Chapter 13 Smartbook Quiz

During a normal cycle of respiration, there is a pause prior to inspiring a breath, and a pause in between inspiring and expiring the breath. Which of these conditions is the SAME during those two pauses? 1. Atmospheric pressure 2. Transpulmonary Pressure 3. Air flow 4. The alveolar pressure 5. Volume of the lung 6. Intrapleural pressure

1. Atmospheric pressure 3. Air flow 4. The alveolar pressure

Place Events that occur during inspiration in sequence

1. Diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals contract 2. Thorax expands 3. Pip becomes more sub atmospheric 4. Increase in transpulmonary pressure 5. Lung expands 6. Palv becomes sub atmospheric 7. Air flows into alveoli

Put the following steps in the order that they occur during expiration.

1. Inspiratory muscles stop contracting 2. chest walls recoil inward and intrapleural pressure increases toward pre-inspiration value 3. intrapleural pressure increases and transpulmonary pressure decreases back toward pre-inspiration values 4. Lungs recoil toward pre-inspiration size, compressing alveolar air 5. Alveolar pressure increases above atmospheric pressure, and air flows out of lungs

What are the 5 steps of ventilation

1. Ventilation 2. Gas exchange between lungs and pulmonary capillary blood 3. Gas transport In the blood 4. Gas exchange between systemic capillary blood and tissues 5. Cellular Respiration

Total oxygen transport by the blood is not really decreased very much until the arterial PO2decreases below about______________ A. 100 mmHg B. 30 mmHg C. 60 mmHg D. 80 mmHg

60mmHg

Red blood cells have an average diameter of approximately ______, and the thickness of the barrier separating alveolar air from pulmonary capillary blood is approximately ______.

7 micrometers; 0.2 micrometers

asphyxia

A combination of hypoxemia and hypercapnia

The difference in pressure between the alveolar and intrapleural spaces is known as the__________. A. Intrapleural pressure B. transpulmonary pressure C. alveolar pressure D. Atmospheric pressure E. Barometric Pressure

B transpulmonary pressure

What is the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in a typical resting person's systemic venous blood? A.25% B.75% C.50% D. 100%

B. 75%

In a normal systemic arterial blood sample, approximately what fraction of the total oxygen content is bound to hemoglobin? A. 1.5% B. 98.5% C.67.7% D. 90% E. 50%

B. 98.5

The vital capacity is best defined as the ______. A. Minimal lung volume during expiration B. Maximal volume inspired C. maximal lung volume during inspiration D. maximal volume expired

B. Maximal volume inspired

Identify the term for an instrument used to measure respiratory volumes in pulmonary function tests. A. Cannula B. Spirometer C. Nebulizer D. Sphgomomanometer

B. Spirometer

Afferent neural activity from peripheral chemoreceptors is stimulated by which of the following? A.A decrease in arterial PCO2 B.A decrease in arterial [H+] C. A decrease in arterial PO2 D.An increase in arterial PO2 E. An increase in arterial [H+]

C . A decrease in arterial PO2 E. An increase in arterial [H+]

What are the two main determinants of lung compliance? A. The viscosity of gases in the inspired and expired air B. The presence or absence of tracheal rings in airways C.The amount and distensibility of connective tissues making up the lung tissue D. The surface tension at the air-water interfaces within the lungs E. The diameter of the large airways

C.The amount and distensibility of connective tissues making up the lung tissue D. The surface tension at the air-water interfaces within the lungs

The respiratory quotient (RQ) refers to _________________. ___________________production divided by ____________________consumption.

