Chapter 13

In middle school, general self-esteem tends to ______.

Increase steadily with a brief decline at age 12

According to Eriskon's theory of psychosocial development, children in middle childhood are in the ______ stage.

Industry-versus-inferiority

According to psychologist William Damon, the primary criterion for friendship during Stage 3 is ______.

Loyalty

In social relationships, boys tend to be interested in ______; girls tend to be interested in ______.

Status and conflict; equality and harmony

Which of the following statements about cross-race friendships among middle-school children is true?

The number of cross-race friendships declines as children grow older.

Compared with families of other ethnicities and races, African American families are more likely to have _____.

The presence of extended family members in the home

How has life for the average child changed over the last several decades?

There are a greater number of families with two working parents.

Which of the following is an effective way to reduce bullying in school?

Train students to intervene when they witness bullying?

Most children in group care are put there because they have been _____.

Victims of neglect and abuse

Younger children are somewhat colorblind in choosing friendships. But by high school, the number of African American children who consider someone of another race to be their best friend drops to _____.

5 percent

Approximately what percentage of childhood bullies have been raised in an abusive situation?

50 percent

Which of the following factors may predict worse reactions by children to a divorce?

A lack of conflict during the marriage

A child who is popular likely ______.

Can readily interpret the meaning of others' behavior

A classic research study found that ______ was more closely related to adult occupational success than were intelligence or family background.

Childhood industriousness

Which of the following best characterizes a child's relationship with her or his parents during middle childhood?

Children become more independent, although parents remain their major influence

The shift from almost complete parental control to shared control by parent and child is called _____.

Corregulation

The rigid rankings of group members that typify friend networks among boys are known as the ______.

Dominance hierarchy

Comparing one's own abilities against those of obviously less competent peers serves to protect one's self-esteem and is known as ______.

Downward social comparison

Children removed from their homes due to abuse or neglect who require more intensive mental health treatment are often placed in _____.

Group care

The middle childhood period encompasses Erik Erikson's industry-versus-inferiority stage of psychosocial development; the primary goal of children during this stage is to ______.

Meet the challenges presented by parents, peers, and school

Which statement best describes friendships during elementary school?

Most friendships are same-sex

In the middle childhood years, children begin to base their self-concepts on ______ characteristics.

Psychological

In the third stage of friendship, which begins toward the end of middle childhood, friendship is based on ______.

Psychological closeness

Which of the following is a major challenge for those living in blended families?

Role ambiguity

When Jamal leaves school, he goes straight home according to his mom's rules. He does his homework, watches television, and sets the table for supper. When mom comes home from work, she cooks and they discuss their days. What is the developmental term that applies to Jamal's situation?

Self-care child

An individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation is called ______.

Self-esteem

Kurt likes his friend Steven. They play kickball, fly kites, and make snow forts. Once they stayed in a tent in Steven's backyard and read comic books for hours. They thought that was really fun. Steven is Kurt's best friend, and Kurt is likely ______ years old.

Six

The desire to evaluate one's behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions in reference to others is called ______.

Social comparison

Popular children often are skilled at ______, which would make them good diplomats.

Social problem-solving

______ is the use of strategies for resolving conflicts in ways that are satisfactory to oneself and others.

Social problem-solving