chapter 13 management

motivator

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, _____ needs are related to the nature of the work itself and how challenging it is. A) motivator B) expectancy C) instrumental D) hygiene E) terminal

hygiene

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, _____ needs are related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed. A) motivator B) expectancy C) instrumental D) hygiene E) terminal

sense of accomplishment

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, which of the following outcomes helps to satisfy motivator needs? A) Job security B) Good relationships with coworkers C) Good pay D) A sense of accomplishment E) Effective supervision

job security

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, which of the following outcomes satisfies hygiene needs? A) Job security B) Responsibility C) Autonomy D) A sense of accomplishment E) Interesting work

power

According to McClelland, the need for _____ is the extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others. A) power B) affiliation C) belongingness D) self-awareness E) equity

achievement

According to McClelland, the need for _____ is the extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence. A) affiliation B) belongingness C) achievement D) self-awareness E) relatedness

C

According to McClelland, the need for affiliation is the extent to which an individual: A) desires to perform challenging tasks well. B) wants to meet personal standards for excellence. C) is concerned about maintaining good interpersonal relations. D) desires to control other people. E) wishes to receive performance feedback.

e

According to _____, employees will be motivated to perform at a high level and attain their work goals to the extent that high performance and goal attainment allow them to obtain outcomes they desire. A) Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory B) McClelland's three-needs theory C) Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory D) Victor H. Vroom's expectancy theory E) B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning theory

instrumentality

According to the expectancy theory, _____ is a person's perception about the extent to which performance at a certain level results in the attainment of outcome. A) instrumentality B) determinism C) positivism D) valence E) ethnocentrism

A

According to the expectancy theory, motivation is high when people: A) believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and, ultimately, to the attainment of the desired goals. B) perceive that they can satisfy their need for affiliation and need for achievement with minimum effort. C) perceive that their own outcome-input ratio is less than that of referents. D) are set specific and challenging goals which help them focus their inputs in the right direction. E) learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences.

valence

According to the expectancy theory, the term _____ refers to how desirable each of the outcomes available from a job or organization is to a person. A) instrumentality B) self-actualization C) valence D) equity E) autonomy

extinction

One way for managers to curtail the performance of dysfunctional behaviors is to eliminate whatever is reinforcing the behaviors. This process is called _____. A) extinction B) punishment C) extraction D) instrumentality E) termination

Scanlon

The _____ plan motivates employees to propose and implement cost-cutting strategies because a percentage of the cost savings achieved during the specified time is distributed to the employees. A) commission B) equity C) piece-rate D) stock-option E) Scanlon

intrinsic

The source of _____ motivation lies with actually performing the behavior, and motivation comes from doing the work itself. A) extrinsic B) ethnocentric C) xenocentric D) intrinsic E) operational

extrinsic

The source of _____ motivation lies with the acquisition of material or social rewards. A) extrinsic B) operational C) intrinsic D) ethnocentric E) experiential

punishment

When John violated the company's code of ethics, he was suspended for eight weeks without pay. This is an example of _____. A) extinction B) positive reinforcement C) negative reinforcement D) extraction E) punishment

negative

When _____ reinforcement is used, people are motivated to perform behaviors because they want to stop receiving or avoid undesired outcomes. A) positive B) absolute C) intrinsic D) negative E) extrinsic

piece rate plan

When an organization bases employees' pay on the number of units each employee produces, it is using a(n) _____. A) equity plan B) Scanlon plan C) piece-rate plan D) commission pay plan E) stock option plan

physiological needs

Which of the following forms the base of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A) Esteem needs B) Belongingness needs C) Physiological needs D) Social needs E) Self-actualization needs

self actualization needs

Which of the following forms the pinnacle of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A) Safety needs B) Belongingness needs C) Physiological needs D) Social needs E) Self-actualization needs

B

Which of the following is true of Michael, a manager of stellar performance, who is driven by intrinsic motivation? A) The source of his motivation lies with the bonus paycheck he receives with each accomplishment. B) The source of his motivation lies with performing his role well and achieving organizational goals. C) He is motivated by the societal recognition and fame his achievements bring him. D) The source of his motivation lies with the censure that failure would bring him. E) He is motivated by the promotion his performance will necessitate.

A

Which of the following is true of extrinsic motivation? A) The source of motivation is the consequences of the behavior, not the behavior itself. B) The source of motivation lies with executing the tasks with maximum efficiency and efficacy. C) The motivation is fueled by a person's need for achievement and self-actualization. D) The motivation is fueled by a person's desire to ensure the welfare of other people. E) The source of motivation lies with the sense of satisfaction that performing well brings.

E

Which of the following is true of prosocially motivated behavior? A) It is performed to avoid censure or punishment. B) It is performed for social recognition and respect. C) The source of motivation lies with the desire to conform to the norms of society. D) The source of motivation lies with the fear of punishment. E) It seeks to improve the well-being of other people.

social learning theory

Which of the following theories proposes that motivation results not only from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from a person's thoughts and beliefs? A) Needs hierarchy theory B) ERG theory C) Equity theory D) Operant conditioning theory E) Social learning theory

B

____ collapsed the five categories of needs in Maslow's hierarchy into three universal categories: existence, relatedness, and growth. A) David McClelland's three-needs theory B) Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory C) Herzberg's hygiene-motivator theory D) B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning E) Victor H. Vroom's expectancy theory

self efficacy

____ is a person's belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully. A) Self-enhancement B) Self-efficacy C) Self-actualization D) Self-awareness E) Self-respect

equity theory

____ is a theory of motivation that concentrates on people's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to, or in proportion to, their work inputs. A) Equity theory B) Expectancy theory C) Goal-setting theory D) ERG theory E) Three-needs theory

goal setting theory

_____ considers how managers can ensure that organization members focus their inputs in the direction of high performance and the achievement of organizational targets. A) Goal-setting theory B) ERG theory C) Three-needs theory D) Operant conditioning theory E) Motivator-hygiene theory

C

_____ drew attention to the important distinction between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs B) Alderfer's ERG theory C) Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory D) McClelland's theory of needs E) Equity theory

underpayment inequity

_____ exists when a person's own outcome-input ratio is perceived to be less than that of a referent. A) Absolute equity B) Instrumental equity C) Terminal equity D) Underpayment inequity E) Overpayment inequity

motivation

_____ is central to management because it explains what drives or will drive people to achieve organizational goals. A) Determinism B) Motivation C) Ethnocentrism D) Structuralism E) Positivism

C

_____ proposes that all people seek to satisfy five basic kinds of needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. A) Victor H. Vroom's expectancy theory B) B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning theory C) Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory D) Frederick Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory E) David McClelland's theory of needs

positive

_____ reinforcement gives people outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors. A) Negative B) Extrinsic C) Positive D) Intrinsic E) Absolute