Carbon dioxide; oxygen

Over what range of PO2 values does the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve undergo the largest change in oxygen saturation? A. 50-90 mmHg B. 60-100 mmHg C. 40-80 mmHg D. 30-70 mmHg E. 20-60 mmHg

E. 20-60 mmHg

Physiological dead space is ____________ and ____________ dead space combined

anatomical; alveolar

The most important inputs to the medullary respiratory neurons come from chemoreceptors called the_______________ and ________________bodies.

aortic; carotid

Periodic cessation of breathing during sleep is termed sleep____________

apnea

For airflow into or out of the lungs, the gas pressure at the nose and mouth is normally the_________ pressure.

atmospheric

The factors that determine the precise value of alveolar PO2 are: 1) the PO2 of _________________air; 2) the rate of alveolar_______________; and 3) the rate of total-body oxygen ____________________.

atmospheric; ventilation; consumption

Ventilation refers to the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli by_________ ____________. In contract, the exchange of O2 and CO2between alveolar air and blood in lung capillaries occurs by diffusion.

bulk flow

The alveolar walls contain ___________ , which carry the RBCs, and a very small __________space, which in many places is absent altogether.

capillaries;interstitial

Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid, a reaction that is catalyzed in the red blood cells by the enzyme____________ _____________

carbonic anhydrase

obstructive sleep apnea

caused by increased airway resistance because of narrowing or collapse of the upper airways (primarily the pharynx) during inspiration

Of the two sets of receptors involved in the reflex response to increases in PCO2, the _______________________chemoreceptors are the more important, accounting for about 70% of the increased ventilation.

central

Both______________ and _____________ chemoreceptors can initiate pathways by which increased arterial PCO2 stimulates ventilation.

central; peripheral

Voluntary control of breathing is accomplished by descending pathways from the ___________________________to the motor neurons of the respiratory muscles.

cerebral cortex

The lung disease abbreviated COPD stands for

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The physical characteristic of the lung that determines how much the volume changes for a given change in transpulmonary pressure is called the lung______.

compliance

The airways zone which contains no alveoli and does not exchange gases with the blood is called the______ zone

conducting

Receptors found between epithelial cells in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi typically cause ____________ in response to irritants.

coughing

When alveoli in a region of the lung are ventilated normally but the blood supply to that region is blocked by a blood clot, that region is referred to as ______. A. a shunt B. edematous C. fibrotic D. dead space

d. dead space

Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata stimulate ventilation when there is increased ______ ion concentration of the extracellular fluid of the brain. A. sodium B. bicarbonate C. oxygen D. hydrogen E. Calcium

d. hydrogen

The substance 2,3-DPG binds to hemoglobin and _________ its affinity to oxygen

decreases

The thorax is completely separated from the abdomen by a large sheet of skeletal muscle called the_______

diaphragm

The presence of carbon monoxide ______ arterial PO2, and so peripheral chemoreceptors output is ______.

does not affect; unaltered

There are two main anatomical components of the medullary respiratory center: the ______________respiratory group and the ____________ respiratory group.

dorsal; ventral

The clinical term for "shortness of breath" is_____________

dyspnea

The tendency of an elastic structure, such as the lungs, to oppose stretching or distortion is termed_____________

elastic recoil

What force opposes the positive transpulmonary pressure in the lung of a person at the end of an unforced expiration when muscles are relaxed and there is no airflow?

elastic recoil of the lungs

Smoking is a major cause of the progressive destruction of alveolar tissue in the disease____________

emphysema

The term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to___________ , chronic bronchitis, or a combination of the two.

emphysema

Function of apneustic center

fine-tunes activity of the medullary inspiratory neurons and helps terminate inspiration

A hemoglobin protein is composed of ______.

four poly peptide subunits, each attached to a heme group

Function of the pneumotaxic center

helps smooths transitions between inspiration and expiration

In a blood sample containing many hemoglobin molecules, the fraction of all the hemoglobin in the form of oxyhemoglobin is expressed as the percent_________________________.

hemoglobin saturation

Some of the diseases that produce hypoxia also produce a condition characterized by carbon dioxide retention and an increased arterial PCO2. This condition is called__________

hypercapnia

Some of the diseases that produce hypoxia also produce a condition characterized by carbon dioxide retention and an increased arterial PCO2. This condition is called________________

hypercapnia

A ventilation rate that removes CO2 from the body faster than it is produced is known as

hyperventilation

When there is a decrease in the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation, a condition called _________________ exists.

