Chapter 13- PNS, Chapter 12A-B: A&P, Chapter 12B- A&P
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: damage to this nerve causes anosmia:
#1-olfactory
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: does not relay and synapse in the thalmaus
#1-olfactory
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: nerve filaments pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
#1-olfactory
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: sensory for smell
#1-olfactory
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: damage to both of these nerves (right and left) will cause death
#10-vagus
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: damage to this nerve causes hoarseness, loss of voice, difficulty swallowing
#10-vagus
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: involved in regulating heart rate, respiration and digestive activity
#10-vagus
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: motor to muscles of pharynx and larynx for swallowing and voice production
#10-vagus
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: parasympathetic motor to heart, lungs, abdominal viscera
#10-vagus
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: motor to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles -> moves head and neck
#11 accessory
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: arises from the cervical region of the spinal cord instead of the brain
#11-accessory
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: damage to this nerve results in difficulty shrugging shoulder
#11-accessory
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: passes through the foramen magnum
#11-acessory
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: damage to one nerve causes deviation of tongue to side. If both nerves are damaged, the person cannot protrude tongue
#12-hypoglossal
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: motor to tongue for speech production
#12-hypoglossal
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: damage to this nerve causes difficulties with speech and swallowing
#12-hypoglossal nerves
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: motor to tongue for manipulation of food during chewing and swallowing
#12-hypoglossal nerves
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: damage to this nerve cause Anopsia
#2-optic
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: constricts the pupil (parasympathetic)
#3-oculomotor
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: motor to the inferior oblique eye muscle
#3-oculomotor
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: parasympathetic motor to ciliary muscles for focusing lens
#3-oculomotor
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: raises the upper eyelid
#3-oculomotor
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: motor to the superior oblique muscle of the eye -> moves eye down and laterally
#4- trochlear
If you burn the tip of your tongue with hot food what cranial nerve is involved?
#5- trigeminal
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: sensory from skin of chin and anterior tongue (not taste buds)
#5- trigeminal
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: compression of this nerve causes excruciating pain in face (tic douloureux)
#5-trigeminal
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: main sensory nerve of the face
#5-trigeminal
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: motor to muscles of mastication/chewing (digastric, masseter, etc)
#5-trigeminal
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: sensory from teeth
#5-trigeminal
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: has three branches or divisions
#5-trigimenal
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: abducts the eyeball
#6-abducens
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: damage to this nerve causes asymmetry of face, inability to close eye, inability to smile, decreased tearing, decreased salivation, decreased taste in posterior mouth, difficulty swallowing
#7-Facial
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: parasympathetic motor to lacrimal glands and salivary glands
#7-Facial
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: damage to this nerve causes Bell's palsy
#7-facial
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: has five branches
#7-facial
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: motor to muscles of facial expression but not chewing
#7-facial
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: parasympathetic motor to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands -> release saliva
#7-facial
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: sensory for taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue (taste buds)
#7-facial
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: sensory for hearing and equilibrium
#8- vestibocochlear
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: Damage to this nerve results in loss of balance, dizziness, or deafness or vomiting
#8-Vestibocochlear
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: sensory for taste from pharynx and posterior tongue
#9- glossopharyngeal
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: conducts general sensory impulses (touch, pressure, pain) from pharynx & posterior tongue
#9-glossopharyngeal
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: damage to this nerve causes decreased salivation, decreased taste in posterior mouth, difficulty swallowing
#9-glossopharyngeal
List the cranial nerve (number and name) that matches the description: parasympathetic motor to parotid salivary glands (anterior to ear) -> releases saliva
#9-glossopharyngeal
Describe the 9 steps of the formation and flow of CSF through the ventricles and into the blood circulation
(1) CSF is secreted by lateral ventricle choroid plexus (2) it then flows through inter ventricular formina in the 3rd ventricle (3) this ventricles choroid plexuses adds more CSF (4) CSF then flows through cerebral aqueducts to the 4th ventricle (5) this ventricles choroid plexus adds more CSF (6) CSF flows out median aperture and 2 lateral apertures (7) CSF fills subarachnoid space (8) CSF is then reabsorbed by arachnoid villi into dural venous sinuses (9) then it drains into the internal jugular veins of the neck
Describe the gray matter and white matter distribution in the spinal cord
(1) GM in the core- multipolar neuron cell bodies (2) WM outsider- myelinated/nonmyelinated nerve fibers
List and define 5 types of encapsulated nerve endings
(1) Meissner (tactile) corpuscles- discriminative, light touch (2) pacinian (lamellar) corpuscles- deep pressure (first applied) & vibration (on/off) (3) ruffini endings- deep continuous pressure (4) muscle spindles- muscle stretch (5) golgi tendon organs- stretch in tendons
List the three parts of the multimodal association areas
(1) anterior association area (2) posterior association area (3) limbic association area
List the five major nerves that arise from the brachial plexus
(1) axillary (2) musculocutaneous (3) median (4) ulnar (5) radial
What regions (4) and chemicals of the brain are involved in nondeclarative memory?
