chapter 14 test

What percentage of trips had major rebellions?

10%

Which time period was the high point for the slave trade?

17th century

What type of empire did the Portuguese create in the Indian Ocean by controlling commerce by force of arms rather than by economic competition?

Portugal created a "trading post empire". Its goal was to control commerce not territories or populations.

What did the Portuguese require merchant vessels to purchase in order to pay duties of 6-10% on their cargoes?

Portuguese authorities tried to require all Merchant vessels to purchase a pass, or cartaz, and to pay duties of 6 to 10% on their Cargoes.

Which part of the world produced 85% of the world's silver during the early modern era?

Potosi

What did civilizations base slavery on before the Atlantic slave trade?

Race

The first direct and sustained link between the Americas and Asia was the trade in?

Silver

Which distinguished the Atlantic slave trade in the Americas from past examples of slavery?

Slave status was associated with race.

Which of the following is true of slavery in the premodern Islamic world?

Some slaves acquired prominent military or political status.

Which island did the Dutch open to large-scale Chinese immigration?

Taiwan

Which of the following was a consequence of the Atlantic slave trade?

The African diaspora

What did many people in China have to sell in order to obtain silver?

The Chinese traded their silk and porcelain in high demand for silver due to its shift from paper money to coins.

What was one major cause for fur throughout the 16th and early 17th centuries?

The Little Ice Age

Provide 2 ways in which the Portuguese assimilated into the Asian culture of their trading network.

The Portuguese gradually assimilated to Indian Ocean trade patterns, carried Asian goods to Asian ports. Many Portuguese settled in Asian or African ports. Also married Asian women.

What was a major difference among the Spanish and Portuguese in Asia?

The Spanish converted the natives to Christianity.

Which was a result of the fur trade in North America in the early modern period?

The dependence of Native Americans on European trade goods

What effect did this have on silver?

The price of Chinese gold, silk, and porcelain rose due to inflation because of all the silber entering China. However despite the demand, inflation eventually caught up to silver in China and was in part why the Ming dynasty lost the Mandate of Heaven.

What was the title given to Japan's supreme military commander?

The shogun

What were some of the Filipino responses to the colonial oppression brought on by the Spanish?

They fled to Manila.

Some women in African societies held what advantage?

They had access to political power.

How did Europeans acquire slaves from Africa?

They waited on the coast for African slaves traders to bring them human cargo

The origins of the Atlantic slave trade were associated with the

production of sugar.

What nickname was given to fur in Russian region of Siberia?

softgold

The emergence of Japan as a source of silver production in the 16th century contributed to

the end of civil war and the unification of Japan.

What single factor led to European's presence in Asia?

trade

What religion did the Spanish impose on much of the Filipino population?

Christianity

What were some of the tropical spices desired by European markets?

Cinnamon, ginger, cassia, turmeric, and cardamom

Which of the following was an incentive for the Portuguese to find a direct sea route to Asia?

Circumvent Muslim & Venetian monopoly on Indian Ocean trade

What was one effect of the slave trade on African societies?

Corrupted judicial proceedings were widespread.

What good coming from India became a staple in the Indian Ocean trade for the British?

Cotton

What kingdom in Africa housed thousands of women and was led by a queen mother?

Dahomey

What powers did the governments grant to these chartered companies in regards to their treatment of conquered people?

Dutch and British East India companies were chartered by their respective governments. Had power to make war and govern conquered peoples. Established their own trading post empire.

What two European nations organized their Indian Ocean ventures through private trading companies?

Dutch and English both entered Indian Ocean commerce in the early 17th century. The Dutch and The English organized private trading companies to handle Indian Ocean trade.

What products did the Dutch East India Company seek to control?

Dutch empire was focused on Indonesia. Controlled both shipping and production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace. Seized small spice producing islands and forced people to sell only to the Dutch.

Where did the Dutch kill, enslave or starve over 15,000 people, only to replace them with Dutch planters?

Dutch killed or enslaved almost the entire population of the Banda Islands; replaced them with Dutch planters and slaves.

What role did Europeans eventually develop in regards to the silver trade involving the Americas and Asia?

European nations had a desire for Chinese goods like silk and porcelain. The Europeans did not have any goods which China desired so they traded silver to make up for their trade deficit.

Which group normally engaged with the process of commercial trapping in the Americas?

Europeans

Which is true of the West African slave trade?

Europeans used the coast to acquire slaves.

How did the fur trade in the Americas contribute to warfare among Native American tribes?

French British rivalry for North America

How did the Russian authorities force the acquisition of fur from the people living in Siberia?

From Yasak or tribute instead of trade.

What commodity was considered "soft gold" in early modern commerce?

Furs

What was the significance of the silver trade established by the Spanish that sent silver from Bolivia to Mexico to the Philippines?

In 1517 the Spanish established Manila as a trading port which gave them a direct link to trade with China.