hyperventilation

When a person breathes a gas mixture that contains CO2,________________.

increased [H+] stimulates both central and peripheral chemoreceptors

The muscles that run between the ribs and are part of the thoracic wall are collectively called the ______ muscles.

intercostal

The extremely thin fluid layer that is between membranes surrounding the lungs and lubricates their surfaces is know as the_______ fluid

intrapleural

The two layers of pleura in each sac are separated by a layer of_________________, the total volume of which is only a few milliliters

intrapleural fluid

During inspiration, connective tissues help to decrease resistance by holding airways open. This phenomenon is termed____________.

lateral traction

The factors that determine airway resistance are analogous to those determining vascular resistance in the circulatory system: tube_______ , tube _____________, and interactions between moving molecules (gas molecules, in this case).

length; radius

Airways and alveoli contain immune cells called________ that engulf and destroy in haled particles and bacteria

macrophages

Central chemoreceptors are located within the region of the central nervous system called the___________

medulla oblongata

The primary centers for controlling the alternation of inhaling and exhaling during respiration are located in the___________________ region of the brain stem

medulla oblongata

Action potentials in the afferent nerve fibers from the pulmonary stretch receptors travel to the brain and inhibit the activity of the____________ ________________ neurons.

medullary inspiratory

The acid-base disorder that involves an increase in arterial H+ concentration caused by something other than elevated PCO2 is known as___________________.

metabolic acidosis

There are many normal and pathological situations in which a change in arterial H+concentration is due to some cause other than a primary change in PCO2. When H+concentration is increased the condition is termed ________________and when it is decreased, ______________ occurs

metabolic acidosis; metabolic alkalosis

The ____________________ = tidal volume × respiratory rate.

minute ventilation

Most people who ascend rapidly to altitudes above 10,000 ft experience some degree of________________________________ , which may include breathlessness, headache, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, fatigue, andimpairment of mental processes.

mountain sickness

Put these structures in order Throat trachea bronchi bronchioles mouth or nose alveoli

mouth or nose throat trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by excessive production of _______ the bronchi and chronic inflammatory changes in the small airways.

mucus

Particulate matter, such as dust contained in inspired air, sticks to the ______, which is continuously and slowly moved by the cilia to the _________ and then swallowed.

mucus; pharynx

The individual pressure exerted by a gas within a mixture of gases is referred to as its ____________________pressure.

partial

During inspiration, air passes through the nose or the mouth (or both) into the ________, passage common to both air and food

pharynx

The structure that is posterior to the oral cavity, and which is a common pathway for food moving toward the esophagus and air moving toward the larynx, is called the

pharynx

The sum of the anatomical and alveolar dead spaces is known as the ________dead space

physiological

The __________respiratory group helps smooth the transition between inspiration and expiration.

pontine

central sleep apnea

primarily due to a decrease in neural output from the respiratory center in the medulla to the phrenic motor nerve to the diaphragm

The substance 2,3-DPG is produced by

red blood cells

The air that remains in the lungs even after a forceful expiration is called the _________volume.

residual

According to Boyle's Law, when the volume of a closed space increases at a constant temperature, _____. A. The total gas pressure within that space increases B. the solubility of gases in that space increases C. the total gas pressure within that space decreases D. the solubility of gases in that space decreases E.the partial pressures of gases in that space all increase

the total gas pressure within that space decreases

The body compartment between the neck and abdomen is called the

thorax

The larynx opens into a long tube, the________ , which in turn branches into two _________

trachea; bronchi

During strenuous exercise, blood PCO2 levels increase in systemic ______ blood. A. venous B. arterial

venous

A mismatch of alveolar airflow and capillary blood flow in the lung is known as ___________ ____________ inequality

ventilation-perfusion inequality

The maximal amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration is called_________

vital capacity

Rank the following in order of descending PO2, with the space containing the highest PO2at the top.

