Chapter 13 - MB - Unit 1

This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of "______" to the environment.

adaptations

Natural selection is best described as _____. - A creative force that efficiently develops the best and simplest solutions for all problems in nature. - A forward-looking process that anticipates future problems and designs the necessary tools to solve them through mutation. - A filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations. - A completely random and unpredictable process of change, or evolution.

A filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations.

The enzyme lactase breaks the sugar lactose into which compound(s)? - Sucrose - Glucose - Fructose - Galactose

- Galactose - Glucose

Imagine that four people are infected with HIV from a common source (an infected blood sample). Initially, the patients' HIV populations are genetically identical. By the time they develop full-blown AIDS, how would the viral populations of the fourpatients compare?

Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with—and overcome—his or her unique immune system responses.

Which of the following is NOT a requirement of natural selection? - Overproduction of offspring - Gene flow - Genetic variation - Differential reproductive success

Gene flow

The evolution of populations due to chance is:

Genetic Drift

In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift:

Has more effect on the evolution of a small population.

As proposed by Darwin, what sorts of traits are favored by natural selection?

Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.

Sexual Dimorphism

In sexual selection, individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to obtain mates than other individuals. This often results in , differences between the sexes in size, appearance, and behavior.

How does the term "lactase persistent" relate to the term "lactose tolerant"? - How does the term "lactase persistent" relate to the term "lactose tolerant"? - A lactase-persistent person is lactose tolerant. - Lactose tolerance has nothing to do with lactase-persistence. - A lactase-persistent person is lactose intolerant.

A lactase-persistent person is lactose tolerant.

The first basic idea of evolutionary adaptation can be traced back to ________.

Lamarck

Which of the following statements about the voyage of the Beagle is TRUE? - Its purpose was to identify the fastest route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. - It turned into a tremendous opportunity for Darwin to collect fossils, plants, and animals. - It ended with the sinking of the ship off of the coast of Australia, almost 4 years into its journey. - It lasted almost 2 years.

It turned into a tremendous opportunity for Darwin to collect fossils, plants, and animals.

The "_____" of life arises from the adaptation of species to different habitats over long spans of time.

diversity

The common house mouse species, Mus musculus, has the following taxonomic classification: Mus, Muridae, Rodentia, Mammalia, Chordata, Animalia, Eukarya. Which part of the name is the Family?

Muridae

What mechanism explains why polar bears are white and bears found farther south have a darker color?

Natural Selection

A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, where it was discovered that __________.

Embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other.

Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct? - Gene flow causes the frequency of the green allele to increase. - Natural selection causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase. - Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase. - Natural selection causes the frequency of the green allele to increase. - This is an example of genetic drift.

Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase.

The human immune system cannot effectively suppress the HIV virus on its own. What key feature of HIV makes it so hard to beat?

The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation.

What did researchers discover about the genetic mutation causing lactase persistence?

It is found in a regulatory region (a "switch") upstream of the lactase gene

Which of the following is an example of natural selection that has been seen in our lifetime? - The evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. - A rise in the incidence of malaria. - The rise of the domain Archaea. - The rise of different feeding habits in different species of finches.

The evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Which of the following are homologous? - The forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat. - Wings of a butterfly and wings of a sparrow. - The forelimb of a dog and the hindlimb of a cat. - The mouth of a mosquito and the beak of a hummingbird.

The forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat.

Which of these scenarios is the result of natural selection?

The proliferation of pesticide-resistant insects

Directional Selection

favors phenotypes at one end of a range and is common in periods of environmental change.

Mate Choice

in a type of sexual selection often called _____, individuals of one sex(usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates. This choice is often based on the showy appearance of behavior of the male.

Darwin proposed a mechanism for how evolution occurs, which he called "________."

natural selection

Darwin inferred that those organisms with traits best suited to the environment ten to leave more "_____" than other members of a population.

offspring

While on the Beagle, Darwin was influenced by a book by Charles Lyell that suggested that Earth was ________ and sculpted by geologic processes that ________ today.

old; continue

Natural selection generally results in ________.

A population that is adapted to its current environment.

What's homologous structure?

A study of structures that have a similar origin or ancestry.

Which discovery supports the hypothesis that evolution of the lactase-persistence trait was driven by the use of milk in pastoralist cultures?

Ancient pots used to hold milk are about the same age as the lactase-persistence mutation

HIV has become an important source of mortality for humans. If AIDS persists as a major factor for humans for many generations in the future, natural selection theory predicts that _____. - Any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time. - AIDS should gradually become less variable with a lower mutation rate. - Humans will develop weaker immune systems as an evolutionary response to natural selection. - Individual humans will evolve to become immune to AIDS as long as they are exposed to it as young children.

Any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time.

Which of the following is the study of the geographic distribution of species on Earth?

Biogeography

Homology is evidence of ________.

Common ancestry

The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of ________.

Common ancestry.

During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin found that ________.

Plants and animals living on a continent seemed more closely related to each other than to plants and animals living in similar regions on other continents.

Natural selection ________.

Results in evolutionary adaption.

What is the basis of natural selection?

Unequal reproductive success

All of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for the "___" of life.

unity

The fossil record suggests that whales ________.

Are closely related to land mammals such as pigs, hippos, and cows.

Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection? - Green beetles migrate out of the population, and brown beetles migrate into the population. - A storm kills more green beetles than brown beetles by chance. - Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food. - Green beetles and brown beetles always leave the same number of offspring. - Green beetles migrate out of the population.

Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food.

A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other characteristics is called _____.

Natural Selection

In his book The Origin of Species, Darwin argued that species living today descended from a succession of ancestral species. What mechanism did Darwin propose to explain how evolution occurs?

Natural Selection

If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles:

The frequency of the green allele will increase.

Stabilizing Selection

favors intermediate phenotypes, selecting against phenotypes at both ends of a range and reducing variation.

Disruptive Selection

favors phenotypes at both ends of a range over intermediate phenotypes. This type of selection may occur when the habitat is varied.

Two key observations underlying natural selection are that members of a population vary in their "_________."

inherited traits

Intersexual Selection

is a type of sexual selection in which individuals of one sex (usually males) compete directly for mates. This may involve ritualized displays or physical combat.

The phrase Darwin used to describe his broad theory of evolution is *descent with ______."

modification