(1) basal nuclei (2) thalamus (3) premotor cortex (4) substantia nigra; dopamine
Describe how the capillaries form CSF (2)
(1) blood plasma filters from capillaries to ependymal cells (2) these cells modify filtrate by the use of ion pumps
List three important language areas
(1) broca area (2) Wernickes area (3) basal nuclei
List and describe the 3 sulci of the cerebral hemispheres
(1) central sulcus- separates the frontal lobe from parietal lobe (2) parieto-occipital sulcus- separates the parietal lobe from occipital (3) lateral sulcus- separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe
List the five categories of spinal nerve and the number of nerves in each category
(1) cervical-8 (2) thoracic-12 (3) lumbar-5 (4) sacral-5 (5) coccygeal-1
List three places in the adult brain where the blood brain barrier may be missing or reduced
(1) choroid plexus (2) hypothalamus (3) medulla oblongata
List 4 components of the limbic system
(1) cingulate gyrus (2) hippocampus & parahippocampal gyrus (3) amygdala (4) olfactory bulbs & tracts
Differentiate between the three types of white matter fibers of the cerebrum:
(1) commissures- connect gray matter of the two hemispheres (2) association fibers- connect different parts of the same hemispheres (3) projection fibers- connect cerebral cortex with lower brain or spinal cord
List three reasons that the brain stem is so important and necessary for life functions:
(1) control automatic reflexes and functions necessary for survival (2) connects higher & lower neural centers
Describe two important midbrain nuclei and their functions
(1) corpora quadrigemina- superior colliculi and inferior colliculi (2) substantia nigra- contain melanin in their neurons which is a precursor of dopamine it produces
Concerning traumatic brain injuries, what is the difference in a coup and countercoup injury?
(1) coup- localized injury at site of blow (2) countercoup- ricochet injury on opposite side of skull
What are the 4 functions of the meninges?
(1) cover/protect the CNS (2) protect blood vessels & enclose venous sinuses (3) contain cerebrospinal fluid (4) form partitions in the skull
List some factors that can help in information transfer from short-term to longterm memory (4)
(1) emotional state (2) rehearsal (3) association (4) automatic memory
List two natural pain inhibitors and when they increase
(1) endorphins-increase when exercise (2) enkephalins-increase during labor
Describe the structural composition of the blood brain barrier
(1) endothelium of capillary walls (2) continuous basal lamina surrounding capillaries (3) perivascular feet of astrocytes
Describe the 3 parts of the septa that are formed by the inward extensions of the dura mater
(1) falx cerebri(2) falx cerebelli (3) tentorium cerebelli
List the five lobes of the cerebrum and a basic function of each lobe
(1) frontal- concentration (2) parietal- general sensory functions (3) temporal- hearing and smell (4) occipital- process incoming visual information (5) insula- interpretation of taste
List the four functions of CSF
(1) gives buoyancy to the brain (2) provides liquid cushion to protect CNS (3) nourishes the brain & removes waste products (4) carries chemical signals from one part of the brain to another
List some regions or structures of the brain that are involved in memory (3)
(1) hippocampus of medial temporal lobe (2) thalamus (3) prefrontal cortex
List and describe the 2 major fissures of the cerebral hemisphers
(1) longitudinal fissure- separates the two cerebral hemisphere (2) transverse cerebral fissure- separates cerebrum and cerebellum
What regions (4) and chemicals of the brain are involved in declarative memory?
(1) medial temporal lobe (2) thalamus (3) prefrontal cortex (4) basal forebrain; ach
List 5 types of encapsulated nerve endings
(1) meissner corpuscles (2) pacinian corpuscles (3) ruffian endings (4) muscle spindles (5) golgi tendon organs
The cerebral cortex contains three functional areas. List these three functional areas and their basic functions.
(1) motor areas- control voluntary movement (2) sensory areas- provide conscious awareness of sensation (3) association areas- integrate & store information
List some symptoms of hypothalamic dysfunction (3)
(1) obesity (2) sleep disturbances (3) dehydration
Describe the gray and white matter of the cerebral hemispheres (3)
(1) outer cortex of gray matter (2) internal white matter (3) (scattered gray matter within white matter) basal nuclei
List three levels of neural integration involved in relaying sensory information to the brain
(1) receptors level- sensory receptors (2) circuit level- ascending pathways (3) perceptual level- neuronal circuits in cerebral cortex
List four things that protect the brain
(1) skull (2) meninges (3) cerebrospinal fluid (4) blood-brain barrier
How are sensory receptors classified?
(1) stimulus type (2) location (3) structural complexity
Describe what the cerebral cortex is? List the function of it
(1) superficial layer of gray matter (2) site of conscious mind
Describe the three paired fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem
(1) superior: connect cerebellum to the midbrain to the thalamus then to the cerebrum (2) middle: connect the pons to the cerebellum (3) inferior: connect medulla to cerebellum
List the 4 types of free nerve endings
(1) thermoreceptors (2) nociceptors (3) itch receptors (4) light touch receptors
List and define the four types of free nerve endings
(1) thermoreceptors- cold in superficial dermis & heat deep dermis (2) nociceptors- pain sensation (3) itch receptors- activated by chemicals at inflamed sites (4) light touch receptors- tactile (merkel) discs in epidermis & hair follicle receptors detect bending of hairs
List and explain seven functions of the hypothalamus
(1)Controls the autonomic nervous system (2) Center for emotional response (3) Regulates many endocrine system functions (4) Regulates body temperature (5) Regulates water balance & thirst (6) Regulates food intake (7) Regulates sleep-wake cycle
What are the four basic levels of consciousness
(1)alertness (2) drowsiness (3) stupor (4) coma
There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves. Which ones are purely sensory?
