Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves

________ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.

Bell's palsy

The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain comprise the

brain stem.

If the pons was damaged, which of the following functions would be affected?

breathing

Which of these cranial nerves does NOT carry motor impulses to the eyes?

cranial nerve II

Gustatory information reaches the brain by way of

cranial nerve IX.

A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of time.

electroencephalogram

The elevated ridges of the cerebrum are called

gyri.

Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?

hearing and equilibrium

The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories.

hippocampus

Parkinson's disease is the result of

inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.

The folds of the surface of the cerebrum

increase the SA of the cerebrum.

The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the

interventricular foramen.

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the

medulla oblongata.

The respiratory rhythmicity center is located in the

medulla oblongata.

The cerebellum and pons develop from the

metencephalon.

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the

thalamus.

Difficulties in estimating temporal relationships between events may stem from damage to

the prefrontal cortex.

During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will form the cerebrum?

telencephalon

Chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid are called

ventricles.

Which of the following is a property of the blood-brain barrier?

- Capillary endothelial cells are interconnected by tight junctions - It is absent in portions of the hypothalamus - Astrocytes surround the CNS capillaries It is generally permeable to lipid-soluble compounds

Integrative centers of the brain

- can impact higher intellectual functions. - include the Wernicke's area. - direct motor activities. - receive information from many sensory association areas.

Tic douloureux is

- characterized by almost totally debilitating pain. - triggered by contact with the lip, tongue, or gums. - a disorder of the maxillary and mandibular branches of nerve V. - also called trigeminal neuralgia.

If the corpus callosum is surgically cut,

- conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the left side. -objects touched by the left hand can be recognized but not verbally identified. - the two cerebral hemispheres operate independently. - symptoms of the "disconnection syndrome" appear.

A brain hemorrhage is life-threatening because

- neurological changes will occur. - the pressure increase within the space can distort and potentially damage brain tissue. - some areas of the brain will not be receiving blood. - the person can lose consciousness.

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?

- produces ADH - regulates body temperature - secretes oxytocin - controls autonomic centers

Which of the following help to protect the brain?

- skull bones - BBB - cranial meninges -CSF

Which of the following is a function of the diencephalon?

- to process and transmit sensory information -to regulate body temperature - to secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Ependymal cells work to

-secrete CSF into the ventricles - adjust the composition of CSF - surround the capillaries of the choroid plexus - remove waste products from CSF

There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.

12

The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue.

97 percent.

The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are

III, IV, and VI.

Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it "wanders," that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen?

X

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the

arachnoid granulations.

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching array called the

arbor vitae.

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas.

association

The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as

ataxia.

The medulla oblongata regulates

blood pressure and respiration.

The choroid plexus is composed of

blood vessels.

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

cerebellum.

The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the

cerebral aqueduct.

The highest levels of information processing occur in the

cerebrum.

In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid.

choroid plexus

The mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

control feeding reflexes.

A reflex that is used to assess the sensory function of the trigeminal nerve is the ________ reflex.

corneal

The ________ are the four masses on the posterior of the midbrain.

corpora quadrigemina.

The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the

vermis.

Which of these neural injuries will the corneal reflex NOT test for?

damage to cranial nerve II

The term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated is

decussation.

The thalamus is often called the "air traffic controller" of the brain because it

determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area.

Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem?

diencephalon

The pineal gland is part of the

diencephalon.

The dural sinuses are located in the

dural folds.

A person who has difficulty comprehending and using written language suffers from the disorder known as

dyslexia.

Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.

ependymal

The most obvious feature that one notices about the cerebrum is the

extensiveness of the gyri and sulci.

The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the

falx cerebri.

Stimulation of the ________ within the hypothalamus produces the sensation of hunger.

feeding center

A tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the

fornix.

The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the

fourth.

A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of tongue movement. Which cranial nerve is affected?

hypoglossal

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

Emotions and behavioral drives are associated with the

hypothalamus.

The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the

hypothalamus.

Stimulation of the reticular activating system results in

increased consciousness.

The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

infundibulum

The region of the cerebral cortex that is medial and deep to the temporal lobe is the

insula.

The sense of taste projects to the gustatory cortex located in the ________ and ________.

insula; frontal lobe

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the

internal carotid and vertebral arteries.

Cerebrospinal fluid

is secreted by ependymal.

The hypothalamus is a key player in the endocrine system because

it controls the pituitary gland directly underneath it.

The optic tracts carry visual information from the retina to the

lateral geniculates.

Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are

lobes.

Sensory innervation of the lower teeth and gums is by the ________ nerve.

mandibular branch of the trigeminal

Cardiovascular centers located in the ________ adjust the heart rate, the strength of cardiac contractions, and the flow of blood through the peripheral tissues.

medulla oblongata

The pons exchanges information with the cerebellum over the __________.

middle cerebellar peduncle

After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the

occipital lobe.

Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the ________ nerve.

oculomotor

The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is

olfaction.

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the

olfactory bulb.

The optic nerve crosses at the

optic chiasm.

The cerebral area posterior to the central sulcus is the

parietal lobe.

The dominant cerebral hemisphere of the brain

performs analytical tasks.

The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the

pia mater.

Damage to the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe would interfere with the ability to

play the piano.

Which cerebral area is involved with judgment and predictive abilities?

prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?

process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum

Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain?

prosencephalon

The basal nuclei

provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking.

Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem?

reduced ability to regulate body temperature

The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.

reticular activating system.

The thin partition that separates the first and second ventricles is the

septum pellucidum.

You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to

smell his food.

What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?

subarachnoid space

Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the

substantia nigra.

The tectum of the mesencephalon contains the

superior and inferior colliculi.

Which part of the mesencephalon coordinates reflex eye movements?

superior colluculi

In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in

the left cerebral hemisphere.

Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because

the vital centers for BP, HR, & breathing are located there.

The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the

trigeminal.

Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve?

weakness of sternocleidomastoid muscle