Chapter 15

When considering the wartime leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, a central irony emerges in that a. Abraham Lincoln brought little political experiences to his presidency yet rose to the occasion to become a masterful leader, whereas Jefferson Davis, a seasoned politician, proved to be a relatively ineffectual chief executive. b. neither man was very committed to the efforts he embarked on. c. Jefferson Davis made grandiose public statements about what the Confederate States of America might be able to accomplish but privately believed that the South never had a chance d. Lincoln successfully shepherded the nation through an awful war and yet struggled with his own misgivings about America's form of republicanism

a-Abraham Lincoln brought little political experiences to his presidency yet rose to the occasion to become a masterful leader, whereas Jefferson Davis, a seasoned politician, proved to be a relatively ineffectual chief executive

When the Civil War began, most Northerners viewed it as a. a struggle to preserve the Union and uphold the Constitution b. an opportunity to emancipate all slaves and integrate them into American Society c. an ideal time to emancipate slaves in the Union-loyal border states. d. a chance to punish the South after decades of political rivalry

a-a struggle to preserve the Union and uphold the Constitution

Abraham Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation a. because he considered emancipation to be "a military necessity, absolutely essential to the preservation of the Union." b. as a response to the constant lobbying of abolitionists pressing him to free the slaves c. as a way to appease the entire northern population and their cried for freedom for all slaves. d. as a personal moral statement regarding why slaves should be free

a-because the considered emancipation to be "a military necessity, absolutely essential to the preservation of the Union"

President Lincoln's efforts to stifle opposition to the war a. did suppress free speech b. resulted in imprisonment of a vast number of northern Democrats. c. were tantamount to a reign of terror d. were largely symbolic and involved no real action

a-did suppress free speech

When the Civil War broke out, President Lincoln chose not to make the conflict a struggle over slavery because he a. doubted his right under the Constitution to tamper with the "domestic institutions" of any state, even those in rebellion b. was not completely confident that destroying slavery was the best thing for African Americans c. believed slavery to be a relatively insignificant issue d. believed that eradicating slavery would unleash millions of angry, violent freedmen on the white South.

a-doubted his rights under the Constitution to tamper with the "domestic institutions" of any state, even those in rebellion

William Gould, a runaway slave who was taken aboard the U.S.S. Cambridge, found himself a. hanged for treason b. being returned to the South pursuant to the Fugitive Slave Act. c. imprisoned until the Emancipation Proclamation took effect in January 1863 d. enlisting as a Union sailor

d-enlisting as a Union sailor

Slaves increasingly used the chaos and turmoil of the Civil War to whittle away at their bondage by a. employing various means to undermine white mastery and expand control over their own lives b. banding together to sabotage the efforts of the Confederate army c. indiscriminately poisoning white Southerners. d. overly attacking their masters when they had the chance.

a-employing various means to undermine white mastery and expand control over their own lives

While the North's industrial production boomed during the Civil War, the working class there found that a. inflation and taxes cut so deeply into their wages that their standard of living actually fell. b. they could expect quick promotions as well as fatter pay envelopes c. because their labor was sorely needed, they were able tot control the workplace as never before d. they, too, enjoyed unprecedented prosperity

a-inflation and taxes cut so deeply into their wages that their standard of living fell

Among free black men of fighting age in the North, a. most fought in the Union army b. a very low proportion of the population actually participated in combat during the Civil War. c. many fled to Canada to avoid being reenslaved by the Confederate forces d. the war seemed like an irrelevant war between whites

a-most fought in the Union army

The Battle of Vicksburg in July 1863 a. was an important Union victory that opened up a large portion of the Mississippi River b. was a Confederate victory that not only upset Union commanders but also rid the lower Mississippi Valley of the federal army. c. produced a stalemate after horrendous casualties d. was an astounding Confederate victory that gave Union commanders pause concerning whether they could actually win the war

a-was an important Union victory that opened up a large portion of the Mississippi River

After the battle at Shiloh Church, Tennessee, in April 1862, General Ulysses S. Grant stated that he a. "believed that God had made it clear which side He supported in the conflict" b. "gave up all idea of saving the Union except by complete conquest." c. "seriously questioned the war aims of the Lincoln Administration." d. "believed the war would ruin the nation forever."

b-"gave up all idea of saving the Union except by complete conquest"