12; #1-olfactor & #2- optic
Which cranial nerves are motor? (5)
3, 4, 6, 11, 12
List the four cranial nerve (number and name) that carry parasympathetic fibers
3,7,8,10
there are ___ pairs of spinal nerves that are "mixed" (both sensory and motor)
31
There are ___ pairs of spinal nerves. Enlargements in the spinal cord where nerves serve the arms and legs are the ________ enlargement and the ________ enlargement
31; cervical; lumbar
Which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor?
5, 7, 9, 10
List the cranial nerves involved in moving the eyeball (three nerves)
6,4,3
List the cranial nerves that innervate the salivary glands (two nerves)
7,9
List the cranial nerves involved in taste sensation (there nerves)
7,9,10
The medulla oblongata contains nuclei of cranial nerves __ ( ____) , ____ (______) and ____ (____). What might be some symptoms related to damage of these nuclei?
8 (vestibocochlear); 9 (glossopharyngeal); 11 (hypoglossal); irregular rate/rhythm & depth of breathing
List the cranial nerves involved in swallowing (three nerves)
9,10,12
If acetylcholinesterase drug was given to a patient who has alzheimers what would happen?
Ache wouldn't allow the breakdown of current AcH which is needed for declarative memory
A motor speech area called ________ area controls the tongue and muscles of the pharynx and larynx for speech production
Broca
What are the most important functions of the medulla oblongata? List the center where the two important functions stem from and name the centers
Cardiovascular center (1) cardiac center- regulates heart rate & strength of contraction (2) vasomotor center- controls blood pressure by changing blood vessel diameter
Which area of the frontal lobe controls voluntary eye movements involved in reading, binocular vision, and following a moving object? What muscles are controlled by this area of the cerebral cortex?
Frontal eye field; extrinsic eye muscles
Most dreaming occurs in _____ sleep and most nightmares occur in _____ sleep
REM; NREM
Distinguish between short-term and long-term memory
ST: working memory; LT: memory has limitless capacity
List the major sulci and fissures of the cerebral hemispheres
Sulci: (1) longitudinal fissure (2) Transverse cerebral fissure; Fissures: (1) central sulcus (2) parieto-occipital sulcus (3) lateral sulcus
What is sleep?
a natural, temporary state of partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused by normal stimulation
How does the nervous system distinguish a weak stimulus from a strong stimulus, such as a pin prick from a knife wound?
a stronger stimulus generates more nerve impulses
What causes huntington's disease?
abnormal protein hungtintin accumulates in brain cells leading to a massive degeneration of basal nuclei & cerebral cortex
What parts of the body are supplied by the spinal nerves?
all parts of body except head and part of neck
A component of the limbic system that recognizes and assesses danger and anger and that elicits the fear or aggression response is the _______
amygdala
A disease that may be caused by environmental factors or genetic mutations is called ___________-_______-_____ (ALS) or __________-________ disease, named after a famous baseball player who had the disease. Ventral horn motor neurons and pyramidal tracts are destroyed. Patients lose the ability to speak, swallow and breathe and usually die within five years
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; lou gehrigs disease
The specific area of the brain that deals with personality, reasoning and judgement is found in the ________-____-_____ of the ______ lobe
anterior association area; frontal
Damage to which multimodal association area could result in mental and personality changes including decreased reasoning abilities, deceased attentiveness, lack of initiative and persistence, indecision poor judgment, recklessness and decreased inhibitions?what lobe
anterior association area; frontal lobe
Knoblike projections of arachnoid mater that protrude through the dura mater are called __________-______ or _________. These projections allow CSF to be absorbed into the _________-_______-_______-______
arachnoid villi; granulations; dural venous sinus blood
Define dermatome. What do dermatomes allow a physician to do in relation to spinal cord injuries?
area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal nerve; can pinpoint nerves damaged in spinal cord injuries
The medulla oblongata contains _______ nuclei
autonomic
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: motor to deltoid muscle to abduct the upper arm
axillary nerve; brachial plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: sensory from shoulder region
axillary nerve; brachial plexus
Why does chronic emotional stress sometimes cause visceral or psychosomatic illness?
because hypothalamus is main control center for visceral autonomic function and emotional response
Why can odors trigger emotions or be associated with memories?
