Chapter 15, 18 & 19 quizes

One of the proposed differences between implicit and explicit memory is that explicit memory depends on _____ processing to a greater extent than does implicit memory.

"top-down"

The Gardners have used _____ in their research with Washoe, the chimp.

American sign language

Which ascending system in the brainstem do the regions that make up the explicit-memory circuit NOT receive input from?

Dopamine

Studies of the KE family strongly implicate the gene known as _____ in human language ability.

FOXP2

Degeneration of the cells of the basal ganglia is responsible for

Huntington's chorea

A potential confounding factor in the performance of subjects on tests of nonverbal cognitive ability is:

a lack of motivation on the part of the subject

The temporal lobe structure essential for associating sensory information and affective (emotional) state is the

amygdala

Fear conditioning is hypothesized to depend on connections between the:

amygdala and hypothalamus.

A constellation of behaviors make up the "temporal lobe personality." Which of the following is NOT one of these behaviors?

anterograde amnesia

Loss of memory for events occurring after the time of surgery or trauma is termed:

anterograde amnesia.

Results of imaging studies have led to the conclusion that verb generation is:

associated with activity in both the frontal and temporal cortex.

The anatomical model of implicit memory proposed by the authors supports a central role for the

basal ganglia.

According to MacNeilage, the critical ability associated with the development of language in humans involved changes in the:

brain, leading to fine motor control and greater articulation.

Temporal cortex neurons that are activated by complex combinations of stimuli, such as those studied by Tanaka, are thought to play an important role in:

category formation.

The acquisition of an associative memory for the pairing of a tone stimulus and an air puff to the eye depends on circuits in the

cerebellum

Korsakoff's syndrome is an amnesic disorder that MOST commonly results from:

chronic alcoholism.

H.M.'s amnesia condition differs from that of Korsakoff's syndrome in amnesic patients because H.M. does NOT show

confabulation

An amnesic subject who earnestly tells stories about his past that are demonstrably untrue is showing the symptom known as:

confabulation.

Transient global amnesia can be produced by all of the following EXCEPT:

congenital abnormalities

The process by which newly acquired information becomes a stable, permanent memory is known as:

consolidation.

To perform well on the McGill Picture-Anomalies Test, the subject must make use of:

contextual cues

Which of the following is NOT thought to be a function of the temporal lobes?

control of visual tracking

Neurons in the middle temporal gyrus project to neurons in the opposite hemisphere by way of the

corpus callosum

Memory impairments observed in amnesic individuals are MOST commonly observed in the domain of

declarative memory.

The weight of evidence now suggests that memory processes

depend on cortical and subcortical structures.

Impaired implicit memory would MOST likely result from damage to the ascending modulatory neurotransmitter system, which releases

dopamine.

Which of the following brain structures are proposed by the authors to be involved in explicit memory processes

entorhinal cortex

Recalling the names of the friends who attended your sixteenth birthday party is an example of:

episodic memory

According to the HERA model, the right prefrontal cortex is particularly involved in _____, whereas the role of the left prefrontal cortex is primarily involved in _____.

episodic memory retrieval; episodic memory encoding

The efferents from the hippocampus that appear to be involved in temporal lobe amnesia are to be found in the:

fimbria fornix.

Changes that have occurred to the human vocal tract through the course of evolution allow humans to produce a wide range of speech sounds known as:

formants

Individual speech sounds are composed of characteristic groups of frequencies known as:

formants.

According to the results of research by Hassan and colleagues, the brain regions that would show the LEAST amount of intersubject coherence in the members of a cinema audience watching a movie would be the

frontal and parietal cortices.

The results of cases such as that of M.L.'s indicate that autobiographic memory may depend on networks of structures in the _____ lobes

frontal and temporal

Enhanced neural activity during the delay phase of a task requiring short-term memory for the location of a stimulus in space would MOST likely be observed in the:

frontal eye fields

During a test of pitch discrimination, subjects with greater gray-matter volume in the left primary auditory areas would be predicted to rely primarily on:

fundamental pitch

Damage to the right hemisphere affects aspects of language, including:

generation and perception of prosody.

Tests of language abilities in split-brain subjects show that the right hemisphere has:

good language comprehension but poor production abilities.

The anatomical region that was surgically removed from H.M., resulting in his amnesia, is the:

hippocampus

The fact that H.M. shows improvement in the mirror-drawing task, despite having no conscious recollection of the task, demonstrates that he is still capable of forming:

implicit memories.

Evidence from Huntington's disease patients suggests that the basal ganglia are particularly important for:

implicit memory

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is an example of:

implicit memory

The finding that amnesic patients show normal priming effects is evidence for:

independence of explicit and implicit memory

When performing a visual object recognition task, increased neural activity would be expected, particularly in the

inferior temporal gyrus.

A patient who can comprehend speech, produce meaningful speech, and repeat speech but has great difficulty in finding the names of objects likely has sustained damage to the:

inferior temporal lobe.

Auditory association cortex is located in the:

insula

Based on findings with herpes encephalitis patients, it appears that the ability to access previously acquired memories depends in part on the:

insula

Cases of brain damage in deaf individuals who use sign language suggest that the organization of gestural language:

is very similar to that for spoken language, with the left hemisphere dominant for both

Studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation have suggested a close relationship between areas responsible for:

language and mouth movements

Based on the studies of Schneider and colleagues, you would expect to observe _____ in musicians than in nonmusicians.

larger gray-matter volumes in Heschl's gyrus

Aphasias are most commonly seen following blockage of the _____ cerebral artery.

left-middle

Results from electrical stimulation and imaging studies of conscious patients suggest that:

localizationist theories that posit strict separation of speech comprehension and production are incorrect.

