Chapter 14
Factors that influence decisions to seek medical care include which of the following?
- Believing the cause is physical rather than psychological - Embarrassment - Cost
Which of the following are characteristic of both depressed and lonely people?
- Both have a negative explanatory style. - Both perceive themselves as making bad impressions. - Both engage in self-blame.
Which of the following are true about emotions and illness?
- Depressed people are more vulnerable to heart disease. - The anger-prone personality plays a role in heart disease.
Which of the following illustrate the adaptiveness of loneliness?
- Loneliness may push people to look for social connections. - Loneliness may trigger a longing for past friendships.
Which of the following are reasons that marriage enhances happiness?
- Multiple roles may increase self-esteem. - Married people are less likely to be lonely.
Which of the following is/are true about stress and illness?
- People who are in highly stressful situations may become vulnerable to illness. - Stress diverts energy from our immune system. - Stress may weaken the immune system.
Which of the following psychotherapy techniques are consistent with the attitudes-follow-behavior principle? (Remember, this principle says that if we change someone's behaviors, their inner self will later change as well.)
- Rational-emotive therapy - Behavior therapy - Assertiveness training
Dr. S is a mental health worker. What can she do to prevent some of the problems of using clinical judgment? (Select all that apply)
- Rely on notes more than memory. - Be aware that problems using clinical judgment exist.
Dr. Adams approaches therapy from a psychological perspective. Which of the following will he attempt to do?
- Reward external behavior for internal change. - Aim for improvement under personal control. - Attempt to break vicious cycles.
Which of the following are true with regard to mood and behavior?
- Sad moods can trigger social rejection. - Mood can be contagious around others. - People often act in accordance with their mood.
Which of the following are true when comparing short-term depression with the depression-prone person?
- Short-term depression may help people re-assess issues. - Short-term depression can be adaptive.
Feelings of loneliness can increase the chances of also experiencing which of the following?
- Sleep impairment - High blood pressure - Heart disease
Which of the following comments referring to clinical and statistical predictions are true?
- Statistical data are more reliable than clinical judgments. - Clinicians are more confident in their clinical judgments than in statistical data.
Which of the following are self-protective strategies used by people in anxiety-producing situations?
- They tend to smile. - They tend to talk less.
Which of the following are true about social skills training?
- Through behavioral practice a more positive self-view develops. - New behaviors are developed in safe situations. - It anticipates that internal change may follow behavioral change.
Shyness is ______.
- a type of social anxiety - characterized by self-consciousness
Depressed mood ______.
- affects behavior in the self - triggers depression in others - affects memories
The circle of depression, loneliness, and social anxiety can ______.
- be broken by behavior therapy - be broken by reversing negative thinking - be broken by social skills training
Compared with people who are lonely, people in close relationships ______.
- experience better health - are less likely to die prematurely
External behavior may be used for internal change by ______.
- gaining personal assertiveness - improving personal control - breaking vicious cycles
If you have a negative and depressive explanatory style, when you fail at something (such as a test in school), you will attribute that failure to ______.
- global causes - internal causes - stable causes
Tina, a clinical psychologist, uses clinical judgments in her private practice. Tina's clinical judgments may be vulnerable to ______.
- illusory correlation - hindsight
A sense of hopelessness is a result of ______.
- overgeneralized thinking - pessimistic thinking - self-blaming thinking
Sally is very shy. As a result Sally is most likely to ______.
- overpersonalize situations - believe people are always evaluating her performance
Poverty plays a role in a person's health because ______.
- people living in poverty are often sleep deprived - people living in poverty have reduced access to health care - people in poverty often live unhealthy lifestyles
People are more willing to seek medical treatment if they believe that the symptoms are ---- rather than -----
- physical - psychological
Close relationships _______ health.
- predict - improve
According to Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (who studied gender and depression), when compared with men, women are more likely to ______.
- ruminate (focus thoughts on the problem) - suffer from depression
The relationship between health and social support exists because ______.
- social support networks help us evaluate and deal with stress - social support networks help us take better care of ourselves
With regard to gender and medical care, women ______.
- take more prescription drugs than men do - seek more treatment than do men
People tend to feel the most anxiety when ______.