because olfactory bulbs in tract apart of limbic system
Cerebrospinal fluid is derived from ________-____. It is formed by structures that hand from the roof of each ventricle of the brain. These structures that form CSF are called __________
blood plasma; choroid plexus
Name the nerve plexus that matches the description: Innervates the upper limb (arm)
brachial plexus
Name the nerve plexus that matches the description: damage to this plexus can cause sensory loss, weakness, paralysis, and movement difficulties in the arm and hand
brachial plexus
Name the nerve plexus that matches the description: five major nerves arise from this plexus and supply the arm
brachial plexus
Name the nerve plexus that matches the description: most complex plexus
brachial plexus
List the components of the central nervous system:
brain and spinal cord
Alcohol consumption can impair your ________-_____ resulting in poor judgement. It can impair your _________-______- resulting in loss of balance, proprioception deficits, and difficulty walking
brain function; cerebellar function
What is contained in the lateral horns of the spinal cord?
cell bodies of autonomic sympathetic motor neurons
Describe the distribution of gray matter in the spinal cord
central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core (butterfly) (2) external white matter
What anatomical landmark of the cerebral cortex separates primary motor areas from somatosensory areas?
central sulcus
Which part of the brain initiates skeletal muscle movement?
cerebral cortex
Where do sensation and perception of stimuli occur?
cerebral cortex of the brain
list the four basic regions of the adult brain
cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
Another name for a stroke is a ________-_______-_________. The most common cause of a stoke is what? What is a TIA? What does FAST stand for?
cerebrovascular accidents; blockage of a cerebral artery by a blood clot; transient ischemic attacks; face, arms, speech, time
The four basic regions of the adult brain. List the component of the cerebral hemispheres
cerebrum
Which two areas of the adult brain have an outer layer of gray matter in addition to the central gray matter and surrounding white matter? What is this outer layer of gray matter called?
cerebrum and cerebellum; outer cortex
List the major regions of the brain
cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
The region that makes up most of the toal brain mass is the ________. List the function of this region and 3 examples
cerebrum; couscous thought process & complex intellectual functioning; intelligence, reasoning, thought
Name the nerve plexus that matches the description: motor to muscles of the anterior neck
cervical plexus
Name the nerve plexus that matches the description: phrenic nerve arises from this plexus
cervical plexus
Name the nerve plexus that matches the description: sensory from skin of neck, back of head, and shoulders
cervical plexus
Name the five regions of spinal nerves
cervical; thoracic; lumbar; sacral; coccygeal
Describe a choroid plexus
clusters of capillaries that hang from the roof of each ventricle surrounded initially by pia mater and then ependymal cells that are joined together by tight junctions
What is the cauda equina?
collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
describe the reticular formation structurally
core of gray matter that runs vertically through the components of the brain stem, axons connect with hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum and spinal cord
the largest tract that allows the right and left cerebral hemispheres to communicate is the ________ ________
corpus callosum
What is the largest commissure that allows the right and left cerebral hemispheres to communicate?
corpus callous
The ________-_____ connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres. The __________ & other ______-________ connects limbic system structures together
corpus callous; fornix; fiber tracts
What is the decussation of the pyramids and where is it located?
cross over point to the corticospinal tract; where medulla joins spinal cord
What would happen to motor activity if the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe that is the premotor cortex is damaged?
decrease in speed, accuracy, agility of typing but doesn't impair movement
Which neurotransmitter has been found to be decreased in Alzheimers Disease?
decreased AcH in cerebrum
What causes Parkinson's disease?
decreased dopamine production by substantia nigra
Define fissure
deep groove sparating large regions of the brain
Dorsal rami innervate the ______ muscles and skin of the _____. All ventral rami except _______ region form plexuses. Instead of forming plexuses, these rami form the _______ nerves between the ribs. Which areas are supplied by these nerves (3)?
deep; back;thoracic;intercoastal; (1) intercostal muscles between ribs (2) muscle and skin of anterolateral thorax (3) abdominal wall
Most general sensory receptors are modified _______ endings of sensory neurons. Based on structure, these are called _____ receptors
dendritic; simple
What is meant by cerebral dominance?
designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language
What would happen if a surgeon accidentally cut both phrenic nerves?
diaphragm is paralyzed so respiratory arrest
Septa that are formed by the inward extensions of the dura mater define falx cerebelli
divides left and right sides of cerebellum
Explain lateralization of cortical function
division of tasks between hemisphers
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in?
dorsal root ganglia
Each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord by a ____ and ___ root. Each root forms from _____ that are attached to the spinal cord
dorsal; ventral;rootless
List the three layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
The periosteal layer and the meningeal layer of the dura mater are fused, but they separate to form a large blood filled modified vein called the _________-_______-_________. What drains into this vein? Where does this vein drain?
dural venous sinuses; venous blood from the brain; internal jugular veins of the neck
What is the significance of the decussation of the pyramids?
each cerebral hemisphere controls voluntary movements of muscles on the opposite side of the body
An _______________ records brain wave patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. A flat recording is clinical evidence of _________
electroencephalogram (EEG); death
Define gyrus
elevated ridge of tissue
List and describe the spaces related to the 3 layers of the meninges. In between the skull and the dura mater is _________ space. In between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is the ________ space. In between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is the __________ space
epidural; subdural; subarachnoid
A sudden flood of electrical discharges in the brain in which no other messages can get through is characteristic of a disorder known as _________
epilepsy
What secretes melatonin, regulate circadian sleep cycles?