Typically, Northerners viewed secession as a. a concept they wished they had thought of first b. an attack on the best government on earth and a severe challenge to the rule of law. c. too expensive and therefore illegal d. constitutionally viable but impractical

b-an attack on the best government on earth and a severe challenge to the rule of the law

Under Grant's leadership the war shifted in favor of the North and the Union armies a. focused primarily on the war in the West, devoting few resources to fighting Lee in Virginia b. became a sophisticated and powerful war machine that continued to fight in the same bloody and ferocious manner. c. increased their numbers of troops so dramatically that the Confederacy was overwhelmed d. sustained few casualties because of their dominance and careful strategy

b-became a sophisticated and powerful war machine that continued to fight in the same bloody and ferocious manner

On July 17, 1862, Congress adopted a second Confiscation Act legislation that a. made it legal to use slaves as Union army laborers only as long as the federal troops were stationed in the slaves' immediate neighborhood b. declared all slaves everywhere "forever free of their servitude." c. emancipated slaves in the border states d. declared all slaves of rebel masters "forever free of their servitude."

b-declared all slaves everywhere "forever free of their servitude"

Despite their ideological commitment to states' rights and limited government, Confederate leaders a. denied the right of West Virginians to break away from Virginia and create their own state. b. expanded their power by drafting soldiers into the Confederate army and confiscating large amounts of property for the war effort. c. continued their staunch support of states' rights critic Jefferson Davis because of his popularity among Southern people. d. forced every state to issue resolutions making their case against the Emancipation Proclamation

b-expanded their power by drafting soldiers into the Confederate army and confiscating large amounts of property of the war effort

What poor northern men found especially galling about the new draft law of 1863 was that a. they had to provide much of their own equipment b. it allowed a draftee to hire a substitute or pay $300 fee to avoid conscription c. enlistments for those drafted into the army were twice as long as those for men who volunteered their services d. they fell under a special "hostility" clause and were paid less than so-called patriotic men who volunteered

b-it allowed a draftee to hire a substitute or pay $300 fee to avoid conscription

The conflict between the Merrimack and the Monitor a. ended the Union blockade b. marked the birth of the ironclad warship but had little impact on the Union's conventional naval dominance. c. almost prompted the British to enter the war in response to this seemingly unprovoked attack d. showed the superior industrial and technological resources of the North

b-marked the birth of the ironclad warship but had little impact on the Union's conventional naval dominance

Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton are both known for their Civil War efforts as a. prison camp reformers b. nurses on the battlefield and behind the lines c. surgeons specializing in battlefield amputations d. strike leaders in northern industries

b-nurses on the battlefield and behind the lines

The title of Chapter 15, "The Crucible of War, 1861-1865," is meant to suggest that the American Civil War was a a. conflict in which both sides felt destined to lose b. severe test for Americans and the Union c. contest in which the outcome was preordained d. conflagration that represented the "melting pot" that was the United States.

b-severe test for Americans and the Union

As President Lincoln wavered in his policy of noninterference with slavery, he considered the biggest obstacle to the acceptance of emancipation in the Union to be a. public concern about the constitutionality of emancipation b. the fears of Northerners that freed slaves, whom they considered "semi-savages," would flood the North, compete for jobs and try to mix socially with them. c. the fears of Northerners that freed slaves would cause overcrowding in schools d. the difficulty of finding a suitable place to send the freed slaves.

b-the fears of Northerners that freed slaves, whom they considered "semi-savages", would flood the North, compete for jobs and try to mix socially with them

The border states of Missouri and Kentucky did not formally secede from the Union, but in these areas a. they called the war a "brother's war" because family members were always united in fighting on the same side b. the decision to go with the Union was unanimous because slaves were such a small part of the population. c. a pro-southern minority remained sympathetic to the southern cause and sometimes resisted Union control d. the citizens threatened to split off and create their own separate nation

c-a pro-southern minority remained sympathetic to the southern cause and sometimes resisted Union control

Aside from leading to the legal destruction of slavery, the Civil War itself helped destroy slavery in practice a. because thousands of weary and disgusted slaveholders freed their slaves b. because most male slaves joined the union army c. by disrupting the routine, organization, and discipline necessary to keep slavery intact. d. as slave owners increasingly realized the advantages of free labor and began paying their slaves for their labor without actually freeing them.