1. erythrocyte intracellular fluid in systemic arterioles 2. plasma of systemic capillaries 3. Tissue interstitial fluid 4. inside tissue cell mitochondria

Place the causation of pulmonary hypertension in order

1.Decreased airflow 2.Decreased PO2 3.Vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels 4.Elevated pulmonary pressure

Which is NOT a function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? 1. Regulates airway resistance by varying the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls. 2. Exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and external environment. 3. Participates in the production of sounds for communication with others 4. Warms and moistens inhaled air. 5. Has cilia, mucus, and macrophages that help defend against microbes and foreign matter that enter the system.

2. Exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and external environment.

Which respiratory system structures aid in the trapping and clearing of inhaled particles present in inspired air? 1. Alveolar 2. Mucus 3. Intrapleural Fluid 4. Macrophages 5. Epithelial Cell Cilia 6. Nasal Hairs

2.Mucus 4.Macrophages 5. Epithelial Cell Cilia 6.Nasal hair

The total milliliters of oxygen dissolved and bound to hemoglobin in 1 liter of systemic arterial blood is approximately ___________

200

In a normal, healthy person at rest, the PO2 in alveolar air and the blood first reaches diffusion equilibrium when the blood has traveled approximately ______% of the length of the pulmonary capillary.

30

The number of polypeptide subunits that make up a molecule of hemoglobin is_____________

4

In a normal resting person, the systemic venous PO2 is approximately ______ and hemoglobin is approximately ______ saturated with O2.

40 mmHg; 75%

The conducting zone includes the ______. 1.Alveoli 2.respiratory bronchioles 3.terminal bronchioles 4.bronchi 5.trachea

5.trachea 4.bronchi 3.terminal bronchioles

Which systemic blood compartment does not usually increase in PCO2 during exercise? A. Arterial B. Venous

A. Arterial

When areas of the lung have normal blood flow but the alveolar ventilation to the area is blocked, it is referred to as _________. A. a shunt B. anatomical dead space C.alveolar dead space D. physiological dead space E. pulmonary embolism

A. a shunt

As inspired air enters the lungs, the first structures encountered that are part of the respiratory zone are the________. A.terminal bronchioles B.alveolar sacs C.bronchi D. respiratory bronchioles E. vocal folds

D. respiratory bronchioles

What is the term describing the condition in which there is a decreased arterial PCO2? A. Hypocapnia B. Hypercapnia C. Histotoxic hypoxia D Ischemic hypoxia

A. Hypocapnia

Inspiration is initiated by a burst of action potentials in the spinal motor neurons to inspiratory muscles like the diaphragm. Then the action potentials cease, the inspiratory muscles relax, and expiration occurs ______. A. as the elastic lungs recoil B. via activation of motor neurons to expiratory muscles

A. as the elastic lungs recoil

There are many inputs to the medullary inspiratory neurons, but the most important for the automatic control of ventilation at rest come from ______. A. central and peripheral chemoreceptors B. left and right cerebral peduncles C. pulmonary stretch receptors D. Aortic and carotid baroreceptors

A. central and peripheral chemoreceptors

Which of the following statements is true? A. Intracellular PO2 of a metabolizing tissue cell is lower than in arteriolar blood, and the intracellular PCO2 is higher than in arteriolar blood. B. Intracellular PO2 of a metabolizing tissue cell is higher than in arteriolar blood, and the intracellular PCO2 is lower than in arterial blood.

A. Intracellular PO2 of a metabolizing tissue cell is higher than in arteriolar blood, and the intracellular PCO2 is lower than in arterial blood.

Which is true about the control of ventilation? A. It is under both voluntary and involuntary control. B. It is only under involuntary control. C.It is only under voluntary control.

