Chapter 13 IDs

25. millenarianism

the belief that the end of the world is at hand and the kingdom of God is about to be established on earth.

8. Martin Luther

(1483-1546) a German monk who, in 1517, took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg; he believed that people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them; his actions began the Reformation. German theologian and leader of the Reformation. His opposition to the wealth and corruption of the papacy and his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather than by works caused his excommunication from the Catholic Church (1521). Luther confirmed the Augsburg Confession in 1530, effectively establishing the Lutheran Church.

22. Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531) Swiss humanist, priest and disciple of Erasmus. Founded the reform church in Switzerland. Much like Luther's but differed over nature of Communion. Believed it to be purely a symbolic act - commemorating the last supper and Christ's sacrifice for mankind. Luther, on the other hand, believed there was a spiritual presence in the bread and wine at the time of communion. This difference became apparent at the time of the Marburg Colloquy in 1529. Zwingli tried to simplify the Christian belief and practice even more than Luther. Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.

28. Act of Supremacy

(1534) Proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the Pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of the king.

30. Edward VI and "Bloody Mary"

(1547-1553) the only son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisers Cromwell and Cranmer. His short reign was dominated by nobles using the Regency to strengthen their own positions. The King's Council, previously dominated by Henry, succumbed to existing factionalism. On Henry's death, Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford and soon to be Duke of Somerset, the new King's eldest uncle, became Protector. She was the oldest daughter of Henry VIII. She was the Queen of England from 1553-1558. She was known for her ruthless, deadly suppression of the Anglicanism in attempting to re-Catholicize England. She married Spain's Philip II.

44. Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes

(1589-1610) - Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Survived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying "Paris is worth a mass." Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness. First Bourbon king of France, ruled 1589-1610, and converted to Catholicism from Calvinism to bring peace after the French Civil War. He passed the Edict of Nantes and was also assassinated in 1610. The Edict of Nantes was signed in 1598 and it granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants.

20. Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany. 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler between Lutheranism and Catholicism.

18. Pope Clement VII

A Medici pope who refused to grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; his indecisiveness in choosing alliances led to the Sack of Rome by Charles V and made his papacy dependent upon HRE.

37. Saint Teresa of Avila

A Spanish mystic and nun of Carmelite order who had mystic visions that she claimed resulted in ecstatic union of her with God. She founded a contemplative order called the Discalced Carmelites. Known as the "doctor of prayer."

5. Thomas Kempis' Imitation of Christ

A member of the Common Life Movement that valued a monastic style life and spirituality without the lifelong commitment, He wrote an influential and popular book called the Imitation of Christ that expounded in a very readable and applicable way what a life of devotion to Jesus Christ entails. Book by Thomas a Kempis. In it, he summarized the philosophy of the Brothers. It was also a semi mystical guide to the inner life intended for monks and nuns but it was also read by laity who wanted to pursue the life of a faithful Christian, not ritualistic salvation.

1. Christian Humanism

Also known as Northern Humanism. Outside of Italy, Renaissance focused on religious matters through the study of writings of the early Christian church, rather than those of secular authors of Rome and Greece. Centered in the North Christian Humanism impacted the Low Countries, Germany and England. Concerned more with providing guidance on personal behavior rather than liberating the individual. Emphasis on education and need for church reform. Many Christian Humanists were not clergymen but most of the church had been trained as Christian Humanists. Christian Humanism, with its emphasis on toleration and education, faded due to increasing passions of the Reformation after 1530. Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More are examples of Christian Humanists.

43. Huguenots and Saint Bartholomew's Day

Any of the Protestants (French Calvinists in France in the 16th and 17th centuries, many of whom suffered severe persecution for their faith. The Edict of Nantes (1598) granted them tolerance in France and ended the French civil wars of religion. Saint Bartholomew's Day was a Catholic attack on Huguenots in Paris. On August 24, 1672 Huguenot leaders from all over France came to celebrate the wedding of Henry and Margaret, but were instead slaughtered by Guise and their supporters. Ordered by King Charles IX. It began the war of the 3 Henrys (Henry of Navarre, Henry Duke of Guise, and the King of France Henry III)

46. the Battle of Lepanto

Battle where the Catholic fleet under Charles V defeated the Turkish (Muslim) navy, freeing the Mediterranean from Ottoman control in a stunning victory.