- they are self-conscious - they are self-focused
Yvonne has an optimistic world view. Studies have shown that Yvonne ______.
- will most likely outlive pessimists - will be less prone to illness than will pessimists
Who is more likely to experience better health and longevity?
April, who is married
Which of the following is NOT an example of hindsight?
Believing that the outcome of a mystery book or movie was unpredictable
Which of the following is true about maintaining behavioral change?
Change is longer lasting if people attribute it to factors under their own control.
Alan has failed his social psychology exam, leading to a depressed mood and a negative experience in the class. According to the "vicious circle of depression," what will Alan say caused his failure on the exam?
He lacks intelligence.
Which of the following is FALSE about loneliness?
Loneliness is the same as solitude.
Who is likely to be more anxious?
Mike, who is around his boss
______ theory assumes that people are eager to present themselves favorably to make a good impression.
Self-presentation
People with lower social and economic status have poorer health than those with higher social and economic status. Some of the reasons include reduced access to health care, unhealthier life-styles, and ______.
a more toxic environment
The field that integrates and applies both psychological and physiological knowledge about disease and health is called ----- medicine.
behavioral
Psychotherapy techniques that follow the attitudes-follow-behavior principle share this common assumption: If we can not directly control our feelings by will power, we can influence them indirectly though our ---
behaviors
The ---- route to persuasion provides a long-lasting attitude and behavioral change in clients who are in therapy.
central
Research confirms that people internalize their behavior most when they perceive some ---
choice
Overconfidence, self-confirming diagnoses, and the illusionary correlation are potential problems with ----- judgments made by doctors working with patients.
clinical
According to Maddux (1993), clinicians are vulnerable to errors such as: illusory correlations, after-the-fact analysis, self-confirming diagnosis, and overestimating their ______.
clinical intuition
As a rule, ---- techniques trigger the most dramatic and immediate behavior changes.
coercive
Explanatory style therapy is a _______ therapy.
cognitive
Social skills training most directly helps people improve their ______ social situations.
confidence in
According to Nolen-Hoeksema (2003), when trouble strikes, men tend to act and women tend to think—and often over think. This helps explain why women have nearly double the risk of ---
depression
The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate judgments about the future (instead of self-serving ones) is known as ______.
depressive realism
Evidence suggests that when stress-induced thoughts are filtered through a negative ---- style, the frequent outcome is depression.
explanatory
Mary is a college student and she has just scored poorly on an important exam. She begins to have thoughts like "I knew I wasn't smart enough for college," and "This will stop me from achieving all my dreams," and I"'ll never amount to anything." The negative ways Mary is interpreting the situation is called ______ style.
explanatory
Your habitual way of explaining life events is known as your --- style.
explanatory
In a study of adult British people, the most common element cited in causing both stress and joy in personal relationships was ______.
family
Research suggests that people are happier when they are supported by a network of ______.
friends and family
To paraphrase Francis Bacon, having friends with whom we can share intimate thoughts has two effects: it doubles joy and cuts ---- in half.
griefs
Supportive close relationships—feeling liked and encouraged by friends and family—predict both ______ and happiness.
health
The study of the psychological roots of physical illness symptoms is called ---- psychology.
health
The surviving spouses of accident or suicide victims who bore their grief alone had more ---- problems than those who expressed their grief openly.
health
The National Center for Health Statistics (2004) reports that people, regardless of age, sex, race, and income, tend to be --- if married.
healthier
When the St. Louis Cardinals won the World Series many people said they knew from the beginning that the Cardinals would be the World Champs. This belief that outcomes could have been predicted earlier is an example of a cognitive bias called
hindsight
According to Abramson and her colleagues, the result of pessimistic, overgeneralized, and self-blaming thinking is ---
hopelessness
If we expect two things to be associated, we might perceive a(n) ______ correlation, even though none exists.
illusory
Seeing a correlation when one does not actually exist is called a(n) ---correlation.
illusory
Most clinicians and interviewers express more confidence in their ---assessments than in statistical data.
intuitive
Pennebaker does studies in which he tracks the health of people who have experienced traumas. He finds that physical health problems are greater when people who have experienced a trauma ______.
kept their experience a secret
----- is a condition that may arise when a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness arising from traumatic events or a persistent failure to succeed.