A. It is under both voluntary and involuntary control.

List some of the major components of pulmonary surfactant. A. Phospholipids B. Enzymes C. Proteins D. Bile Salts E. Carbonic anhydrase

A. Phospholipids C.Proteins

The impaired diffusion of gases between alveoli and capillaries due to fluid filling the alveoli is referred to as which condition? A. Pulmonary edema B. Chronic bronchitis C. Diffude D. Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease E. Cystic fibrosis

A. Pulmonary Edema

If other factors remain the same, decreasing ventilation will Blank______ alveolar PCO2. A.increase B. decrease C. not affect

A. increase

Which of these is equal to the change in lung volume divided by the change in transpulmonary pressure? A. lung compliance B. pneumothorax C. lateral traction D.Transmural pressure

A. lung compliance

Which of these are features of altitude sickness? A. Pulmonary hypertension B. hypercapnia C. Hyperventilation caused by decreased arterial PO2 D. Pulmonary edema E. Hypoventilation caused by increased arterial PO2

A. Pulmonary hypertension C. Hyperventilation caused by decreased arterial PO2 D. Pulmonary edema

Which term is used to describes the amount of bound oxygen carried by red blood cells? A.percent hemoglobin saturation B. hematocrit C. global hematuria content D. dissolved oxygen concentration E. oxycontin index

A. percent hemoglobin saturation

When a person loses a significant amount of H+ from the body due to vomiting, which of these describes how the respiratory system helps to compensate? A.Ventilation is decreased and arterial PCO2 is increased, changing H+ levels back toward normal. B. Ventilation is increased and arterial PCO2 is decreased, changing H+ levels back toward normal. C. Ventilation is increased and arterial PCO2 is increased, changing H+ levels back toward normal. D. Ventilation is decreased and arterial PCO2 is decreased, changing H+ levels back toward normal.

A. Ventilation is decreased and arterial PCO2 is increased, changing H+ levels back toward normal.

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is equal to which of these? A. Vital Capacity B.Total lung capacity C. Functional residual capacity D. inspiratory capacity E. Federal reserve capacity

A. Vital capacity

The following statements relate to the disease emphysema. Identify the ones that are true. A.Loss of elastic tissue in lung B.Decreases total surface area due to alveolar wall loss C.Marked ventilation-perfusion inequality D.Decreased airway resistance leading to collapse of bronchioles

A.Loss of elastic tissue in lung B.Decreases total surface area due to alveolar wall loss

During strenuous exercise, blood PCO2 levels increase in systemic ______ blood. A.Venous B.Arterial

A.Venous

The "respiratory zone" of the respiratory system includes which of the following? Alveolar Ducts Alveolar Sacs Trachea Respiratory Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles Bronchi

Alveolar Ducts Alveolar Sacs Respiratory Bronchioles

The value that is calculated by the equation (Tidal volume − Dead space) × Respiratory rate is the______________rate.

Alveolar ventilation

The syndrome COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) includes which of the following? A. Asthma B. Chronic Bronchitis C. Emphysema D. Cystic Fibrosis E. Parkinson's Disease

B. Chronic Bronchitis C. Emphysema

Which of the following are non-respiratory functions of the lungs? A.Forms speech sounds B.Produces new red blood cells C.Defends against microbes DMediates gluconeogenesis during fasting E.Dissolves blood clots arising from systemic veins

B. Forms speech sounds C.Defends against microbes E.Dissolves blood clots arising from systemic veins

What disease is characterized by a loss of elastic tissue and the destruction of the alveolar walls leading to an increase in lung compliance? A. Glaucoma B. Emphysema C.Pneumonia D. Asthma E. Cystic Fibrosis

B. Emphysema

Which three are the determinants of alveolar PO2? A. The rate of total-body oxygen consumption B. The PO2 of atmospheric air C. The solubility of O2 in blood plasma D. The rate of alveolar ventilation E.The concentration of hemoglobin in the blood

B. The PO2 of atmospheric air D. The rate of alveolar ventilation A. The rate of total-body oxygen

Neurons of the ______________respiratory group primarily fire during inspiration, while the neurons of the ________________ respiratory group contains expiratory neurons, and fires mainly when large increases in ventilation are required.