2. Desiderius Erasmus's The Praise of Folly

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote The Praise of Folly, worked for Frobein and translated the New Testament from Greek to Latin(1466-1536). (1509) This was a work of Desiderius Erasmus, it was one of the first best sellers. Suggest that a little folly is essential to human existence. Had gay, light hearted banter as well as sharp satirical attacks against the monks, the pope, meaningless ceremonies, and the lapses from the true Christian spirit.

40. Francis Xavier

Early Jesuit missionary often called the Apostle to the Indies. He was an associate of St Ignatius of Loyola, with whom he took the vow of founding the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). From 1541 he traveled through India, Japan, and the East Indies making many converts.

12. Ninety

Five Theses- The Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, known as the 95 Theses (October 31, 1517) challenged the teachings of the Church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences. They sparked a theological debate that would result in the Reformation and the birth of the Lutheran, Reformed, an Anabaptist traditions within Christianity. The 95 Theses largely focused on the selling of indulgences.

11. Johann Tetzel and indulgences

Hawked the indulgences in Germany-slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"- enemy of Luther

27. Henry VIII's wives

He had a total of six wives throughout his lifetime. Catherine of Aragon (divorced, mother of Mary I), Anne Boleyn (executed, mother of Elizabeth I), Jane Seymour (died days after giving birth to Edward VI), Anne of Cleves (divorced), Catherine Howard (executed), and Catherine Parr (widowed).

3. Thomas More's Utopia

He was an English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society. English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded. It's is a work that presents a revolutionary view of society and describes an ideal socialistic community on an island somewhere off the mainland of the New World. He created the name Utopia as a good place which is no place.

38. Ignatius Loyola

He was the principal founder and first Superior General of the Society of Jesus, a religious order of the Catholic Church professing direct service to the Pope in terms of mission. Members of the order were called Jesuits. He was very active in fighting the Protestant Reformation and promoting the subsequent Counter Reformation, He advocated rigorous self-discipline and complete submission to authority of Catholic Church, inspired by Christian classics, was the creator of "Spiritual Exercises" (believed person create new religious self with discipline and studying and regular practice), and his goal was to teach Catholics to refer to higher religious authority and spiritual direction.

17. Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents (Habsburgs), he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He was preoccupied with struggles with France (Habsburg-Valois War over territory) and Pope Clement VII, fearful of Charles' power, allied with France. Charles V's forces went crazy and sacked Rome, making Pope Clement submit to Charles. Ottoman Turks were advancing east, and established control over much of the Balkans under Suleiman the Magnificent. They advanced as far as Vienna, but were finally turned back. Charles demanded German states return to Catholicism, and to prevent this, Lutheran states formed Schmalkaldic League. These distractions meant Charles could not solely focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany. By the time he got around to that problem, Protestantism was organized, and the Schmalkaldic Wars began, where the Lutheran states allied with the French King and ultimately exhausted Charles. Peace of Augsburg ended German religious warfare in 1555.

49. Union of Utrecht

In 1579 the seven Northern Dutch provinces allied against Spain and it was led by William of Orange (the Silent)

6. Oratory of Divine Love

Informal group of clergy and laymen who worked to foster reform by emphasizing personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity. It was founded by Catherine of Geno.

51. Spanish Armada

It was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

34. Protestant education

It was education that employed humanist methods but was aimed at a wider audience (not just nobles); mainly because Protestantism needed believers who could read the Bible

42. Council of Trent

It was held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils. It was prompted by the Protestant Reformation. There were three sessions to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers. It was called by Pope Paul III. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. This council also redefined the Roman Catholic Church doctrine and strengthened papacy. Pope Paul III , the catholic bishops , and cardinals agreed on: the church's interpretation of the bible is final anything else is a heresy, faith and good works are needed for salvation, the bible and church tradition are equal, indulgences are acceptable, and all sacraments stand.

