Chapter 13 APUSH The Rise of Mass Democracy

William Henry Harrison

"Old Tippecanoe," who was portrayed by Whig propagandists as a hard-drinking common man of the frontier.

David Crocket

A frontier hero, Tennessee Congressman, and teller of tall tales who died in the Texas War for Independence.

John Quincy Adams

Aloof New England statesman whose elitism made him an unpopular leader in the new era of mass democracy.

Whig party

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government.

Cherokee and Creeks

Any two of the southeastern Indian peoples who were removed to Oklahoma.

The Panic of 1837

Caused widespread human suffering and virtually guaranteed Martin Van Buren's defeat in 1840.

Sequoyah

Cherokee leader who devised an alphabet for his people.

Corrupt bargain

Contemptuous Jacksonian term for the alleged political deal by which Clay threw his support to Adams in exchange for a high cabinate office.

John C. Calhoun

Former vice president, leader of South Carolina nullifiers, and bitter enemy of Andrew Jackson.

Sam Houston

Frontier Tennessee governor whose victory at San Jacinto in 1836 won Texas its independence.

Black Hawk

Illinois-Wisconsin area Sauk leader who was defeated by American regulars and militia in 1832.

Henry Clay

Jackson's rival for the presidency in 1832, who failed to save the bank of the United States.

Santa Anna

Mexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat the Texans.

Conventions

New, circus-like method of nominating presidential candidates that involved wider participation but usually left effective control in the hands of the party bosses.

Secretary of State

Office to which President Adams appointed Henry Clay.

Stephen Austin

Original leader of American settlers in Texas who obtained a huge land grant from the Mexican government.

Whigs

Political party that favored a more activist government, high tariffs, internal improvements, and moral reforms.

Democrats

Political party that generally stressed individual liberty, the rights of the common people, and hostility of privilege.

Log cabin and apple cider

Popular symbols of the bogus but effective campaign the Whigs used to elect "poor-boy" William Henry Harrison in 1840.

Evangelicals

Religious believers, originally attracted to the Anti-Masonic party and then to the Whigs, who sought to use political power for moral and religious reform.

Masons

Ritualistic secret societies that became the target of a momentarily powerful third party in 1832.

Tariff of Abominations

Scornful southern term for the high Tariff of 1828.

Osceola

Seminole leader whose warriors killed fifteen hundred American soldiers in years of guerrilla warfare.

Anti-Masonic party

Small, short-lived third political party that originated a new method of nominating presidential candidates in the election campaign of 1831-1832.

True

T/F: A primary source or tension between settlers of Texas and the Mexican government was Mexico's prohibition of slave importation.

False

T/F: Henry Clay disproved the charge of a "corrupt bargain" between himself and President Adams by refusing to accept any favors from the administration.

False

T/F: In his personal lifestyle as well as his policies, Andrew Jackson epitomized the hard working frontiersmen in contrast to the wealthy Adams and his supporters.

True

T/F: Jackson used his veto of the bill to recharter the Bank of the United States to politically mobilize the common people of the West against the financial elite of the East.

True

T/F: Jackson's victory in 1828 represented the triumph of the West and the common people over the older elitist political system.

True

T/F: One consequence of the spoils system was the building of powerful political machines based on jobs and patronage for political supporters.

False

T/F: Opposition to the "Tariff of Abominations" was equally strong in New England and the South.

True

T/F: President Adams attempted to uphold strong nationalistic principles in a time of growing support for sectionalism and states' rights.

True

T/F: South Carolina's fierce opposition to the tariff reflected anxiety that enhanced federal power might be turned against the institution of slavery.

True

T/F: The Jacksonians put into practice their belief that ordinary citizens were capable of holding almost any public office without particular qualifications.

False

T/F: The Whig party was based on a unified ideology of support for states' rights and national expansion into the West.

False

T/F: The electoral campaign of 1828 was notable for its focus on the issues of the tariff and democracy rather than on personalities and mudslinging

True

T/F: The last election based on the old elitist political system was the four-way presidential campaign of 1824 involving Jackson, Clay, Crawford, and John Quincy Adams.

True

T/F: When the Supreme Court attempted to uphold southeastern Indian's rights, Jackson defied the Supreme Court's rulings and ordered them removed to Oklahoma.

False

T/F: William Henry Harrison's authentic background as an ordinary frontiersman born in a log cabin enabled Whigs to appeal to the common man in the campaign of 1840.

Nicholas Biddle

Talented but high-handed bank president who fought a bitter losing battle with the president of the United States.

Bank of the United States

The "moneyed monster" that Clay tried to preserve and that Jackson killed with his veto in 1832.

Martin Van Buren

The "wizard of Albany," whose economically troubled presidency was served in the shadow of Jackson.

Mexico

The nation from which Texas won its independence in 1836.

Spoils system

The popular idea that public offices should be handed out on the basis of political support rather than special qualifications.

Trail of Tears

The sorrowful path along which thousands of southeastern Indians were removed to Oklahoma.

Nulification

Theory prompted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they objected.