c-by disrupting the routine, organization, and discipline necessary to keep slavery intact

Throughout the Civil War, the Richmond government tried to promote southern unity and nationalism; politicians were aided in this attempt by a. yeoman, who understood that they needed to continue to ally themselves with the planters in order to move up in society b. slaves, who believed that once the war was over they would have a place as free people in the confederacy c. clergymen, who stated that God had blessed slavery and the new nation d. the lack of Unionists in the entire South

c-clergymen, who stated that God had blessed slavery and the new nation

Initially the Confederacy sought King Cotton diplomacy, a strategy based on the belief that a. raising the price of cotton in the North would give the South more economic leverage to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the dispute b. reducing the price of the cotton the Confederacy sold to England and France would allow those nations to loan the South more money to fight the war c. cotton-starved western European powers would be forced to enter the conflict by offering diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy and breaking the Union blockade to secure cotton. d. the North would look more favorably on the South's bid independence if cotton planters grew less cotton and released their surplus slaves

c-cotton-starved western European powers would be forces to enter the conflict by offering diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy and breaking the Union blockade to secure cotton

The first battle of Manassas (or Bull Run) in July 1861 is significant because it a. was a bloodbath in which thousands of men died b. had an instantly sobering effect on Southerners, who realized they would have to beef up their troops in order to have a chance at winning the war. c. demonstrating that Americans were in for a real war, one that would be neither quick nor easy. d. disheartened Northerners to the extent that men stopped volunteering for the Union army

c-demonstrating that Americans were in for a real war, one that would be neither quick nor easy

During the Civil War, the "twenty-Negro law" enraged many white Southerners because it a. targeted for military service every slaveholder with at least twenty slaves b. meant that every slaveholder with at least forty slaves had to turn over twenty of them for use by the Confederate government c. exempted from military service one white man on every plantation with twenty or more slaves d. paid slaveholders scarce government funds for every twenty slaves that owned or supervised

c-exempted from military service one white man on every plantation with twenty or more slaves

When President Lincoln remarked early in the Civil War, "If General McClellan does not want to use the army I would like to borrow it," he was expressing his a. confusion regarding McClellan's frequent requests to be reassigned b. frustration at McClellan's refusal to drill the troops before ten o'clock in the morning c. frustration that McClellan had amassed and trained a huge military force but refused to use it to attack the Confederates. d. desire to have a military command of his own son

c-frustration that McClellan has amassed and trained a huge military force but refused to use it to attack the Confederates

At the end of 1862, the eastern theater of the Civil War a. made it obvious that the rebellion was nearly over b. had seen one Union victory after another c. had reached a stalemate d. had been a great success for the Union because the same northern generals stayed on for the duration, getting wiser with each battle

c-had reached a stalemate

In 1862, the Homestead Act a. promised every former slave a homestead with forty acres and a mule. b. instituted America's first public education system c. helped to encourage Westerners to be loyal to the Union d. put an end to widespread speculation on western land purchases

c-helped to encourage Westerns to be loyal to the Union

Strikes by workers in northern industries, calculated to improve wages during the civil war. a. were more effective for woman than for men b. drastically undermined the patriotism of most workers c. rarely succeeded d. often proved remarkably successful

c-rarely succeeded

When it came to supplying the Confederate armies, a. the South had an enormous advantage in resources and manpower but faced challenges in mobilizing their troops b. Great Britain and France provided a vast supply of weapons and other resources in return for cotton. c. the South had enthusiasm and a resourceful Ordinance Bureau but lacked the resources available to the North d. the South depended too heavily on slave labor and found it more difficult to build intricate weapons

c-the south had enthusiasm and a resourceful Ordinance Bureau but lacked the resources available to the north

Thousands of northern and southern women offered their services as nurses during the Civil War, however, a. teaching paid much better, so most women in the cash economy found jobs as tutors and teachers b. the relatively high rate of pay caused males to dominate the field, and women were generally refused the chance to participate c. they bucked tradition by doing so, because women were thought too delicate to deal with sickness and disease on such a large scale. d. nursing required a high level of medical training , and few women were able to achieve the necessary education.

c-they bucked tradition by doing so, because women were thought too delicate to deal with sickness and disease on such a large scale'

