Chapter 14
Beginning of Gilded Age
booming industry builds fortune of captains of industry
The Civil War was the first war where large numbers of Americans were...
captured by the enemy and held in dire conditions in military prisons (led to starvation and spread of disease
Coolies
chinese workers and laborers building railroad
What was Northern patriotism founded in?
commitment to glorious cause and preserving the Union and heritage of freedom
However when enthusiam waned, both sides employed a ...
draft
Funding the War
-more tariffs for war funding -new taxes on goods (first income tax) -sells bonds -establishes national banks and can issue bank notes -taxes make state banks' local money DIE
Union victories
Beyond Antietam, the Union lost almost every battle in the East for next two years
Robert E. Lee
Brilliant military tactician. Offered a command in Union army but chose to fight for Confederacy. Gave the Confederacy strategic advantages.
Battle of Antietam - Lee's purpose
Bring border states into Confederacy, persuade Britain + France to recognize southern independence, influence North's fall elections, & even capture Washington D.C
Battle of Vicksburg
Grant's best fought campaign, this siege ended in the seizure of the Mississippi River by the Union after a month. Dealt a heavy blow to southern armies + morale.
Radical Republican
Group within the Republican Party in the 1850s & 1860s that advocated strong resistance to the expansion of slavery, opposition to compromise with the South in the secession crisis of 1860-1861, emancipation and arming of black soldiers during the Civil War, and equal civil and political rights for blacks during Reconstruction.
Deaths
Yet 2/3 of Civil War dead are casualties of disease, starvation, primitive medicine (bad hospitals allow disease germs to spread)
Ex parte Milligan
a Supreme Court case in which the Court declared it unconstitutional to bring accused persons before military courts where civil courts were operating + Lincoln's suspension of writ of Habeas Corpus
Copperheads
a portion of Democrats in the North who opposed the Civil War, wanting a peace settlement with the Confederates instead of violence. Republicans called them copper heads because they were comparing them to the poisonous snake.
John C. Frémont
an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery. Said all slaves were free in Miss.
Thirteenth Amendment
Jan. 1865, abolished slavery throughout entire Union
Civil War
Laid foundation for modern America, guaranteed Union's permanence, destroyed slavery, shifted power from North to South. Increased power of federal gov't + accelerated modernization of Northern economy. Postwar challenge of defining + protecting African-American freedom.
Second Confiscation Act
Liberated slaves from disloyal owners in Union-occupied territories + slaves who escaped to Union. Another step to emancipation.
End of writ of habeas corpus
Lincoln does it twice during the war as president (abuse of powers) for those unloyal to union; most are released
Lincoln's assassination
Lincoln is assassinated on April 14th by John Wilkes Booth -Famous stage actor -Had plotted to kill Vice-President and Secretary of State as well
Great Emancipator
role history gave to Lincoln of freeing a group of people; meant to happen and history thrust it upon him
What other inventions revolutionized the war?
telegraph balloons to view enemy lines primitive hand grenades modern rifle, over musket
Photography
Photography enhances horror/wonder of war for many -propaganda -Matthew Brady, 1862 exhibit of the Battle of Antietam
Anaconda Plan
Proclaimed by Lincoln. A naval blockade of the South to restrict its trade. Became effective later on.
How did recruits for both side react at the outbreak of war?
-inspired by patriotism -rushed to enlist -thought it would be a short, glorious war
Two national currencies??
-greenbacks printed directly by fed. gov't and notes from new national banks
Despite the overall lack of military experience, how was the war portrayed and advertised for recruits?
-highly romantic -based on novels, magazine articles and litographs of soldiers covering themselves with glory -emphasized preserving unity and protecting patriotism -emphasized South's individual rights
Lincoln's decision to switch
-lack of military success -emancipated slaves expand army -keep Britain from recognizing Confederacy
What were Union advantages?
- 22 million population (vs. 9 million in Confederacy) - better manufacturing, railroad mileage, and financial resources (united their territory)
Why was the Civil War called the first modern war?
- made use of deadly weapons produced in factories - society vs society - military and civilian targets
Describe the Northern army
-2.000.000 -soldiers from farm boys, shopkeepers, artisans, urban workers -Army of the Potomac -trained with rounds of drilling, ditch digging, chores
Describe the Southern Army
-900.000 -soldiers from non-slaveholding small farmers -hierarchy; slaveowners were officers
Border States
-Lincoln's main concern, NOT slavery -Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri
Right before Emancipation
-abolitionists and RR come together to end slavery -Congress prohibited the army from returning fugitive slaves -abolition in DC -border states begin gradual emancipation -encourages idea of colonization (sending slaves back to original places/emigrate)
North's military strategies
-deafeating South's armies, not capturing capital -slavery (economic and social cornerstone of their society) had to be main target
Economy in South
-destroyed farms -dsetroyed businesses -destroyed railroads -disorganized money system
Navajo's Long Walk
-especially fiesty group after troops leave -Union invades and destroys their land for own reservation -like the Cherokee's Trail of Tears
How did railroads play a role?
