Chapter 14: Self Confidence

the fact that giving a sugar pill to patients who are in extreme pain can produce as much pain as a painkiller demonstrates that _____ have a powerful effect on performance

expectations

your ______ should not be too low or high, and may need to be modified

expectations

what do coaches give more of to the athletes they have high expectations of?

feedback

_______ to increase self-confidence: succesful behaviour increases confidences and leads to further successes

focus on performance accomplishments

______ to build confidence because they create social support networks and people to inspire you

foster social climate

when self confidence improves your _______, you play to WIN not to "avoid losing"

game strategies

build confidence by ______: the focused pursuit of goals helps you assess your progress

goal mapping

when self confidence improves your _______, you set more realistic but challenging _____ and pursue them more actively

goals

self confidence increases:

i) positive emotions ii) concentration iii) goals iv) effort v) game strategies vi) psychological momentum vii) performance

using _____ helps build self confidence because you can picture yourself succeeding or recovering from injury

imagery

confidence will not overcome ______

incompetence

some athletes with ______ have lack of confidence about their ability to ______

injuries, recover

low expectation athletes attribute their failure to ______, which substantiates the feeling that they aren't good and won't succeed in the future

lack of ability

__________ means you do not believe in your ability to perform desired skill under pressure

lack of confidence

____ efficacy is an individual's belief in their capability to learn a new skill

learning efficacy

when subjects were told they were weightlifting _____ than they actually were, they lifted the most weight because they ______ they could do it

less expected

when subjects were told their (obviously weaker) competitor was stronger, they _____ the arm wrestle

lost

________ athletes exhibit poorer performances because they receive less effective reinforcement and get less playing time

low expectation

weightlifters told they were given anabolic steroids instead of placebos lifted ____ weight than the control group

more

a little bit of lack of confidence keeps up _______ and helps prevent ______ and ______

motivation complacency overconfidence

_________ to keep you feeling confident about your level of fitness

optimize physical conditioning and training

_____ efficacy is the belief in the ability of others

other

when teachers foster a ______ oriented environment, athletes do perceive differential treatment of high and low achievers

outcome

many older adults ____ their adherence-related efficacy

overestimate

________ provide the most dependable foundation for self-efficacy judgments

performance accomplishments

in addition to person cues, coaches also use ________ to form expectations of athletes/teams

performance information

__________ can be based off their age, sex, size, race, or socioeconomic status

person cues

when coaches form expectations of their athletes and teams, it's called _________

person cues

_______ influence self-efficacy positively when individuals perceive arousal as facilitative, and negatively when they perceive physiological arousal as aversive

physiological states

self confidence increases people's ______ because people become calm, relaxed, and interpret anxiety positively (facilitatively)

positive emotions

if you ______, you will have a detailed plan and be able to build self confidence

prepare

when self confidence improves your _______, you have a higher chance of winning, you increase _____ and reverse ______, and you perceive obstacles as _______

psychological momentum positive momentum, negative momentum challenges

being confident in your learning potential to improve your skills is also called _________

psychological readiness

emotional states can _____ feelings of self-efficacy if the athlete feels energized and positive

raise

efficacy and positive behaviour change have a ______ relationship

reciprocal

without _________, people might have tension, anxiety, and injury

self confidence

______, the perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully, is a situation-specific form of self confidence

self efficacy

________ is a cognitive mechanism that mediates motivation and behaviour

self efficacy

____________ has an interactional approach since it combines environmental determinants with self efficacy (which is a person factor)

self efficacy theory

________ can enhance confidence and self efficacy

verbal persuasion

________ help students learn new skills via modeling and demonstrations

vicarious experiences

when a pro player plays a _____ player, they may become overconfidence

weaker

think ____ to build self confidence

confidently

____ efficacy is an individual's belief in their ability to cope with perceived threats

coping

________ can lower feelings of self-efficacy if the athlete feels depressed, anxious or fatigued

emotional states

self _____ is forged by your family's attitudes

esteem

____ efficacy helps with starting an exercise program and _____ efficacy helps adhering to an exercise program

task barrier

when teachers foster a ______ oriented environment, athletes do not perceive any differential treatment of high and low achievers

task learning

what did Rosenthal and Jacobson discover about teachers' expectations about their students' performance?

teachers' expectations affect their students' performance

you should build _____________ before, during and after competition

team/collective efficacy

when judges knew the figure skaters by name, they received higher ____ marks but not higher ____ marks

technical creative

what did Rosenthal and Jacobson tell the teachers about their students?

that some random students were "late bloomers" who would show big gains in IQ over the school year

what happened to the random students Rosenthal and Jacobson told the teachers were "late bloomers" whose IQs would increase over the school year?

