483 into a peasant family -Studied to be a Lawyer until he vowed to become a monk -Focused on Assurance of Salvation and without an answer became doubtful -started studying Theology, received doctorate and then became a professor, there he found an answer -He saw the church saying that "one must earn salvation through good works" but he saw human beings, weak and powerless compared to an almighty god as incapable of receiving salvation -the sacrifice of Jesus on the Cross is the reason that god gives salvation, faith and the power of belief as a GIFT. -eventually excommunicated and summoned to appear before the diet of Worms

Capuchins

-Cared for the sick and the poor -preached the gospel -were a force against Protestantism

Erasmus

-The most influential Christian humanist -popularized the humanism reform -"the philosophy of Christ" -believed in simplicity of the Church

Schmalkaldic Wars

-When Luther died in 1546, the peaceful compromise of land had faded. -Charles fought with a sizable army against the protestants. -Within the first phase in, (1546-1559) Charles and his army doomed the protestants. -Revived in 1552 when the protestants allied with the new french king -Charles surrendered and abandoned german affairs to his brother Ferdinand, and retired.

Albrecht of Brandenburg

-because of the political and ecclesiastical affairs, Albrecht purchased a dispensation to obtain the archbishopric of Mainz and to get the money they borrowed from the Fugger banking firm in Augsburg. -they were given the right to sell the indulgences with half the proceeds going to the Fuggers to pay off the debt

Tomas More

As a Lord Chancellor of England, More was interested in classical learning, and all things spiritual or intellectual. -friend of Erasmus -Made translations in Greek and wrote in Latin -spent many hours in prayer and devotionals -Praised his household as a shinning model of Christian Family life

95 Theses

Because Luther was distressed by misuse of the sale of the indulgences , he issued these (a list of the abuses in the sale of the indulgences) and nailed them to a church door.

Discuss the chief ideas of Calvinism and show how they were similar to the ideas of Lutheranism. How did they vary from the idea of Lutheranism? Why did Calvinism become the major international form of Protestantism?

Calvin was so convinced of the inner guidance of god and the power grace and glory of god while Luther tried to example how humans achieve salvation. Calvin also believed in predestination while Luther thought that it was god's decision to give salvation and that it is not reserved. Calvinism became the major international form of Protestantism because "the Institutes of the Christian Religion" secured Calvin a reputation of an automatic new leader. Also, Calvin eventually agreed with other reformers within the protestant church.

Act of Sumpremacy

Declared that the King was taken, accepted and reputed only supreme head on earth of the Church of England

What role did politics play in the establishment of Lutheranism? Use examples from Germany and Scandinavia.

From the sale of indulgences, which was purely created to make money within politics, Luther began to disprove political decisions. Once Johann Eck forced Luther to deny the authority of popes and councils, the relationship between church and state is revealed. When Luther was at the University of Wittenberg, 16,000 students spread his teachings. Gustavus Vasa, the King took the lead in establishing a Lutheran Reformation also.

Colloquy at Regensburg

In 1541 a Colloquy had been held in a final attempt to settle religious division peacefully.

What was Luther's fundamental religious problem? How did Luther's religious ideas differ from those of Catholicism?

Luther saw the church saying that "one must earn salvation through good works" but he saw human beings, weak and powerless compared to an almighty god, as incapable of receiving salvation. Luther doubted the fact that salvation is given because he believed that the grace of god that bestows salvation freely through the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross and that god can choose to give it to certain individuals.

What were the contributions of the papacy, Council of Trent, and the Jesuits to the revival of Catholicism?

Paul III continued papal practices by appointing his nephews as cardinals, involving himself and patronizing the arts extravagantly. The council of Trent met to overcome authoritative struggles and made compromises regarding catholic doctrine as well as reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings. The Jesuits worked to renew education and defend the Catholic church. Fro example, the propagation of the Catholic faith among the non-Christians.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Published in 1536, John Calvin wrote this "masterful synthesis" of protestant thought, a manual for organization and a work that brought him recognition above all other Protestant Reformers

Jesuits

Society of Jesus, chief instrument in the Catholic Reformation

What were the sources of disconnect among the catholic clergy on the eve of the reformation? What were the manifestations of popular religious piety on the eve of Reformation?

Some of the sources included finances which led to a growing division within the clergy. The practice of pluralism and absenteeism also caused officials to become less determined to fulfill their leadership roles within the clergy. Manifestations of popular religious piety included the mechanical view of the process of salvation as well as the quest for a tranquil spirituality.

How did the English Reformation differ from the reformation in other countries? Be sure to mention specific monarchs and acts of Parliament.

The English Reformation was centered around governmental power rather than theological conflicts. The English were unhappy with the taxation and justice from the papal authority. The act of Supremacy and treason perfectly exemplify some of the things that the authority used to restrict the English reformers. Mary's desire to stop the protestant reformation also serves as an example to overpowering opinions and ideas of authority.

What impact did reformation doctrines have on the family, education, and popular religious practices?

The Reformation brought some change on the importance of family and positive relationships within one's family. Protestantism had eliminated any idea of special holiness for celibacy also. That all women have the responsibility to bear children and feed and nurture them and also to be the controller of religion in the home. Protestant reformers were able to broaden the base of those being educated. Reformers urged cities and villages to create public schools.

Northern Humanism

The belief that humans had the ability to improve themselves through education and instill a true inner religious feeling that would bring about a reform of the church and society. -supported schools -new editions of the classics, the bible and writings of the church fathers -often noble leaders -simplified religion

What was Christian Humanism and how did it help prepare the way for the Protestant Reformation? Did Erasmus' works pave the way for Luther's break with Rome and Catholicism? How?

The belief that humans had the ability to improve themselves through education and instill a true inner religious feeling that would bring about a reform of the church and society. Humanists believed that humans were capable of reforming so the religious and intellectual aspects of the reformation were already mastered, leading into the political view. Yes. Erasmus revealed that one should believe in the simplicity of the church and that one can receive direction for daily life. Erasmus emphasizes the importance of inner guidance from god and that can lead Luther to wonder if god really chooses to give salvation.

Peace of Augsburg

The end to religious warfare in 1555, a victory for the German princes

Cardinal Wolsey

The highest ranking English Official and lord Chancellor to the King but failed to speed up the process of annulment, so, therefore, he was dismissed.

Act of Treason

This made it punishable by death to deny that the king was the supreme head of the church

Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants

Written by Martin Luther, in this pamphlet, he accuses the peasants of sinning, breaking gods obedience, lying and setting themselves against higher powers

Utopia

Written by Tomas More in 1516, Utopia is an account of idealistic life and institutions of Utopia. Based on communal ownership, he creates a community of equality and rewards without competition and greed. "an orderly world where social relations, recreation, and even travel were carefully controlled for the moral welfare of society and it's members"

Edict of Worms

a decree issued by Charles V banning the writings of Martin Luther and labeling him a heretic and enemy of the state

Diet of Worms

a formal deliberative assembly of the whole Empire held in Worms. Most memorable for addressing Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation.

Consistory

with 5 pastors and 12 elders, this functioned as a court to oversee the moral life, daily behavior and doctrinal orthodoxy of Genevans