Chapter 13: Human Intelligence

Speed of simultaneous processing

People's ability to divide their attention (perform math task and listen for a tone)

General

similar to Spearman g

Carroll-three strata:

specific, broad, general

Specific

spelling ability, speed of reasoning, etc

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

used in dancing, playing basketball, running a mile, or throwing a javelin

spatial intelligence

used in getting from one place to another, in reading a map, an in packing suitcases in the trunk of a car so that they all fit into a compact space

Linguistic intelligence

used in reading a book; writing a paper, a novel, or a poem; and understanding spoken words

interpersonal intelligence

used in relating to other people, such as when we try to understand another persons behavior, motives or emotions

musical intelligence

used in singing a song, composing a sonata, playing a trumpet, or even appreciating the structure of a piece of music

logical-matmatical intelligence

used in solving math problems, in balancing a checkbook, in solving a mathematical proof, and in logical reasoning

intrapersonal intelligence

used in understanding ourselves- the basis for understanding who we are, wehat makes us tick, and how we can change ourselves, given our existing constraints on our abilities and out interests

naturalist intelligence

used in understanding patterns in nature

Artificial intelligence

Intelligence in symbol-processing systems such as computers

Galton (1822-1911)

Intelligence is a function of psychophysical abilities

Stern (1912)

Intelligence quotient (IQ): a ratio of mental age (MA) divided by chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100

Information Processing and Intelligence

Theorists study how people mentally manipulate what they learn and know about the world

Spearman

invented factor analysis

Culture-relevant tests

measure skills and knowledge that relate to the cultural experiences of test-takers

Metacognitiion

our understanding and control of our own thinking processes

Sternberg; the triarchic theory

practical, creative, analytical

Vernon

practical-mechanical and verbal-educational

Intelligence—two kinds of factors (spearman)

-"g", or general factor, believed to be the key to understanding intelligence -Specific factors with narrow applicability

Intelligence serves three functions in real-world

-Adapting ourselves to our existing environments -Shaping our existing environments to create new environments -Selecting new environments

An integrative approach

-Breadth of declarative knowledge -Breadth of procedural skills -Capacity of working memory -Speed of processing

Componential analysis

-Breaks down people's reaction times and error rates (Example: lawyer: client::doctor: (patient or medicine) -Encode terms of the problem -Infer relations among at least some of the terms and map the inferred relations to other terms -Apply previously inferred relations to new situtations

Early childhood factors

-Emotional and verbal responsivity caregiver -Caregiver's involvement with the child -Avoidance of restriction and punishment -Organization of the physical environment and activity schedule -Provision of appropriate play materials -Opportunities for variety in daily stimulation

-Cattell-fluid and crystallized intelligence

-Fluid: speed and accuracy of abstract thinking -Crystallized: accumulated knowledge and vocab

Wechsler scales

-Historically, had verbal, performance, and overall scores -Now follows theorizing in cognitive psychology ~Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed

Binet (1857-1911)

-Judgment is the key to intelligence -Intelligent thought ~Direction ~Adaptation ~Criticism

Three components of information processing:

-Metacomponents -Performance components -Knowledge-acquisition components

Eight signs for detecting discrete intelligences

-Potential isolation by brain damage -Exceptional individuals -Core operation -Novice to master -Evolutionary history -Cognitive-experimental research -Evidence from psychometric tests -Susceptibility to encoding in a symbol system

Six factors in conceptions of wisdom

-Reasoning ability, -Sagacity (shrewdness) -Learning from ideas and from the environment -Judgment -Expeditious use of information -Perspicacity

Lexical-access speed

-Speed with which we can retrieve information about words stored in LTM -Measures with letter matching, reaction time task -AA, Aa, Ab -Match in name? Match physically? Difference between these two matches in terms of speed for each task indicates measure of lexical access speed

Core intelligence consists of seven factors (Thurstone)

-Verbal comprehension -Verbal fluency -Inductive reasoning -Spatial visualization -Number -Memory -Perceptual speed

Emotional intelligence

"The ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in the self and others"

Cultural intelligence

A person's ability to adapt to a variety of challenges in diverse cultures

Contextualism

Intelligence understood in real-world context

Components

Mental processes used in performing tasks on conventional intelligence tests

Critical component to intelligence

The ability to store and manipulate information in working memory may be an important aspect of intelligence

Social intelligence

The ability to understand and interact with other people

Intelligence

The capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment

Choice reaction time

The time it takes to select one answer from among several possibilities

Alan Turning (1963)

devised a test to determine whether an observer can distinguish the performance of a computer from that of a human

Culture-fair tests

equally appropriate and fair for members of all cultures

Broad

fluid and crystallized, learning and memory processes, visual perception, auditory perception