epithalamus
List the three components of the diencephalon
epithalamus, hypothalamus, thalamus
Unencapsulated (free) nerve endings are abundant in which two tissue types?
epithelia & connective tissue
These complex sensory organs are located in the ____, _____, _____ and _____
eye; ear; nose; mouth
A motor homunculus of the primary motor cortex illustrates that the most precise motor control is in the _____,________, and ________
face, tongue, fingers
A sensory homunculus demonstrates that the most sensitive body regions with the greatest number of receptors are the ________, ________ and _________
face; lips; fingertips
phasic receptors are
fast adapting receptors
The largest nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ______ nerve
femoral
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: motor to anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps etc) to extend the knee and flex the hip
femoral nerve; lumbar plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: sensory from skin of anterior thigh and medial leg from knee to foot
femoral nerve; lumbar plexus
What are filum terminale?
fibrous extension of the conus medullaris covered by pia mater
Damage to ventral roots and ventral horn cells results in nerve impulses not reaching muscles at all, causing _______- paralysis. Without stimulation, it causes what? If there is damage only to upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex, muscles can still be stimulated by ________ neurons. The muscles remain fairly healthy, but there is no ________ control of muscles. This is called _______ paralyis
flaccid; muscular atrophy; spinal;voluntary;spastic
Which ventricle connects to the subarachnoid space and merges with the central canal of the spinal cord?
fourth ventricle
Damage to the primary visual cortex results in ___________ ________. If the visual association area is damaged, the person can see, but he cannot ________
functional blindness; comprehend
List two neurotransmitters that are involved in transmitting pain impulses
glutamate & substance p
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: can be injured by poorly administered injection in buttock muscles:
gluteal nerve; sacral plexus
Describe the reticular formation functionally
has sensory component and motor component
All cranial nerves serve only the _____ and ______. Except cranial nerve ___, the _____ nerve, extends to the ____ and ______
head; neck; 10; vagus; thorax; abdomen
What is the general function of the basal nuclei?
help regulate motor output
Paralysis of one side of the body is usually due to a brain injury, such as a stroke, and not to a spinal cord injury. This is called ?
hemiplegia
Septa that are formed by the inward extensions of the dura mater define tentorium cerebelli
horizontal dural fold over cerebellum
Conditions that obstruct the flow of CSF or prevent the reabsorption of CSF can lead to a build-up of excess CSF called __________. In a newborn baby the head _____ because skull bones have not fused yet. in adults, ______ fluid compresses blood vessels to brain and damages brain tissues
hydrocephalus; enlarges; increasing
What cranial nerve is motor to chewing swallow and speech?
hypoglassal #12
Most limbic system output relays through the __________
hypothalamus
Where does the olfactory relay?
hypothalamus
The body biological clock is contained in the ________. It inhibits the brainstems ________-_______ system, thus allowing the cerebral cortex to go to sleep. It also releases "wake up" chemicals that stimulate this system and cause the _______ cortex to wake up
hypothalamus; reticular activating; cerebral
A cerebrovascular accident in the precentral gyrus of the left cerebral causes what?
inability to move right limbs
What area of the frontal lobe controls muscles involved in speech production and becomes active as a person prepares to speak?
inferolateral portion of left frontal
All neurons in the cerebral cortex are _______
interneurons
All neurons in the cerebral cortex are __________
interneurons
What is contained in the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord?
interneurons
What is contained in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
interneurons receiving somatic and visceral sensory input
Dorsal and ventral roots unite to form a spinal nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibers. This nerve exits the cerebral column through the _________-_________
intervertebral foramina
Sensory and motor fibers entering and leaving the cerebral cortex are contralateral, but fibers entering and leaving the cerebellum are ___________
ipsilateral
Does the blood brain barrier prevent all substances and molecules from entering the brain?
it is selective not absolute
If you start to feel drowsy while driving, you might roll down the widow, turn up the volume on the car radio, and drink a cold drink. How do these actions help you awake?
keeps cerebral cortex conscious, alert and excitable
The three places in the adult brain where the blood brain barrier may be missing or reduced: Explain why the BBB is missing in the hypothalamus
lack of BBB allows it to sample chemical composition of blood to maintain homeostasis
What is declarative memory and 4 examples?
learning info related to conscious thought; names, faces, words, dates
Explain contralateral functioning of the cerebral hemispheres
left primary motor cortex controls voluntary muscles on the right side (vice versa)
Brain areas involved in language are located in the _____ cerebral cortex. Nonverbal language or body language involves the _____ cerebral cortex
left; right
What is non declarative memory?
less conscious or unconscious learning
Which multimodal association area provides the emotional impact that makes an event significant and establishes memories of the event?
limbic association area
The emotional brain is the ______ system. Where is the functional brain located?
limbic; encircle the corpus callous & thalamus
Septa that are formed by the inward extensions of the dura mater define falx cerebri and what it attaches to
longitudinal fissure between left & right side cerebral hemispheres that attaches to the crista galli of ethmoid bone and internal occipital crest
What symptoms occur with damage to the dorsal root or sensory tracts?