Dorsal; Ventral

During strenuous exercise, a person may hyperventilate; thus, alveolar and systemic arterial PCO2 may actually ______. A. Increase B. decrease

B. decrease

Reflexively induced ______ minimizes the change in arterial H+ concentration when acids are produced in excess in the body. A. hypoventilation B. hyperventilation

B. hyperventilation

Which of the following oxygen "types" contributes directly to the PO2 of the blood? A. Only oxygen bound to hemoglobin B. Only dissolve oxygen C. Both oxygen bound to hemoglobin and dissolved oxygen D. Neither oxygen bound to hemoglobin nose dissolved oxygen

B. only dissolved oxygen

The physical principle stating that gas pressure in a closed space increases as its volume decreases is known as ___________ law.

Boyle's

Which respiratory group primarily has input to the spinal motor neurons that activate the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles? A. Lateral respiratory group B. Ventral respiratory group C. Dorsal respiratory group D. Covert respiratory group

C. Dorsal respiratory group

Inspiration occurs when________. A.alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure B. alveolar and atmospheric pressures are equal C. alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure D. atmospheric pressure is less than alveolar pressure E. atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure

C. alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure E. atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar pressure

The lungs contribute to the production of a hormone, ______, which is produced by the action of an enzyme located on endothelial cells throughout much of the body. A. prolactin B. glucagon C. angiotensin 2 D. oxytosin E. vasopressin

C. angiotensin 2

Compared to the diameter of a red blood cell, the alveolar and endothelial cell barrier that separates alveolar air from capillary blood is_________ A. Much thicker B. approximately equal C. much thinner

C. much thinner

Neural centers in the ______ are not responsible for generating the respiratory rhythm but are important in fine-tuning respiratory processes, for example, smoothing the transition between inspiration and expiration. A. cerebellum B.mid-brain C. pons D. superior colic's E. Medulla oblongata

C. pons

Which of the following are possible in mountain sickness? A. Pulmonary edema only B. Brain edema only C.Both pulmonary edema and brain edema D.Neither pulmonary edema nor brain edema

C.Both pulmonary edema and brain edema

What does the arterial PCO2 most directly influence? A. Blood hematocrit B. Alveolar PO2 C.Arterial PO2 D. Arterial pH

D. Arterial pH

What chemoreceptors are located within the medulla oblongata? A. Olfactory B.Carotid C. Aortic D. Central E. Peripheral

D. Central

Which of the following statements is true about the effect of factors on airway smooth muscles? A.Both epinephrine and the leukotrienes contract them. B.Both epinephrine and the leukotrienes relax them. C.Epinephrine contracts them, while the leukotrienes relax them. D.Epinephrine relaxes them, while the leukotrienes contract them.

D. Epinephrine relaxes them, while the leukotrienes contract them.

What is released into the blood during strenuous anaerobic exercise that causes the pH of blood to decrease? A. oxygen B. acetic acid C. hydrochloric acid D.Lactic Acid E. Pyruvic acid

D. Lactic Acid

Which term describes an acid-base disorder involving increased PCO2? A. respiratory alkalosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Metabolic alkalosis D.Respiratory acidosis

D. Respiratory acidosis

Which is the best indicator that hypoventilation is occurring? A.Pulmonary venous PCO2 is below normal. B.Systemic arterial PO2 is above normal. C.Systemic arterial PO2 is below normal. D. Systemic arterial PCO2 is above normal.

D. Systemic arterial PCO2 is above normal.

Surface tension that decreases the compliance of the lungs results from ______. A.contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles B.stiffening of the walls of large airways due the presence of cartilaginous rings in large airways C. surfactant that is secreted by type 2 alveolar cells D.attraction forces between water molecules at the air-water interface within alveoli E.contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle

D. attraction forces between water molecules at the air-water interface within alveoli

The respiratory quotient is greatest when tissues are metabolizing Blank______. A. amino acids B. fats C. proteins D. carbohydrates

D. carbohydrates

Is the partial pressure of a gas directly or indirectly proportional to its concentration?