learned helplessness
When studies subject animals to mild, but uncontrollable shocks, the animals often develop behaviors indicating that they no longer attempt to escape the situation, even when escape is available later. This general pessimistic attitude and lack of trying to change the situation is sometimes called
learned helplessness
Chaz is feeling unloved and alienated from the people around him. Chaz is most likely experiencing ______.
loneliness
Bobbie wishes she had more friends and realizes that the relationships she has are not as meaningful as she would like. Bobbie is most likely ______.
lonely
A stable, global, and internal attribution for bad events is called a _______ explanatory style.
negative
Explanatory style therapy reverses ---- beliefs about the self.
negative
Lonely people and depressed people share a --- explanatory style.
negative
People who are depressed typically think in ______ terms.
negative
Shane did not get the job he wanted. He declares that "everything is going to be ruined; it's going to affect everything I do for the rest of my life." Shane's comments represent a(n) ______ explanatory style.
negative
Research supports the importance of social networks. The happiest teens are those who spend more time than average with friends and less time than average ______.
on social media
Compared with unshy people, shy people tend to ______ situations, seeing every event as relevant to them and as an opportunity for others to judge them.
overpersonalize
Dr. Z has several cues to her credibility in her office, such as lots of degrees and awards on the walls. Her attempt to impress clients using this type of heuristic appearance of intelligence and credibility are making use of the ______ route to persuasion in her clients.
peripheral
Illness is more common in individuals with a(n) ______ explanatory style, leading to attributions of failure that are stable, global, and internal.
pessimistic
In the ---- effect, people believe that they are getting effective treatment.
placebo
Peter is in a clinical trial for a new antidepressant and thinks he's getting a "real" pill; he actually starts to feel better just because he thinks he's getting treatment. When health improves due to the healing power of belief, it's called the ---- effect.
placebo
Nelly just earned an A on her exam and she feels incredibly happy. At least right now, her memories are likely to be ______.
positive
Heart disease has been linked to a personality that is frequently ______.
prone to anger
According to the text, marital satisfaction and happiness depends on the ______ of the marriage.
quality
The most important aspect of a marriage with regard to happiness is the ---- of the marriage.
quality
What style of therapy assumes that we generate our own emotions and suggests that in order to change our emotions we should change our behavior?
rational emotive therapy
In the circle of depression, when a person fails a course or loses a job, it may lead to ______.
self-blame
When patients provide information that supports a clinician's expectation, it is called a --- diagnosis.
self-confirming
It is clear that negative thinking is ---
self-defeating
Depression, loneliness, and social anxiety are maintained through a circle of negative experiences, negative thinking, and ______.
self-defeating behavior
Franco wants to manage his impression during a job interview and present himself in ways that will seem desirable to his new employer. Franco is engaging in ---
self-presentation
Talking less, being guarded about oneself, and being unassertive and agreeable are all ______ tendencies.
self-protective
--- is a social anxiety marked by self-consciousness and worry about how others perceive you.
shyness
Galen is going on a job interview. He wants to make a good first impression, but he doubts his ability to do so to an extreme, self-deprecating level. Galen is demonstrating ______.
social anxiety
Self-presentation theory assumes that we are eager to present ourselves in ways that make a good impression. Thus, we feel ______ when we are motivated to impress others but have self-doubts.
social anxiety
Loneliness signals people to seek --- , which facilitate survival.
social connections
According to the text, the concept of sharing your confidences with others is good for both the body and the ______.
soul or spirit
Marriage enhances happiness for at least two reasons. First, married people are more likely to enjoy an enduring, supportive relationship and second, married people are less likely to
suffer loneliness
Depressive realism more often occurs in people who are ______.
suffering from mild depression
Bruce broke up with his girlfriend. He is intensely ruminating and blaming himself. Bruce is most likely ______.
suffering from short-term depression a depressive-prone personality
A problem with clinical judgment is that when being first diagnosed, patients may supply information that ______.
supports the clinician's expectation
True or False: Moods can temporarily change memories to be more positive or negative than they originally were.
true
True or false: People who undergo highly stressful situations are more vulnerable to disease.
true
True or false: Research shows that recently widowed people become more vulnerable to disease and death.
true
With regard to gender, --- seek more medical care.
women