loss of sensation or abnormal sensations (paresthesias)
A thoracic cut causes what? to somatic and autonomic system
loss of somatic and autonomic control
At what level of the vertebral column does the spinal cord end?
lumbar
Name the nerve plexus that matches the description: femoral nerve arises from this plexus
lumbar plexus
All encapsulated nerve endings are _______________
mechanoreceptors
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome
median nerve; brachial plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: injury causes difficulty with pincer grasp (gripping between thumb and index finger)
median nerve; brachial plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: motor to muscles that pronate forearm, flex wrist/fingers, and oppose thumb
median nerve; brachial plexus
Another ramus called the _______ branch reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the meninges. Another branch called the ______ contain autonomic nerve fibers and joins ventral rami in the thoracic region
meningeal; rami
Inflammation of the meninges is called __________. It may be caused either by ______ or ________-_______. Which case is more severe?
meningitis; viral; bacterial infection; bacterial
List the components of the brain stem (3)
midbrain;pons;medulla oblongata
The four basic regions of the adult brain. List the 3 components of the brain stem
midbrain;pons;medulla oblongata
What are the four basic levels of consciousness: describe Stupor
moderately deep level of unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused only by extreme repeated or painful stimuli
The three places in the adult brain where the blood brain barrier may be missing or reduced: Explain why the BBB is missing in the medulla oblongata
monitors blood for poisonous substances
What is meant by the quote " Only left handed people are in their right minds"?
most right cerebral dominant people are left handed
What is gray matter (specific neuron cell body located in this matter)?
motor neuron cell bodies, interneuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons
If the spinal cord is cut or transected at any level, there will be total loss of _______ and _______ functions below the level of the cut. If the spinal cord is cut in the cervical region, all four limbs are paralyzed. This is called _______ If the spinal cord is cut between T1 & L!, both lower limbs will be paralyzed. This is called _________
motor; sensory;quadriplegia;paraplegia
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: motor to biceps brachii to flex the elbow
musculocutaneous nerve; brachial plexus
What is white matter?
myelinated axons
A disorder in which a person suddenly lapses without warning into REM sleep from the awake state is called _________
narcolepsy
Spinal nerve plexuses are interlacing nerve networks formed by the branching and joining of _______-________ rami. These plexuses primarily serve the limbs. Which regions of the spinal cord form plexuses? Which regions of the spinal cord do not form plexuses?
nerve plexuses; cervical, brachial, lumbar & sacral; thoracic
are nuclei part of the pons?
no
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: sensory to medial thigh (adducts thigh)
obturator nerve; lumbar plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: travels through a foramen in the pelvic bones
obturator nerve; lumbar plexus
The primary visual cortex and the visual association area are located in the _______ lobe. The primary visual cortex receives visual information from the ___________ retina. The visual association area uses past visual experiences to interpret visual information and recognize and appreciate objects seen
occipital; contralateral
which sense does not relay through the thalamus; Where does it relay?
olfaction; mammillary bodies in hypothalamus
Afferent impulses from all senses (except ________) relay and synapse in the _____
olfaction; thalamus
The cell bodies of which two cranial nerves are located in special sense organs?
olfactory & optic
Damage to the primary motor cortex (such as may happen with a stroke) paralyzes muscles on the _______ side of the body, but only ________ control is lost because muscles can still contract reflexively
opposite; voluntary
What are the basal nuclei?
paired masses of gray matter deep within cerebral white matter
What symptoms occur with damage to the ventral roots or ventral horn cells?
paralysis
The lobes of the cerebrum that are involved in sensation are the ________, ________, ________, and _________ lobes
parietal; temporal; occipital; insular
Severe injury to the reticular activating system results in ?
permanent unconsciousness (coma)
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: irritation of this nerve causes hiccups
phrenic nerve; cervical plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: sensory and motor to the diaphragm
phrenic nerve; cervical plexus
Which layer of the meninges clings to the brain?
pia mater
An important part of the epithalamus is the ______ gland. What is its function?
pineal; secretes the hormone melatonin
Melatonin is a hormone that induces sleep. It is produced by the _______ gland, which is part of the _______
pineal; thalamus
The hypothalamus connects to the _________ gland by a stalk called the infundibulum
pituitary
A disease caused by a virus that destroys ventral horn motor neurons, causes muscle atrophy, and possible respiratory/cardiac arrest is ?
poliomyelitis
The medulla works with the _____ to regulate respiration. Which part of the brain is the most important in respiratory regulation?
pons; medulla oblongata
Sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles and joints is delivered to the primary somatosensory cortex located in the ________ gyrus of the ______ lobe
postcentral; parietal
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the _______ gyrus of the ______ lobe
postcentral; parietal
The primary somatosensory cortex is contained in the _________ gyrus of the _________ lobe. It receives sensory information from general somatic receptors in the _________ and from proprioceptors in _________, ______, ________. Each hemisphere receives sensory input from the __________ side of the body
postcentral; parietal; skin; skeletal muscles, joints, tendons; opposite
Which multimodal association area has a role in recognizing patterns and faces and provides awareness of ourselves and our surroundings in space? What might happen in a person with damage to this MAA?