41. Pope Paul III

Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent. He was the most important Pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism. He sought to improve church disciple through existing doctrine, rather than making new ones.

29. Book of Common Prayer

King Edward VI published the official prayer book used by the Anglican Church called the Book of Common Prayer. Included order of services for the Church of England. It was written by Thomas Cranmer and later modified by Elizabeth.

23. Marburg Colloquy

Landgrave Philip of Hesse hoped to unite Swiss and German Protestants in a mutual defense pact, a significant political alliance; his efforts were spoiled by Zwingli and Luther's disagreement on Christ's presence within the Eucharist; After both Protestant leaders were brought together at Marburg and disagreed, the Protestant movement splintered theologically and politically. The debate between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli held in A.D. 1529. Zwingli and Luther did not resolve their differences, but Zwingli convinced Luther to see that reconciliation with the Catholic Church was not really possible.

26. Menno Simons

Leader who rejuvenated Dutch Anabaptism in the 1500's. He did this in the Netherlands and Germany. He spread ideas of peaceful, evangelical Anabaptism that stressed separation from the world. Mennonites were his followers and spread from Netherlands into America and Canada where they found religious freedom. Best known work was "The foundation of Christian Doctrine" written in 1539.

13. the Edict of Worms

Luther didn't recant his doctrines before the Reichstag. Charles V made this proclamation that outlawed, burned his works, & ordered his capture. Luther escaped with the help of his local prince.

47. the New World

Mainly North and South America. These were the lands which European Kings would conquer to gain more power. This is where King Phillip II held territory.

16. the Protestant minister and family

Martin Luther married Katherina con Bora providing a model of married and family life for the new Protestant minister. Protestantism had eliminated any ideas of special holiness for celibacy, abolishing both monasticism and a celibate clergy, the family could be placed at the center of human life, and a new stress on "mutual love between man and wife" could be extolled. Obedience to her husband was not a wife's only role; her other important duty was to bear children. To Calvin and Luther, this function of women was part of the divine plan. God punished women for the sins of Eve. Although the Protestant reformers sanctified the role of woman as mother and wife, Protestantism left few alternatives for women. For most Protestant women, family life was their only destiny. At the same time, by emphasizing the father as the "ruler" and hence the center of household religion, Protestantism even removed the woman from her traditional role as controller of religion in her home.

39. Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important role in the Catholic Reformation and helped spread Catholicism to non-Christians, fought Protestantism, pledged total allegiance to the Pope, and were like a military operation.

19. Suleiman the Magnificent

Most powerful sultan (of the Ottoman Empire), captured Charles V's attention while Luther gained support. He advanced far into Eastern Europe and North Africa.

21. Gustavus Vasa

Overthrows Christian II of Denmark to become king in 1523. He was the King of Sweden form 1523 until 1560, when he died. He established Lutheranism as the religion of Sweden in the 1530s. The King wished to appoint a new Archbishop, one that he could appoint as he had exiled the last one, but the Pope refused. Gustavus used Sweden's geography to his advantage and did what he wanted anyways, and the Pope lost all control over the Church in Sweden.

4. pluralism and absenteeism

Pluralism is a clerical practice of holding more than one church benefice (or office) at the same time and enjoying the income from each. Absenteeism is the practice of regularly staying away, clerics often avoided their jobs before the Reformation, and clerics paid a poorer priest a fraction of his collected earnings to cover the responsibilities.

9. salvation by faith

Primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation. Luther believed that humans were not saved by their good works, but through faith.

35. Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

50. Elizabeth

She inherited the throne from Queen Mary. She helped England become the Protestant leader of Europe. Her religious policies were based on moderation and compromise. Religious settlement between Lutheranism and Calvinism, a moderate Protestantism that avoided extremes. She avoided war, but supported French Huguenots and Dutch Protestants to weaken France and Spain. She was drawn into involvement with Netherlands which worsened tension between Spain and England, and helped convince Philip II to invade England.

