Chapter 13- Geography (Earth Science)

A slope is stable if its strength exceeds the weathering and erosion process.

True

The pressure-release jointing is a physical weathering process that does not involved water

True

In which climates would rock be weathered to the greatest depth?

hot and wet

In most areas, the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken-up rock called

regolith

Human-induced mass movements produce a category of processes known as

scarification

A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called

soil creep

List two forms of landslides ______________ and ____________

translational; rotational

Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is

water

All processes that caused reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term of

weathering

The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called

weathering

The sciece that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is

geomorphology

The salt crystal growth is primarily found in arid environment

True

the angle of repose depends on the size and texture of the grains

True

Landslides occur when

-a threshold is reached -the internal friction is overcome by the force of gravity -driving forces exceed resisting forces

The form that landscape exhibits results from a balance between

-forces acting on the landscape -endogenic and exogenic processes -input and output of matter and energy

Which of the following can lead to hillslope failure

-making a road cut in the side of a hill -increasing the slope angle -excessively watering a slope

the rate at which rocks weather depends on

-the climate of an area -the type of rock -the amount of vegetation in an area

Physical weathering dominates in warm and wet climates.

False

___________ threshold is the point at which there is enough energy to overcome resistance against movements.

Geomorphic

Which of the following is true joints?

Joints enable more water to move through the ground; joints enhance the rate of weathering

Movement at the geomorphic threshold signals

a conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy

A landslide differs from a debris avalanche in that

a landslide moves more slowly than a debris avalanche

After a threshold is crossed, the landscape

adjust to a new equilibrium condition

the steepness of a slope made of loose material is called

angle of repose

Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of

higher mean annual rainfall and temperature

On which part of a slope would rock tend to fall at highest speed?

free face

List three forms of physical weathering:

frost action; salt crystal; pressure release

Which of the following is true of spheroidal weathering?

it attacks the corners and edges of rocks

An example of chemical weathering is

karst topography

In reality, a landscape behaves as a (an) __________ system.

opened

Exfoliation occurs because

overlaying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand and fracture

When rock is broken disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is

physical weathering

Uplift of the landscape creates _________ energy which is converted _____ energy when material begin to move downslope.

potential; kinetic

The dynamic equilibrium model refers to

a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation by weathering and erosion in a given landscape