-first major war to involve them -transported troops and supplies -created railroad junctions at Atlanta and Petersburg
Propaganda
-first major war to use it in US -music, pamphlets, etc to encourage signing up -newspapers quickly report events with photos
Mobilizing Resources
-neither had railroad gauge, so train can't move on to other tracks -no national banking system or tax system to raise funds -no accurate maps of South -Union best fed and supplied military in history
Lincoln's Legacy as Unifier
-part of 19th c. nation-building -centralization of countries (Italy/Germany) -different due to no common ethnic, cultural and linguistic heritage
Relgious Justification for War
-protestants seek to provide religious justification -religion important for dealing with unpredecented numbers of death -God was ridding US of anything unfree -Heaven becomes more important than ever -spirit communication grows
Inner Civil War (South)
-south exempted a white man for every 20 blacks -allowed more rich whites exempted, angering middle class (yeomen)
Women in the War
-take over in job force on factories and male professions --extension of domestic sphere -retail, nursing and teaching become permanent professions -send money/food/clothing/medicine to soldiers -more women's rights like
Native Americans during the War
-troops removed to fight from Native lands (had been protecting) -beg Lincoln to protect them from intrusive whites -Indians fight whites and get arrested -treated better in South (could elect reps to Confederate Congress) --Cherokee sides with them
Northern Expansion
-wartime inflation and gov't contracts -industry profits greatly -mechanization increases and fastens industry -agriculture flourishes -good trade and profits -fed. gov't grows with it
Battle of Gettysburg
1863-General Lee lead the Confederate troops into Pennsylvania. He surprised the units in this town and the battle was the most crucial and bloodiest of the war. This victory belonged to Lincoln and the Union. Turning point; last offensive attack of the South. Dealt a heavy blow to southern morale.
The Civil War (1861-1865)
620,000 dead -Equals the # of dead in all other American wars combined 6000 battles or engagements
How many people died in the war in total? How is this significant in the nation's history?
620,000; deadliest land battle
Sea Island Experiment
A ''rehearsal for Reconstruction'' in an attempt to make self-reliant, productive citizens of former slaves on an island off the coast of South Carolina. Issue of whether land ownership should accompany black freedom.
Writ of Habeas Corpus
A court order requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court to explain the cause (suspended twice)
Seven Days' Campaign
A series of engagements in June 1862 south of Richmond. Lee weakened Union army's attacks and forced them to retreat. Changed the course of the war in Virginia, giving the Confederacy initiative in the East.
Battle Hymn of the Republic
A song that demonstrated how during the War, religious + secular understandings of freedom joined in a celebration of national destiny.
first modern war
American Civil War; 1st time armies confronted each other with weapons created by the industrial revolution.
Ulysses S. Grant
American General who became leading Union general. Daring + logical + strategical. Aggressive commander.
Marry Livermore
American journalist, abolitionist, and advocate of women's rights. During the Civil War, she was a leader with the Chicago branch of the United States Sanitary Commission. must think and act for themselves
Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction
Amnesty + full restoration of rights (no slaves) to all white southerners in Louisiana. who took oath loyal to Union + support for emancipation. When 10% took oath, could elect new state gov't . Lenient b/c slaveholders would accept his terms + weaken Confederacy.
King Cotton diplomacy
An attempt by the South to encourage British intervention by banning cotton exports + promote economic self-sufficiency.
Fort Sumter
April 12th, 1861. Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War.
Pickett's Charge
At Gettysburg. Pickett lead Confederate forces to march on an open field to Union forces. Lee's greatest blunder. His army retreated to Virginia.
Soldiers
At outbreak of war, men rush to enlist -Mostly lower class at front lines and upper class as officers -200,000 16 years old or younger -both sides had drafts -both had middle/lower class as soldiers actually fighting -limited military experience (had been a while since Mexican American War)
2nd Battle of Battle Run
August 1862. Lee (Confederacy forces) once again victorious against Union forces.
Battle of Antietam
Battle of Antietam (9/17/1862) -Confederate offensive to bring in border states, want to persuade Britain/France to recognize CSA, capture DC -4000+ killed in a single day --Deadliest day in American history -Gen. Robert E. Lee eventually forced to retreat Union army succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. One of the bloodiest wars of the Civil War. Last success of Union for some time.
