Chapter 14: Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology

In the zoonoses infection of Hantavirus, which causes Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), which of the following is the animal reservoir?

Deer mice

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of a pathogen?

A parasite that causes disease is the most accurate definition of a pathogen.

A(n) __________ is a group of signs and symptoms that characterize a particular disease

A syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms that characterize a particular disease.

Which of the following virulence factors helps a bacteria establish colonies in a host?

Adhesins

All of the following encourage the development of opportunistic pathogens except __________.

All of the following encourage the development of opportunistic pathogens expect exposure to a nonliving reservoir.

Which of the following types of epidemiologists is most like a detective?

An analytical epidemiologist

An infection caused by surgery or by the use of devices such as catheters is called a(n) __________ infection.

An infection caused by surgery or by the use of devices such as catheters is called an iatrogenic infection.

Which of the following might be a source of a zoonosis?

Animals are the source of a zoonosis............... Diseases that spread naturally from their usual animal hosts to humans are called zoonoses.

Biological vectors of diseases affecting humans are typically which of the following?

Biting arthropods

The genus Clostridium is associated with which of the following diseases?

Botulism and tetanus

Which of the following is NOT an activity associated with public health agencies in their work to limit disease transmission?

Screening of health care workers for latent infections

Creation of __________ is an important component of airborne-transmitted diseases.

aerosols

The nature of bacterial capsules __________.

affects the virulence of these bacteria

Which of the following would be classified as a sign of a disease?

diarrhea

M protein, produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, is an example of a(n) __________.

antiphagocytic chemical

The fact that Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces fimbriae means that one would expect this bacterium to __________.

attach to body cells or tissues

When pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesins, they typically __________.

become avirulent

The growth of Staphylococcus aureus on human skin is an example of __________.

commensalism

The growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis on human skin is an example of __________.

commensalism

A patient contracted athlete's foot after long-term use of a medication. His physician explained that the malady was directly related to the medication. Such infections are termed __________.

endogenous infections

A disease that occurs more frequently than expected for a given population would be considered __________.

epidemic

All of the following encourage the development of opportunistic pathogens except __________.

exposure to a nonliving reservoir

Another term for an asymptomatic infection is a(n) __________ infection.

subclinical .... Some infections go unnoticed because they have no symptoms. Such cases are asymptomatic, or subclinical, infections.

Etiology is the study of __________.

the causes of disease

The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is __________.

the respiratory tract

The capsule of a bacterial cell __________.

protects it from destruction by the immune system

The process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells is __________.

adhesion

A human might contract a zoonosis from which of the following?

A cat

A(n) __________ disease is one present at birth.

A congenital disease is one present at birth.

Which of the following phrases describes a contagious disease?

A disease that is easily passed from host to host in aerosols

Nosocomial infections can be contracted in which of the following settings?

A hospital

morbidity

Disease, also known as morbidity, is any change from a state of health.

A Gram-negative infection could be more serious due to the presence of which of the following in the Gram-negative cell wall?

Endotoxin

Which of the following affects the function of cells lining the gastrointestinal tract?

Enterotoxin affects the function of cells lining the gastrointestinal tract.

Koch's postulates are an important part of which of the following?

Experimental epidemiology

Which of the following are most likely to cause disease?

Highly virulent organisms

Which of the following is associated with vector transmission?

Houseflies are associated with vector transmission.

Which of the following is the most severe stage of an infectious disease?

Illness is the most severe stage of an infectious disease.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in infectious diseases?

Incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

Which of the following statements is the best definition of a pandemic disease?

It is an epidemic that occurs on more than one continent at the same time.

A disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active is termed a(n) __________.

Latent disease

What is meant by the term normal microbiota?

Microbes associated with a certain area of the body

Consider the following case. An animal was infected with a virus. A mosquito bit the animal, was contaminated with the virus, and proceeded to bite and infect a person. Which was the vector?

Mosquito

Which of the following statements concerning microbial contaminants is false?

Most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm.

Most of the members of the resident microbiota are classified as __________.

Most of the members of the resident microbiota are classified as commensals.

Why do many pathogens prefer the mucous membranes over the skin as a portal of entry?

Mucous membranes are generally thinner than the skin.

In which type of symbiosis do both members benefit from their interaction?

Mutualism

Which of the following types of bacterial toxins can be produced by BOTH Gram-positive AND Gram-negative bacteria?

Only exotoxin can be produced by both Gram-positive AND Gram-negative bacteria.

Pasteurization of milk is designed to kill which of the following?

Pathogenic microbes

Which portal of entry is associated with premature births?

Placenta entry is associated with premature births.

prevalence

Prevalence is the total number of cases, both new and already existing, in a given area or population during a given period of time.

Which of the following is regarded as a part of the body's normal microbiota?

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Which of the following would NOT be considered a communicable disease?

Tetanus is not considered a communicable disease.

virulence

The ability of a microorganism to cause disease is termed pathogenicity, and the degree of pathogenicity is termed virulence.

The number of new cases of a disease in a given population during a given period of time is called __________.

The number of new cases of a disease in a given population during a given period of time is called incidence.

John Snow contributed which of the following ideas to the science of microbiology?

The study of the occurrence and spread of diseases in human populations

Why are Koch's postulates an important aspect of the germ theory of disease?

They can be used to prove that a particular microbe causes a disease.

A disease that develops rapidly and lasts a short time is called a(n) __________ disease.

acute

All of the following are examples of non-communicable diseases except __________.

influenza

An axenic environment is one that __________.

is free from any microbes

The competition for space and nutrients that occurs between different populations of microbes is known as __________.

microbial antagonism