posterior association area; may refuse to wash or dress opposite side of body because he doesn't recognize it as himself
Control of voluntary skeletal muscle movement is located in the ________ gyrus of the _______ lobe
precentral; frontal
The primary somatic motor cortex is locate din the ________ gyrus of the ______ lobe
precentral; frontal
The primary motor (somatic) motor cortex is located in the _______ gyrus of the _________ lobe. _______-________ neuron cells with long axons project to the contralateral side of the spinal cord, forming motor tracts called pyramidal or ___________ tracts. These neurons control ________ movement of _______ muscles on the opposite side of the body
precentral; frontal; large pyramidal; corticospinal; voluntary; skeletal
The anterior association cortex or _________ cortex is located in the _______ lobe. Its abilities develop slowly and depend on feedback from our ______ environment. List 3 abilities that the AAC is involved with
prefrontal; frontal; social; (1) judgement (2) planning (3) initiative
Just anterior to the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe is the ______ cortex. It helps plan or coordinate motor movements by sending impulses to the ________-________ cortex and to the ________-_______. It choreographs basic movements into more complex or skilled motor activities. Name one example of a complex task that this area helps control.
premotor; primary motor; spinal cord; feeling for a light switch in a dark room
The four basic levels of consciousness: describe drowsiness
proceeds to sleep
Some receptors do not adapt, but instead respond continuously to stimuli at a constant rate. They do not adapt because they need to be responsive for ___________-_______. Give three examples of receptors that do not adapt
protection mechanism; (1) equilibrium receptors of inner ear (2) nociceptors (3) proprioceptors
Multipolar neurons found in the cerebellum are called _________ cells. The tree like pattern of cerebellar white matter is called the ______-______
purkinje; arbor vitae
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: injury results in inability to extend the wrist (wrist drop)
radial nerve; brachial plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: motor to muscles that supinate forearm, extend elbow/wrist/fingers
radial nerve; brachial plexus
After exiting the vertebral column, each spinal nerve divides into branches called ____ that contain both sensory and motor fibers. The smaller _____ which is the ______ supplies the posterior body trunk ( deep muscles and skin of the back). The larger _______ which is the _______ innervates the rest of the trunk (anterior and lateral trunk) and both lumbs
rami; branch; dorsal;branch;ventral
What is a multimodal association area?
receives inputs and sends outputs to multiple sensory areas
What is the function of the blood brain barrier?
regulates which substances can and cannot enter the interstitial fluid of the brain
How does interaction between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex affect us?
relationship between our feelings (emotional brain) and our thoughts (cognitive brain)
Define chemoreceptor
respond to chemicals
Define photoreceptors
respond to light energy
Define nociceptor
respond to pain causing stimuli
Define interoceptor (visceroreceptors) and 2 locations
respond to stimuli in internal viscera and blood vessels
Define exteroceptor and 2 examples
respond to stimuli outside body on or near body surface; (1) receptors in skin (2) most special sense organs
Define proprioceptor give 4 examples
respond to stretch stimuli in internal structures; (1) skeletal muscles (2) tendons (3) joints (4) ligaments
Define thermoreceptors
respond to temperature changes
Define mechanoreceptor
respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch and itch
The main sensory component of the reticular formation is the ______-_______ system. What is its function?
reticular activating; keeps cerebral cortex conscious, alert and excitable
Which system of the brain helps you filter out noises in the cafeteria when you are trying to study?
reticular formation
Name the nerve plexus that matches the description: a nerve of this plexus controls urination, defecation, and erection
sacral plexus
Name the nerve plexus that matches the description: damage to this plexus causes difficulties walking
sacral plexus
Name the nerve plexus that matches the description: innervates buttock, posterior thigh, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum
sacral plexus
Name the nerve plexus that matches the description: motor to the anterior/medial thigh muscles and abdominal wall muscles
sacral plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: sensory and motor to anterior/lateral lower leg and dorsal foot (dorsiflexes foot, extend toes)
sciatic common fibular nerve; sacral plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: innervates entire lower limb (except anteriomedial thigh)
sciatic nerve; sacral plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: lies under the gluteus maximus muscle
sciatic nerve; sacral plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: longest and thickest nerve of the body
sciatic nerve; sacral plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: sensory and motor to posterior leg and plantar foot (extends thigh, flexes knee/toes, plantar flexes foot)
sciatic tibial nerve; sacral plexus
What is the basic function of the cerebellum?
sends blueprint of coordinated movement to cerebral motor cortex
What is contained in a spinal nerve?