Battle of Bull Run
Battle of Bull Run (7/21/1861) -First major battle of war --Chaotic Union retreat --800 dead (more than any previous battle in American history
Closing Years of War
Closing Years of the War Tide turns at Gettysburg and Vicksburg -Vicksburg put under siege for 40 days (1863) --30,000 soldiers surrender Grant brought east in 1864 to take charge of Union forces -Employs a strategy of attrition --Willing to accept casualties because North had more manpower
Who passed the first draft and when?
Confederacy in 1862
Southern Inflation
Confederacy was reluctant to levy taxes on planters -Thus too much paper money was issued, which led to massive inflation
Divided North
Copperhead (opposed to war) -typically Southern-born or Catholic -some threatened by growing fed. gov't -opposed to draft -some dems complain about Lincoln's policies -violent protests in cities
Division in South
Division between yeomen/non-slaveholders + slaveholders. Non-slaveholders went into poverty. Civil war left Southern economy in ruins.
Draft
Draft produces much controversy -Introduced in 1863 --Allowed for one to buy way out or find a substitute --Widespread riots break out in New York City ---Irish immigrants attack draft offices, wealthy Republicans, black population
1st Battle of the Bull Run
Ended w/ retreat of Union soldiers + sightseers. Made both sides realize that this would be a long war.
Monitor vs. Merrimac
First engagement between ironclad ships; fought at Hampton Roads, Virginia, on March 9, 1862.
transcontinental railroad
First railroad line across the continent. Expanded national market, facilitated spread of settlement + investment in West, & sealed fate of the Plain Indians. Transcontinental Railroad completed by 1869 -Linked Omaha to San Francisco -20,000 men employed New taxes (first income tax) and borrowing financed Union endeavors Federal budget in 1865 was 20X that of 1860 -expands national market!!!!
1864
Grant began a war of attrition against Lee's army in Virginia. Accept high number of casualties in order to deplete southern army. Attack continuously all along the line, not allowing South to concentrate its efforts or retreat to safety. -northern morale sank to its lowest point
End of War
Grant breaks Lee's line and captures Richmond in April, 1865 Surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9th
Petersburg
Grant laid siege to Lee's forces. Broke through their forces & forced Confederate army to leave + Richmond is defenseless.
Battle of Shiloh
Grant withstood a surprise Confederate attack.
Forts Henry + Donelson
Grant won Union's 1st significant victory by seizing these forts in Tennessee.
Homestead Act
Homestead Act (1862) -160 acres of free land for western settlers --400,000 families benefit by 1930s (270 million acres)
Slavery and the War
In early years of war, Lincoln's objective was to restore national unity -Little discussion of slavery so as not to alienate border states or conservative northerners -Runaway slaves even returned by North in 1861 Slaves in SOuth fought as soldiers -entire slave families leaving plantations as fugitives By 1862, Union adopted a plan to treat slaves as "contraband" (property subject to confiscation) Calls to end slavery at-large as a way to harm southern economy Union also begins to recruit black soldiers
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free except those under Union control. Excludes border states, keeping them on the side of the union, prevents foreign powers from entering the war for slavery, provides a rationale for the war, and allows blacks to enlist in the army. Emancipation Proclamation (January, 1863) Impacted very few slaves day it was issued (perhaps 50,000) -Freed slaves in South (but Union controlled little territory) -Did not apply to border states -commits gov't to enlisting blacks in army -was immedicate, NOT gradual (different from rest of world) "We show our sympathy with slavery by emancipating slaves where we cannot reach them and holding them in bondage where we can set them free."—William Seward, Sec. of State
1864 Election
Lincoln wins 1864 election against George McClellan (former commander of Union troops)
George B. McClellan
Major Union general. Played a major role in organizing the Army of the Potomac and raising it into a well-trained army. Served as general-in-chief for brief time. Overestimated size of the enemy forces.
Wade-Davis Bill
Majority of white male southerners to pledge support for Union before Reconstruction could begin in any state. Guaranteed blacks equality before the law. No agreement of what social + political system should take its place.
New Technology
Many technological advances fuel war -Ironclad ships -Primitive grenades and submarines -Wide use of railroads/telegraph **Rifle was accurate to 600 yards (and could hold multiple rounds) War included both long and short range combat -railroad in North (not developed in South) -more trenches
Jefferson Davis
President of Confederacy. Inferior leader to Lincoln. Unable to communicate war's meaning to ordinary ppl. Didn't use cotton export effectively. Didn't deal w/ obstructionist governors who were against Confederate draft. Jefferson Davis was the first (and only) president of the CSA -Succeeded in raising an army from scratch, building factories & railroads -But never figured out a way to use South's cotton to serve the war effort -not as good at explaining war's significance to people -raised armies from scratch -centralized gov't -tried to industrialize quickly
Social and Economic Conditions in the North
North works to suppress dissent regarding the war -Lincoln twice suspends writ of habeas corpus (leads to arbitrary arrests) North's economy prospers during the war (unlike South) -Mills produce uniforms, blankets -Coal mines and iron works expand -Agriculture flourishes
Battle of Fredricksburg
One of the Union's most disastrous defeats. Lost 12,000 men.