Directly

What gas law states that in a mixture of gases, the pressure that each gas exerts is independent of the pressure the other gases exert? A. Law of Laplace B. Henry's law C. Boyle's law D. Law of mass action E. Dalton's law

E. Dalton's law

During inspiration, air leaving the pharynx next passes through which structure? A:Esophagus B:Bronchiole C:Trachea D: Bronchus E: Larynx

E. Larynx

Which of these is a paracrine factor that increases airway resistance as part of the inflammation response? A. Cyclic AMP B.Epinephrine C. Carbon Monoxide D. Nitric oxide E. Leukotrienes

E. Leukotrienes

What is the proper equation for calculating the bulk flow of air out of the lungs?

F = (Palv − Patm)/R

If a liquid is exposed to two different gases having the same partial pressures, at equilibrium the concentration of gases in the liquid will always be identical. 1. True 2.False

False because the concentration of the gases in the liquid will be different if their solubilities are different

Which is NOT one of the five main steps involved in respiration? A. Ventilation B. Cellular oxygen use and carbon dioxide production C. Gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood D. Gas exchange between systemic capillary blood and tissues E. Gas exchange across pleural membranes

Gas exchange across pleural membranes

The ability of changes in arterial PCO2 to reflexively control ventilation is largely due to associated changes in __________.

H+ concentration

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that combines which of the following?

H2O and CO2

Which best describes the condition in which a patient has increased arterial PCO2, decreased arterial PO2, and increased arterial [H+]?

Hypoventilation

The respiratory rhythm generator is located ______.

In the pre-Bötzinger complex of neurons in the upper part of the VRG

Which is a primary stimulator of the central chemoreceptors?

Increased [H+]in the cerebrospinal fluid

What happens to the arterial blood when a person hypoventilates?

PCO2 increase and pH decreases

By definition, if there is no airflow and the airways are open to the atmosphere, Palv must equal Patm. Because the lungs always have air in them, the transmural pressure of the lungs (Ptp) must always be ______; therefore, ______.

Positive; Palv> Pip

What term describes the volume of gas inspired or expired in an unforced respiratory cycle?

Tidal volume

During inspiration, air passing through the larynx next enters the______.

Trachea

True or false: As blood flows through systemic capillaries, oxygen diffuses down a concentration gradient from hemoglobin to plasma to interstitial fluid, to the mitochondria of tissue cells.

True because Oxygen levels are lowest in mitochondria where oxygen is used, and highest in the red blood cells entering the tissue capillaries.

Because the mitochondria of all cells are utilizing oxygen, the cellular PO2 is ______ the PO2 of the surrounding interstitial fluid. Therefore, oxygen is continuously diffusing______the cells. a. less than; into b. more than; out of c. more than; into d. less than; out of

a. less than; into

Hyperventilation can lead to a reduction in CO2, a clinical condition known as respiratory_____________.

alkalosis

CO2 and H+ influence the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen by combining with the globin portion and altering the conformation of the entire hemoglobin molecule. Therefore, these effects are a form of_____________ modulation

allosteric

Hypoventilation exists when there is an increase in the ratio of carbon dioxide production to _________________ventilation.

alveolar

In pulmonary edema, some of the _________ may become filled with fluid.

alveoli

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are ____________muscles and therefore do not contract unless motor neurons stimulate them to do so.

skeletal

Receptors found between epithelial cells of the nose and pharynx cause a reflex called ____________when stimulated by irritant particles.

sneezing

The apparatus used in pulmonary function tests to measure lung volumes and capacities is called a(n)

spirometer

There are two major determinants of lung compliance: 1) The ___________of the lung tissues, particularly their elastic connective tissues; 2) The surface __________at the air-water interfaces within the alveoli.

stretchability; tension

The pressure a gas exerts is proportional to ____________and the________________ of the gas.

temperature (because heat increases the speed at which molecules move); concentration (the number of molecules per unit volume)

At the end of an unforced expiration when the respiratory muscles are relaxed and there is no airflow, ______.

the intrapleural pressure is less than atmospheric pressure