sensory and motor fibers
Trace the flow of information from sensory receptors to a multimodal association cortex and on to the motor cortex
sensory receptors -> primary sensory cortex -> sensory association cortex -> multimodal association cortex
Dorsal roots of the spinal cord contain _____/_____ fibers/axons whose cell bodies are located in the _____________________. Ventral roots of the spinal cord contain ______/______ fibers/axons whose cell bodies are located in the ____________ of the spinal cord
sensory/afferent; dorsal root ganglia; motor/efferent; ventral horn
Pons mean bridge. How does this meaning relate to the basic functions of the pons? connects _______ and ______ fibers that connect the higher ______ centers to the ______-_____ and ______ impulses between _____ cortex & ________
sensory; motor fibers (tracts); brain; spinal cord; relay; motor; cerebellum
Define sulcus
shallow grooves between gyri
What is contained in the ventral horn of the spinal cord?
somatic motor neurons and some interneurons
The ______________ ___________ cortex receives information from the primary somatosensory cortex and integrates that information to produce an understanding of an object being felt and to recognize that object without even seeing in
somatosensory association
Define adaptation of receptors
some sensory receptors exhibit decrease in sensitivity and nerve impulse generation in the presence of a constant stimulus
Which layer of the meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid?
subarachnoid space
CSF drains from the _______ space into the dural venous sinuses of the brain and then to the _________ _______ veins of the circulatory system
subarachnoid; internal jugular
The basal nuclei interact with the _________ ________ of the ____ _____ to influence muscle movements. Name two movement disorders that are associated with these two areas
substantia nigra of the midbrain; Huntingtons disease; parkinsons disease
Parkinsons disease is caused by degeneration of the ______-_____ neurons which leads to deficiency of the neurotransmitter called ________. This neurotransmitter thus cannot be delivered to the __________-_____ which play a role in inhibiting unnecessary movements and starting and stopping movements
substantia nigra; dopamine; basal nuclei
A brief loss of consciousness is termed fainting or ________
syncope
Simple general sensory receptors detect the two T's and two P's. They detach sensations related to ________, _______, _____, and ___________. Structurally, they are classified as _________ or _________
tactile; temp; pain; proprioception; unencapsulated nerve endings; encapsulated nerve endings
List three sensations that are perceived in the insulation lobe
taste, visceral sensations, awareness of balance
The olfactory cortex in located in the medial aspect of the __________ lobe
temporal
The primary auditory cortex and the auditory association area are located in the __________ lobe. They work together to allow us to hear and interpret sound and to store memories of sounds.
temporal
List the five branches of the facial nerve in order
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
The _________ is the gateway to the cerebral cortex. Why is this part of the brain called that?
thalamus; relay station for info coming into cerebral cortex
The four basic regions of the adult brain. List the 3 components of the diencephalon
thalamus;hypothalamus;epithalamus
The three places in the adult brain where the blood brain barrier may be missing or reduced: Explain why the BBB is missing in the choroid plexus
the capillaries must be proud and permeable to produce CSF
Describe cerebellar processing for motor activity. ( how does the cerebellum fine-tune motor activity to provide smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements?)
the cerebral peduncles enable the cerebellum to fine the motor activity to provide smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movement
Describe the distribution of gray matter in the brain
the nuclei in the cerebellum and cerebrum are scattered gray in white matter (2) outside of white matter is gray matter of the outer cortex of the cerebellum and cerebrum
Name the four ventricles of the brain and list the connections between the ventricles
the paired lateral ventricles (one and two) communicate with the third ventricle located in the diencephalon via inter ventricular foramen (2) the third ventricle is continuous with the fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct running through the midbrain (3) the fourth ventricle connects to the subarachnoid space via median and lateral apertures (4) the fourth ventricle merges with central canal of the spinal cord
What is the least permeable capillaries in the body?
the tight junctions between endothelial cells
What part of the body are supplied by spinal nerves?
they supply all parts of the body except head and part of neck
What does MAS allow us to do?
to give meaning to information received, store it, compare it and decide on action
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: causes "funny bone" tingling when you hit your elbow
ulnar nerve; brachial plexus
Name the specific spinal nerve and corresponding plexus that matches the description: sensory from skin of the pinky finger
ulnar nerve; brachial plexus
Cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the?
ventral horn
Hollow cavities or chambers in the brain that are continuous with the spinal cord and produce cerebrospinal fluid are called ____________. The cells that lines these cavities are called ____________ cells.
ventricles; ependymal
Complex sense organs that contain nervous sensory cells and other types of cells are associated with the special sense of ________, _______, ______, ______, and _____
vision; hearing; equilibrium; smell; taste
The superior colliculi is the ________-_____ center. The inferior colliculi is the _______-______ center. These two things are part of the corpora quadrigemina which is part of the _______ nuclei
visual reflex; auditory relay; midbrain
Motor areas of the cerebral cortex control ________ movement and are contained in the posterior part of the ________ lobe. List four motor areas of the cerebral cortex
voluntary; frontal; (1) primary (somatic) motor cortex (2) premotor cortex (3) Brocas area (4) frontal eye field
List some other regulatory functions of the medulla. (VHC SSS)
vomiting, hiccuping, coughing, swallowing, sneezing, salivation
Example of adaption of receptors
when you turn a light on in a dark room, you are initially shocked but photoreceptors adapt
What are the conus medullaris?
where spinal cord terminates in a tapering core structure