What empire began to require its population to pay a tax in silver?

In 1570 China (Ming Dynasty) put in place a Single Whip tax where they declared that all taxes be paid in silver

What chain of islands did the Dutch take over?

Indonesia

How did the fur trade impact indigenous societies in the Americas?

It led to tribal warfare.

What country in Asia became unified in large part due to silver-generated profits which were used to defeat rival feudal lords?

Japan. The Tokugawa shoguns used silver generated profits to defeat hundreds of rival feudal lords and unify the country.

What was the capital of the Philippines that attracted thousands of migrants coming from Japan and China?

Manila became a major center with a diverse population

What military advantage did the Portuguese have over merchant ships in the Indian Ocean hailing from other locations?

Merchant ships were heavily armed

Which cities did the Portuguese establish as trading posts along the coasts of Africa, India, China and Southeast Asia?

Mombasa, Hormuz, Goa, Malacca, and Macao

What percentage of slaves did not survive the journey across the Atlantic?

More than 14%

In what way were African states effected by the slave trade?

Some states profited from the revenue generated.

Which part of the world was no longer allowed to trade or sell their goods to Japan as a policy of their new government?

Southeast Asia

How did silver end up harming the Spanish economy?

Spain spent too much of its collected silver to fight wars against emerging capitalist powers in NW Europe. After the decline in value and demand in China, the Spanish Empire declined.

Who was the first Spanish navigator to make contact with these islands?

Spain was the first to challenge Portugal's control of Asian trade. They first encountered the Philippines when Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the globe.

What one thing did the Atlantic slave trade base slavery on?

Superiority

What was a major difference between the British & Dutch East India Companies?

The British used negotiations & the Dutch used conquest.

Which developments in the early modern period incentivized for Europe to go into the fur trade?

The Little Ice Age

What products did European merchants use to trade with the Native Americans in order to acquire fur?

The Native Americans received European manufactured goods such as guns, metal cooking utensils and cloth in exchange for the fur.

Which islands did the Spanish establish themselves on?

The Philippine Islands

Which of the following was established as a Spanish colony in the sixteenth century?

The Philippine Islands

How did the Chinese requirement of payment of taxes in silver in the 1570s affect the global economy?

The value of silver around the world skyrocketed.

What did the Portuguese do after they established sea routes to the Indian Ocean?

They conquered several strategic port cities.

How did the British secure trades with the authorities of the Mughal Empire?

They could not compete with the Mughal Empire on land. Negotiated with local rulers for peaceful establishment of trade bases. Britons traded pepper and other spices but cotton textiles became more important.

How did the Japanese government treat their own merchants in Southeast Asia during the 1600s?

They disavowed any responsibility placed upon them.

How did the Tokugawa shoguns treat Europeans in Japan in the early seventeenth century?

They expelled all Europeans except the Dutch.

Which clan took over Japan by the early 1600s?

Tokugawa Shogunate took over Japan in the 1600's.

Which Portuguese explorer opened up a sea route to India by sailing around the southern tip of Africa?

Vasco de Guama

Which Italian city had monopolized the European trade in Eastern goods throughout the 1400s?

Venice

What did the African authorities receive from the Europeans in exchange?

Weapons and Indian Ocean cowrie shells which was used as currency.

What parts of Africa did the Europeans acquire their slaves from?

West African coast

How did silver from the mines of Mexico and Peru affect international commerce?

enabled Europeans to buy Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain.

Which describes the role Europeans played in the economy of the early modern era?

essentially middlemen funneling American silver to Asia.

How did African kingdoms, microstates, cities and villages acquire their slaves to begin with?

from borders of Africa

The number of slaves shipped from Africa to the Americas peaked

in the 1700s.

What two products did Native American women in North America generate and control the trade of for European traders?

rice and syrup

The most common destinations in the Americas for West African slaves was

the Caribbean and Brazil.

How is the kingdom of Dahomey best described?

A kingdom whose rulers benefited from the slave trade.

What were the advantages for Europeans to use Africans as slaves rather than other groups of people(Native Americans, indentured servants from Western Europe, slavic people from Eastern Europe)?

Africa was geographically close and the Portuguese already discovered the existing slave market

What is the term used that describes the 12.5 million people taken from Africa and forced to travel to the Americas by Europeans?'

African Diaspora

What was the name given to the spread of African people across the Atlantic?

African diaspora

What 2 bodies of water did the British Navy gain control of?

British Navy gained control of Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf.

Which characterizes how European countries sought to control trade in Asia from 1450 to 1750?

By force of arms

Which cities became major trading settlements in India for the British East India Company?

Calcutta, Madras, Bombay

What part of the Western Hemisphere received roughly 80% of all the slaves that traveled across the Atlantic?

Carribean and Brazil

Which religious group did this new Japanese government expel from their country and sometimes execute?

Catholics