Chapter 13 - Herbs, Spices, and Perfumes
Wife or slave
100 vanilla beans
Ginger Street
14 to 17 century many spice dealers located on
Vanilla
1762 German aphrodisiac
Ginger
1775 part of American Revolutionaries' food rations
Saffron
30 AD cataract, poison treatment
104.5 lbs dried clove buds
454.5 lbs of picked flowers of cloves
Pepper
5500 lbs demanded as ransom for Rome by Alaric in 408
Clove
A nail
Ebers Papyrus
Ancient Egyptian medical scroll
Embalming
Ancient Egyptians used cinnamon for
myrrh, cinnamon, cassis ointment
Ancient Greece, megleion
Mustard
Ancient Mediterranean spice
Incense, perfumes, cosmetics, medicinally
Ancient civilizations (Ancient Rome) used essential oils in
Rhodes
Annoint brides with cinnamon oil
Spice
Aromatic & pungent vegetable, tropical origin
Herbs
Aromatic plant, temperate origin
Spice
Assortment of dried barks, roots, seeds, fruits, and flower parts that provide us with pungent essential oils, from tropical areas
Vanilla
Aztecs harvested, fermented, and dried it
Vanilla
Aztecs used it to flavor chocolate drinks, in perfumes, medicines
Cinnamon quills
Bark of new shoots
Juniper
Burned in Tibetan temple
Cloves
Chinese'Japanese used as incense
Kwai
Cinnamon in Shen Nung's herb book
Cassia
Cinnamon outer bark
Procyanidins
Cinnamon, lower blood glucose and can aid in treating diabetes
Vanilla
Climbing vine anchored in soil
Ginger
Confucius wrote about it
Ginger uses
Cooking, beer, oil in men's cologne, shaving lotion, may diminish post-workout muscle pain
Saffron uses
Cooking, dye, perfume
Lavender uses
Cooking, fragrance
Nutmeg uses
Cooking, incense, perfume, medicinal (anti-plaque)
Turmeric uses
Curry, mustard, dye, Cosmetics, medicinal (Alzheimer's, depression)
Ginger
Described by Dioscorides as a poison antidote
Ebers Papyrus
Described medical uses of plants, herbs, and spices
Red pepper
Dried ripe
Green pepper
Dried unripe
Clove
During Han Dynasty, before meeting the emperor you would be required to suck on it
Saffron
Exception to spices being woody
Allspice
Flavors of nutmeg, clove, cinnamon
Allspice uses
Food, drink, spice (Benedictine, ketchup); medicinal (rheumatism); perfumes; cosmetics
Arab Traders
Founded a spice, herb empire that lasted until the 16C
Allicin
Garlic, cures for upset stomachs because they relax gastrointestinal muscles, inhibits growth of cancer cells
Lavender
Greeks, Romans used it to scent baths
En gros - wholesale
Grocery derived from
Nutmeg
Has been used erroneously to induce abortions
Thyme oil
Has some antiseptic and fungicidal properties
Rosemary, sage
Help prevent memory loss
Cinnamon
Helps control blood sugar, pre type-2 diabetes, Mellitus
Mustard
Hippocrates used medicinally
Roman Warehouses
Horea piperatoria
Vanilla
In 1602 pharmacists used it in candy
Ogun jedi-jedi
Infusion for vomiting from Yorubas (West Africa)
Capsicum peppers
Integral ingredients of curry powders
Clove cigarettes
Kretek
Flowers
Lavender oils is made out of which plant part
Dutch east india co
Limited clove cultivation, outlawed seeds export, destroyed clove farms, cause Amboina Massacre
Aril of fruit
Mace
Dill, coriander, caraway, cumin
Main exceptions to the notion that herbs come from leaves
Allspice
Mayan spice
Coughing, diarrhea, nausea, common cold
Medicinal cinnamon uses
Pepper assets
Middle ages money
Labiatae (Lamiaceae)
Mint, rosemary, sage, thyme
Spice trader
Mohammed's (spiritual leader of Arabs) occupation as a young man
Essential oils
Most common in leaves, flowers, fruits
Annato, achiote
Mostly used as dyes
Cassia
Much coarser product than most true cinnamon
Brassicaceae
Mustard, horseradish
Herb
Nonwoody plant, from temperate regions
Mustard
Northern European luxury
Seed of fruit
Nutmeg
Book of Exodus
Oil consecrating Aaron & sons into priesthood
Myrrh, cinnamon, calamus, cassia, olive oil
Oil consecrating Aaron & sons into priesthood
Vanilla
Outside native area needs hand pollination because no bee
Apiaceae
Parsley, chervil, dill, cilantro, anise, caraway, celery, cumin, coriander, fennel
RX diarrhea
Pepper in TCM
Capsaicin
Peppers, beneficial effects on the heart and has the ability to suppress pain
Saffron
Phoenicians spent wedding night on sheets colored in it
Spice Island clove monopoly
Portuguese established this in 1512
Spice herb empire
Protected by wild stories; hiding sources, routes
Essential oils
Provide scents of aromatic plants
Ginger
Reached Rome in clay jars
Pepper sacks
Rich German men
White pepper
Ripe fruit placed in running water for 1-2 weeks and remaining endocarp dried
Horea piperatoria
Roman Warehouses
Piety
Saffron-colored Buddhist monk robes
Epazote
Said to reduce problems of intestinal gas that beans can generate
Mustard uses
Spice; medicinal (scorpion bites); plasters
Pepper
Symbol of power
Saffron
Symbol of status of Greek kings
Rosemary
Symbolizes remembrance
Capasicin
The compound in some red peppers that causes a burning sensation
Saffron
The most costly of all herbs and spices
Base
These notes anchor the fragrance and can linger for days
Middle, heart
These notes are heavier molecules that can last hours, tend to be floral, fruity, or spicy
Top, head
These notes are lighter in chemical structure and are the first to hit the nose and the first to fade
Nutmeg
Toxic in large doses and produces hallucinations in intermediate doses
Megleion
Treats skin inflammations, battle wounds
Inner bark
True cinnamon
Curcumin
Turmeric, low incidence of colon, head, and neck cancers
Cloves
Unopened flower buds dried in Sun
Clove oil
Used as a source of eugenol for the perfume and soap industries
Mint
Used as digestive aid
Pepper
Used as digestive, purgative, during Middle Ages
Cumin, anise, cinnamon, marjoram
Used by Egyptians to embalm corpses
Nutmeg
Used during Middle Ages to spice beer
Herbs, spices
Used in Ancient Orient to flavor food, drink, incense, embalming, ointments, perfumes, cosmetics, medicines, magic
Cinnamon
Used in food and drinks
Cloves
Used in ketchup, digestive, toothache
Pepper
Used to hide taste
Elongate fruits - beans
Vanilla pods
Mustard
Vasco de Gama takes a barrel of it as he searches for India
Sage
Was the one most commonly used in medicine from Classical Greek times through the Middle Ages
Lavender
Welsh used blossoms to bewilder witches
Black pepper
Whole, unripe fruit (drupe) picked green and dried to ferment
Queen Matshepsut
expedition to Yemen seeks cinnamon