Southern Unionist
Organized peace movements that actively promoted disaffection
Southern Conditions
Public dissatisfaction with the war arose more quickly in South -Confederate draft allowed for substitutes and exempted one white for every 20 slaves -South suffered from food shortages and riots ensued
Battle of the Wilderness (1864)
Second battle fought in the thickly wooded wilderness near Chancellorville, Virginia; no clear victor emerged, but the battle served to deplete the Army of Northern Virginia Battle between Grant and Lee. Battle of Wilderness (May, 1864) -18,000 Union casualties vs. 7500 Confederate
March of the Sea
Sherman's idea to march his army from Tennessee to Atlanta, Georgia, and then across Georgia to Savannah, Georgia, on the Atlantic seacoast. Destroy railroads, buildings, food + supplies in their way. During Sherman's March, Union moves from Atlanta to Atlantic -60 mile wide path cut through Georgia --Destroying railroads, buildings, food supplies
border slave slates
States that didn't secede and remained loyal to the Union. Yet Lincoln was still trying to appease border states -Proposes gradual emancipation and compensation for lost slaves -Tries to revive colonization plan --"You and we are different races. It is better for us both to be separated."—Lincoln (1862
Causes
States' Rights The Missouri Compromise The Dred Scott Decision The Abolitionist Movement Abolitionist John Brown John Brown's Raid On Harpers Ferry Slavery In America Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin Secessionism Abraham Lincoln's Election
Northern Army of Virginia
The main army of the Confederacy -led by Robert E. Lee -hoped to win through many defeats to North
Army of the Potomac
The main army of the Union
contraband of war
The practice of treating escaped blacks as property of military value subject to confiscation. Union policy of ignoring slavery unraveled. Allowed Union to undermine slavery in the South, the foundation of their economic + social parts of life
Second American Revolution
The transformation of American government and society brought about by the Civil War. The power + responsibilities of the gov't expanded. America was viewed more as a nation than Union. -nation used more -liberty defines them as a country
Last defeat of Confederacy
Union general Grant encircled Lee's army. Lee surrendered.
Ambrose E. Burnside
Union general who became head of Army of the Potomac. Lead troops through open field to be slaughtered by Confederate troops at Fredricksburg.
Black soldiers
Union initially refused to accept black volunteers -180,000 serve by end of war --Many were fugitive slaves -Segregated units in the army -Service led many to push for equal rights after war (emancipation should bring equal rights) -no equal pay SOuth -confederate lacks good number of soldiers, turns to blacks -arm slaves (NEVER HAPPENS) -blacks are laborers -slaves empowered/ideology changing
Union
Union seemed to have every major advantage -22 million people vs. 9 million people 2 million soldiers vs. 900,000 soldiers -couldn't tire North is far ahead of South in manufacturing, transportation, finance Yet North has to conquer an area larger than western Europe
War in the East
War in the East Most fighting took place in a corridor between Washington DC and Richmond, VA (100 miles) -Early goal of the Army of the Potomac (Union) was to capture Confederate capital Lee hoped to gain Britain/France's recognition of Confederacy
War in the West
War in the West Ulysses S. Grant was eventually the architect of this campaign for Union -Won first significant victory in early 1862 -New Orleans captured that same year --But campaign stalls in April
White women in South
War left unprecedented burdens on southern white women -Left to run farms and control slaves -Some worked in factories -Most of the war fought on southern terrain
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
Warned that unless South laid down its arms by 1862, Lincoln would decree abolition. Made slavery a major target of the war effort. Emancipation becomes a political/military necessity in late 1862 -Looking for manpower and a way to keep Britain on side of US After Antietam, Lincoln announces Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation -South must surrender by 1862 or emancipation would be decreed
W.T. Sherman
Was a Union General. Led a total war campaign to the sea during the Civil War. Took Atlanta. Was called one of the first modern generals to destroy and obliterate.
What was a major disadvantage?
had to conquer HUGE area larger than Western Europe; mostly offensive
What was the change in combat?
heavy fortifications, elaborate trenches
How did ironclads show their emergence?
in naval battle between Monitor (U) and Merrimac (C); proved ironclad superiority to wood
Fifty-fourth MA Volunteers
one of most important black armies; very brave and sacrificial
Enlistment for Blacks in the war
only real route to freedom
What was a major killer during the war?
primitive medicine and disease; -measles, dysentery, malaria, typhus
Why did Northerners not previously identified as abolitionists change opinion?
they believed that preserving the Union and the liberty it stood for meant destroying the hypocrisy of slavery; soldiers discovered the true horrors of slavery and shared their discoveries