their IQs did increase more over the school year than other students

___________ means you're fairly confident most of the time in your ability to figure things out

trait self-confidence

overconfidence is caused by ___________

underpreparation

______ is a formal assessment of self-confidence (self efficacy levels)

"Sport Confidence Inventory"

the four-stage process of vicarious experiences consists of

1. attention 2. retention 3. motor reproduction 4. motivation

the 4 main categories of factors that help assess athlete's ability and potential are:

1. coachability 2. physical ability 3. being a team player 4. maturity

4 steps to how coaches expectations affect their athletes' performances

1. coaches form expectations 2. coaches' expectations influence their behaviours 3. coaches' behaviour affect athletes' performances 4. athletes' performances confirm the coaches' expectations

the 3 things that result from sport confidence are positive and congruent:

1. cognition 2. affect 3. behaviour

ways to build self confidence: 1. focus on _______ 2. act _______ 3. _______ (to mistakes) with confidence 4. _______ confidently 5. use _______ 6. use _______ mapping 7. optimize _______ and training 8. _______ 9. foster _______ 10. build _______ efficacy

1. focus on performance accomplishments 2. act confident 3. responding (to mistakes) with confidence 4. think confidently 5. use imagery 6. use goal mapping 7. optimize physical conditioning and training 8. prepare 9. foster social climate 10. build team (collective) efficacy

coaches' expectations change their behaviours to their clients in 3 ways

1. frequency and quality of coach-athlete interaction 2. quantity and quality of instruction 3. type and frequency of feedback

what 5 things do coaches recognize in athletes to determine their ability?

1. hard work 2. receptivity to coaching 3. willingness to learn 4. love of the sport 5. willingness to listen

5 types of efficacy

1. learning efficacy 2. decision-making efficacy 3. coping efficacy 4. self-presentational efficacy 5. other efficacy

6 sources of Self Efficacy, according to Bandura 1. _______ accomplishments 2. _______ experiences (modelling) 3. _______ persuasion 4. _______ experiences 5. _______ states 6. _______ states

1. performance accomplishments 2. vicarious experiences (modelling) 3. verbal persuasion 4. imaginal experiences 5. physiological states 6. emotional states

4 premises of of Bandura's self efficacy theory 1. if someone has skills, and motivation, and the desire/ability to succeed, _______ is the major determinant of success 2. self efficacy affects athletes' _______ of activity, effort and persistence 3. self efficacy is _______ but it could generalize or transfer 4. people with self efficacy are more likely to set _______ goals

1. self efficacy 2. choice 3. task specific 4. challenging

self efficacy, according to ____ is just a combination of ____ and _____

Albert Bandura confidence expectations

________ does not believe in overconfidence as a real phenomenon; instraed, he says it is merely a superior athlete's "_________ explanation for failure"

Albert Bandura post hoc

after _______ broke the 4 minute mile, other athletes were abel to feel confident they could, too, and did it.

Roger Bannister

__________ is the belief that you can successfully perform a desired behaviour

Self confidence

to increase self-confidence, ________; fake it till you make it

act confident

_____ girls use exercise to increase self-efficacy

adolescent

the model for optimal self confidence before overconfidence

an inverted U that is skewed to the right

lack of confidence can lead to ______

anxiety

when self confidence increases your _______, you have more productive attentional skills, attributional patterns and coping strategies

concentration

self ____ is forged with certficates and MVP trophies

confidence

the differences between successful and less successful athletes of equal skill is _______

confidence

when you make mistakes, respond with ______

confidence

5 types of self confidence: confidence in your: i) Ability to execute ______ skills ii) Ability to use ______ skills iii) Ability to use ______ skills iv) Level of ______ status v) ____________ to improve one's skills

confidence in your i) Ability to execute physical skills ii) Ability to use psychological skills iii) Ability to use perceptual skills iv) Level of physical fitness/training status v) Learning potential/ability to improve one's skills

____ efficacy is an individual's belief that they are competent decision makers

decision-making

a person's own _____ expectations influence their athletic performance

efficacy

when self confidence improves your _______, you have higher persistence

effort

confidence can be a _________, because if you maintain confidence, your chances of winning and being more confident are high

self fulfilling prophecy

low expectation athletes exhibit less _______ and ________ during the season

self-confidence perceived competence

______ undermines performance

self-doubt

____ efficacy is an individual's belief in conveying a desired impression to others

self-presentational

the goal of PST (review) is

self-regulation

one's abilities to overcome obstacles or challenges to successful performance is referred to as ___________

self-regulatory efficacy

when you have a lack of confidence, you focus on your _____ not your strength

shortcomings

___________ means your confidence varies between situations

state self-confidence