Medial temporal lobe structures are BEST associated with

long-term memory formation.

Which of the following is an example of temporal lobe cross-modal matching?

making an association between the vocal characteristics and the face of a well-known pop singer

The anterior commissure connects the _____ of the right and left hemispheres.

medial temporal areas

A temporal lobe structure found in humans but NOT in rhesus monkeys is the:

middle temporal gyrus

Which of the following four abilities proposed to be necessary for language is MOST likely to depend on the mirror neuron system?

mimicry

Falsely reporting a memory for words that are novel but semantically related to previously encountered words is:

more common for normal subjects than for amnesic patients

Memory impairments associated with retrograde amnesia following traumatic brain injury are:

more pronounced for newer memories than for older memories.

Various investigators have found that neurons in the monkey STS are particularly sensitive to

movements of other monkeys.

A patient who has difficulty finding words and has laborious, slow, and halting speech is showing signs of:

nonfluent aphasia.

Members of the KE family with the mutated form of FOXP2 show impaired performance on tests:

of verbal and nonverbal iq

The hippocampus gets input from auditory and visual association areas in the ipsilateral hemisphere via the:

perforant pathway.

The fundamental sounds in a language are called:

phonemes

In the view of Kimura and others, much of the cortex devoted to language production in the left hemisphere probably evolved as elaborations of:

premotor cortex circuits involved in face and hand gestures.

The Gollin Incomplete-Figures Test is used to assess:

priming, a category of implicit memory

The vocal intonation that helps us understand the literal meaning of what people say is termed:

prosody

The scientific term for what is commonly called "tone of voice" is:

prosody.

According to a theory of Tronson and Taylor, our long-term memories become subject to modification when we recall them through the process of:

reconsolidation.

Brain scans of subjects watching a section of a movie suggest that neurons within the temporal lobe:

respond in a stereotypical manner to naturalistic audiovisual stimuli.

Reduced verbal fluency and difficulties in comprehension and production of prosody have been reported following damage to the:

right orbitofrontal cortex.

Liegeois-Chauval has reported that rhythm discrimination is MOST disrupted following lesions of the:

right posterior temporal lobe.

Your knowledge that George Washington was the first president of the United States is an example of

semantic memory.

Language is a combination of the following four abilities:

sequencing behavior, categorization, mimicry, and category labeling.

Neural projections from the temporal lobe to the frontal lobe are hypothesized to be necessary for:

short-term memory and affect.

An alternative hypothesis for fluent aphasia posited by Dronkers and colleagues suggests that the role of the cortex of Wernicke's area is:

short-term memory for speech sounds.

The ability to perceive both the fundamental frequency and the harmonics of a given pitch is known as:

spectral pitch

H.M. became amnesic as a result of

surgery for epilepsy

Although nonhuman primates most certainly can communicate orally with each other and with humans (if trained), these utterances seem to lack any significant:

syntax

What we call "grammar" is referred to by linguists as:

syntax

Gustatory cortex and auditory association cortex are both located in the area of cortex known as the:

temporal insula.

In the explicit memory model proposed by the authors, the medial thalamus is reciprocally connected with the

temporal lobe structures.

H.M. suffers from damage to the medial:

temporal lobes

Brodmann's area 21 is most closely congruent with which of the following in the human brain

the inferior temporal gyrus

Dronkers and colleagues conclude that apraxia of speech is caused by damage to:

the insula

Memory impairment involving loss of one's personal history, termed "fugue state," has been associated with temporary disruption to which structure

the medial temporal lobe structures

Several lines of evidence suggest that humans developed spoken language in the last:

200,000 years

MOST speech is in the range of _____ segments/second

8-10

Speech arrest has been observed in conjunction with electrical stimulation of which subcortical structure?

the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus

One fact emerging from the study of brain and language is that grammar is intimately connected with:

the use of verbs.

The ability to understand the intentions of others from their movements and expressions is known as:

theory of mind

The symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome can sometimes be arrested by massive doses of:

thiamine.

The effects of direct electrical stimulation of the cortex on language functions have been confirmed using the noninvasive technique of:

transcranial magnetic stimulation.

A patient who can recall the names of past presidents but cannot recall any specific memories from his or her own childhood would MOST probably be suffering from a disconnection syndrome involving the

uncinate fasciculus.

Analyses of the Thatcher illusion suggest that when recognizing faces we pay particular attention to the:

upright configuration of the eyes and mouth

Imaging studies suggest that the fusiform face area may activate more generally during tasks that involve

viewing faces in close proximity

Delay cells" in the prefrontal cortex described by Fuster and Goldman-Rakic are active during

visuospatial working memory tasks

Neurons in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) are likely to be active when a person:

watches and anticipates the actions of a classmate.

H.M. would have the greatest difficulty answering questions about:

what he ate for breakfast this morning.

According to Harris, short-term memory for somatosensory stimuli was disrupted by transcranial magnetic stimulation only if the TMS was applied

within 600 milliseconds of stimulus presentation.