Chapter 13. Social Psychology

_____ _______ is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

social psychology

A ____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

stereotype

______ is the male hormone related to aggression.

testosterone

Which of the following are psychological determinants of aggression?

the presence of a weapon the perception that another's actions are unfair observing others engaging in aggression

T/F: one of the strongest predictor of aggression is witnessing aggression in one's own family.

true

The self-fulfilling prophecy is...

when expectations about a future event or behavior act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur.

________ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what are the specific causes of that person's behavior.

Attribution

Cognitive dissonance is... a) when a person helps someone out to ensure reciprocity or gain self esteem b) an individual's psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts c) experienced when an individual is persuaded via the central route d) experienced when an individual is persuaded via the peripheral route

Cognitive dissonance, another concept introduced by Festinger (1957), is the psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistency between what we believe and what we do. b) an individual's psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts

____ are cognitive shortcuts, such as stereotypes, which enable us to make decisions rapidly.

Heuristics

What concept in social psychology did the Stanford Prison Experiment primarily explore?

Obedience

Which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive?

Observational learning

Which of the following best describes social exchange theory? a) investment in a relationship b) the positive feelings in a relationship c) the equity in a relationship d) commitment in a relationship

Social exchange theory is based on the notion of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits. This theory looks as human relations as an exchange of rewards between actors. c) the equity in a relationship

According to social exchange theory, what is the most important predictor of a relationship's success? a) equity b) passion c) positive feelings d) commitment

Social exchange theory is the view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits. This theory looks at human relations as an exchange of rewards between actors. a) equity

A model of relationships that emphasizes the ways commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction in a relationship, is describing which of the following? a) investment model b) social exchange theory c) evolutionary approach d) romantic love

The investment model examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships. a) investment model

True or false: Many experts insist that TV violence can prompt aggressive or antisocial behavior in children.

True

which of the following statements describes conformity?

a change in behavior brought about in order to follow the standards of others

The peripheral route of the elaboration likelihood model involves non-message factors such as... a) credibility of source b) attractiveness of source c) logic of message d) emotional appeals

a) credibility of source d) emotional appeals

A negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because they are a member of that group is called... a) discrimination b) ethnocentrism c) bias d) prejudice

a) discrimination

Shelley Taylor and her colleagues demonstrated that having positive illusions about the self is often related to which of the following? a) heightened well-being b) self-objectification c) delusions of grandeur d) being liked by others

a) heightened well-being d) being liked by others

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of ____ and underestimate the importance of ____ when they seek to explain the behavior of others. a) internal traits; external situations b) externat situations; internal traits c) failures; successes d) successes; failures

a) internal traits; external situations

The central route of the elaboration likelihood model works by engaging someone thoughtfully with a... a) logical argument b) list of credible sources c) catchy phrase d) dynamic speaker

a) logical argument

Which of the following statements are true regarding prosocial behavior? a) many adults often engage in helping behavior in order to improve their mood b) happy people are most likely than unhappy people to help others c) mood is not related to prosocial behavior d) individuals who are in a bad mood tend to feel even worse after helping others

a) many adults often engage in helping behavior in order to improve their mood b) happy people are most likely than unhappy people to help others

Which of the following are factors that make it more likely you will be attracted to somebody? a) similarities b) differences c) physical attractiveness d) close proximity e) you haven't seen the person before f) you've seen the person around a lot

a) similarities c) physical attractiveness d) close proximity f) you've seen the person around a lot

_______ is social behavior that has a goal of harming someone. a) aggression b) conformity c) prosocial behavior d) obedience

aggression

_____ is an unselfish interest in helping someone else.

altruism

_____ are opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas.

attitudes

Groupthink is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to ____ that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view. a) argue their individual opinions b) achieve consensus c) disagree with one another d) exert personal control

b) achieve consensus

Identify the five types of social identity. a) political affiliation b) ethnicity and religion c) stigmatized groups d) personal relationships e) vocations and avocations f) gender type

b) ethnicity and religion d) personal relationships e) vocations and avocations a) political affiliation c) stigmatized groups

If you ask a person to agree to a small request and later ask that person to comply with a more important one, you have used which compliance technique? a) door-in-the-face technique b) foot-in-the-door technique c) free-sample technique d) foot-in-the-mouth technique

b) foot-in-the-door technique

The tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures is... a) false consensus effect b) self-serving bias c) self-confidence error d) self-objectification

b) self-serving bias the tendency to take credit for one's successes and to deny responsibility for one's failures.

_____ is an area of social psychology that studies how individuals think within social situations. a) positive psychology b) social cognition c) social behavior d) psychosocial psychology

b) social cognition

Prejudice is... a) a generalization about a particular group that does not consider variation between individuals b) behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group c) a negative (or positive) evaluation of an individual based on his or her group

c) a negative (or positive) evaluation of an individual based on his or her group

Social loafing occurs when..... a) group members experience impaired decisions making and avoidance of realistic appraisal in order to maintain harmony b) imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions or ideas travels from one person to others c) an individual ecerts less effort in a group of decreased individual accountability

c) an individual ecerts less effort in a group of decreased individual accountability

The bystander effect makes it ______ likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around. a) equally b) more c) less

c) less

If an individual perceives that another's actions are unfair or intentionally hurtful, aggression is more likely to occur. This is an example of a ___ factor in aggression.

cognitive

Affectionate love is also called...

companionate love

Social ____ is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

comparison Social comparison tells us what our distinctive characteristics are and aids us in building an identity.

Which of the following statements describes the false consensus effect? a) an underestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do b) the degree to which everyone else believes the way we do c) the degrees to which everyone else understands the way we do d) an overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do

d) an overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do

The term _____ is used to describe what occurs when being part of a group erodes personal identity and diminishes personal responsibility.

deindividuation

_______-in-the-_____ strategy involves the communicator making the largest demand in the beginning of a negotiation.

door-in-the-face

Psychologists have used the concept of ____ _____ to explain an individual's strong feelings of loyalty toward a group after enduring difficult or unpleasant initiation rites.

effort justification

_______ is feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.

empathy

True or false: When considering attitude change, the source of the message is the only important variable.

false

True or false: research on rats and other animals has shown testosterone relates to aggression. Results with humans indicate a definitive relationship between levels of testosterone and aggressive behavior.

false

The ____ _____ ____ is a type of heuristic wherein we overestimate the degree to which others think or act the way we do.

false consensus effect

Which of the following socicultural factors have been linked to incidents of aggression?

family pride & masculine reputation

Which of the following is an example of mere exposure?

finding a person attractive because you bump into him or her frequently

The genetic basis for aggression states that ___ are important in understanding the biological basis of aggression.

genes

_____ are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly.

heuristics

______ racism refers to prejudicial attitudes that exist on a deeper, unconscious level.

implicit

Social facilitation is the ______ in an individual's performance because of the presence of others.

improvement

Stereotype threat is the fear of being ____ on the basis of a negative stereotype about one's group.

judged

aggressive behavior has been linked to which of the following?

limbic system & frontal lobes

What two sociocultural factors influence prosocial behavior?

media & socioeconomic status

_____ is behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.

obedience

Self-objectification is the tendency to view oneself as an ____ in the eyes of others.

object

The elaboration likelihood model states that _____ occurs through either a central route or a peripheral route.

persuasion

Group ___________ effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion

polarization

_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group.

prejudice

The two main types of love are: a) negotiated b) companionate c) passionate d) social e) investment

romantic love and affectionate love OR c) passionate love b) companionate

______ theory explains the connection between attitudes and behaviors by suggesting that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behavior.

self-perception