36. Catholic Reformation

Sixteenth-century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism. It was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits. Catholic revival beginning with Council of Trent (1545-1563). Reforms included: foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ.

7. the sacraments

The Council of Trent in the 1500s; essential to the Roman Catholic faith. They are: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance (Reconciliation), Anointing of the Sick ("Extreme Unction" or "Last Rites"), Holy Orders, and Matrimony. Points of argument between Catholic and Protestant faiths.

31. John Calvin

The French theologian was the leading French Protestant Reformer and very important to the second generation of the Christian Reformation. He deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinist form of Protestantism has had a great impact on the development of the modern world, and included the Huguenots. John Calvin was responsible for founding Calvinism, which was reformed Catholicism. He wrote about it in "Institutes of a Christian Religion" published in 1536. He believed God was all knowing and everyone was predestined for heaven or hell. He preached in Paris before he was driven out and he was influenced by Luther.

33. Geneva

This was the city in which Calvinism was the official religion: government was a theocracy and it became a vibrant center for Protestantism. In addition, a great importance was put on religious living. Citizen's lives were regulated strictly and certain actions could lead to severe punishments.

48. the Netherlands

The Netherlands were the wealthiest part of Philip's empire. It was a collection of 17 unorganized states, some influenced by Germany and others influenced by France. They were also influenced by Lutheranism, Anabaptism, and Calvinism. It had no political bond except common ruler, Philip, who was foreign and out of touch. Philip II further angered Netherlands by attempting to strengthen his control (opposed by nobles, towns, and provinces), using Netherlands tax money for Spanish causes, and attempting to crush Calvinism. This just helped the revolution become more organized under William of Orange. William of Orange wanted to unify the 17 states, and temporarily did so under the Pacification of Ghent (stand united under William, respect religious differences, demand withdrawal of Spanish troops ) William of Orange organized 7 northern provinces into Protestant "Union of Utrecht" who opposed Spanish rule. War dragged on until 1609, when truce ended war and recognized independence of northern "United Provinces", which became the Dutch Republic.

15. transubstantiation

The Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist. This is disputed by Protestants.

14. the Peasants' War, 1524

The causes of this war were that the peasants hadn't been helped by the economic improvement and the Lord's continued to suppress them. Also, the peasants began to look towards Luther for help. The results of this war were that the princes in Germany ruthlessly suppressed the rebels. Luther's movement is dependent on the state. A rebellion against the German Princes of the 1500's took place and the peasants claimed that the German Nobles had levied unfair taxes and duties on them. They cited Luther and his burgeoning movement. Luther didn't agree. He was adverse to anything that disrupted the order of the law.

32. predestination

The doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand. God has already decided who would be saved and who would be doomed. This made Calvin's followers militant in their faith, because they thought that no matter what they did on Earth they were predestined to be saved.

45. Philip II

The son of Charles V was born and educated in Spain. He ruled Spain until his death in 1598. Spain's financial problems grew as he pursued his leadership position as head of the Counter Reformation. He wanted to unify his lands by making them follow strict Catholicism. He lost the Netherlands to rebellion, and sent the Spanish Armada against England in 1588, but that ended in a disaster. He stopped Turks at Battle of Lepanto.

24. Anabaptists, Munster

The teachings (adult baptism, separation of church and state) of the Anabaptists spread into southern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Seen by both Catholics and Lutherans as a threat, the Anabaptists were virtually stamped out in Germany. Some of the survivors went to Münster and proclaimed it the New Jerusalem. As they became radical millenarianist and captured the city (John of Leiden), Lutherans and Catholics increasingly became distrustful and a coalition recaptured the city in 1535. Not only were the Anabaptists exterminated here but also tens of thousands were killed in Germany and the Low Countries.

10. priesthood of all believers

all members of the Protestant faith were considered priests. This belief came from the Bible, which states that all who spread the word of God are priests. Common to many forms of Protestantism, especially Zwinglianism. (Often times women were excluded from this, but not always).