While southern leaders issued somewhat duplicitous statements concerning why they thought it necessary to battle to government of the United States, white southerners from all classes enlisted to fight Yankees a. because they believed the federal government and northern manufacturers were conspiring to raise their taxes and dump cheap manufactured good on the. b. for the sense of adventure they found in proving that a southern farm boy could whip up an untold number of Abe Lincoln's hirelings c. to preserve a southern civilization based on slavery and to ensure that African American remained subordinate to whites in the region d. all of the above

c-to preserve a southern civilization based on slavery and to ensure that African American remained subordinate to whites in the region

In strict military terms, the Battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863 a. a proved to be a catastrophe because so much of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was destroyed that it no longer functioned as an effective fighting force b. stimulated an important council of war among major Union generals, who concluded that the North would be better off suing for peace to save the lives of their soldiers c. was a crucial turning point for Confederate armies because it proved to be the last time Confederates launched a major offensive above the Mason-Dixon line. d. became an important experiment in which the South got to field test several new secret weapons

c-was a crucial turning point for Confederate armies because it proved to be the last Confederates launched a major offensive above the mason-Dixon line.

President Lincoln's determination to hold electrons in 1864 is particularly noteworthy because a. most Union soldiers were so angry that Lincoln had allowed the war to drag on that they were threatening to support the Democratic ticket. b. much of the North's electoral process had shut down and would have to be revived in order to hold electrons c. with the Union war effort stalled and many Northerners basically wearied by the burdens of the war, the Democrats had an excellent chance of ousting the Lincoln administration d. most members of the Republican Party had vowed to oppose his nomination in 1864.

c-with the Union war effort stalled and many Northerners basically wearied by the burdens of the war, the Democrats had an excellent change of ousting the Lincoln administration

Southerners believed they had a real chance of winning the Civil War based on a. the righteousness of their cause and the character of the southern people b. their belief that southern men were physically tougher than northern men c. their belief that withholding cotton would wreck the northern economy and force England or France to enter the war on the side of the Confederacy d. All of the above

d-All of the above

In 1861, armed hostilities between the North and South began officially with a. the assault on federal troops passing through Baltimore, Maryland, early in 1861 b. an assault on Washington, D.C., in February 1861 by a ragtag group of Confederate sympathizers from Maryland c. Confederates firing on the frigate Star of the West as it attempted to reprovision Fort Moultrie in Charleston harbor in January 1861. d. Confederates firing on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in April 1861.

d-Confederates firing on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in April 1861

In 1864, when General William T. Sherman stated that he intended to "make Georgia howl," he was gearing up for a. a military campaign in which his sole purpose was to recruit black men for the Union army b. a military campaign in which he planned to have the men under his command take Georgians' cotton and sell it to England to help finance the northern war effort. c. the nation's first military campaign in which biological warfare would be used. d. a scorched-earth military campaign aimed at destroying the will of the southern people.

d-a scorched-earth military campaign aimed at destroying the will of southern people

From the beginning, the Confederacy faced formidable odds in pursuing its bid for independence; it had to succeed in a. building a powerful army from scratch b. devising a way to finance the war c. creating adequate manufacturing resources to supply war material d. all of the above

d-all of the above

On July 17, 1862 , Congress adopted a second Confiscation Act, legislation that a. made it legal to use slaves as Union army laborers only as long as the federal troops were stationed in the slaves' immediate neighborhood b. declared all slaves everywhere "forever free of their servitude." c. emancipated slaves in the border states d. declared all slaves of rebel masters "forever free of their servitude"

d-declared all slaves of rebel masters "forever free of their servitude"

General Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant near Appomattox Court House in Virginia on April 9, 1865, a. was the signal for Southern civilians to launch a guerilla war. b. was actually a ploy to distract Grant so that other Confederate armies could continue the struggle c. ended the Confederate war effort because there were no more rebel troops left to fight d. ended the Confederate war effort, not because the South was out of troops, but because Lee's surrender demoralized the armies remaining in the field.

d-ended the Confederate war effort, not because the South was out of troops, but because Lee's surrender demoralized the armies remaining in the field.

White Southerners' greatest fear regarding their slaves during the Civil War was that they would a. run away b. refuse to work c. steal even more property than they had stolen before the conflict broke out d. engage in violent revolt

d-engage in violent revolts

In March 1862, Congress titled toward emancipating slaves when it a. declared all children born of slave parents free b. labeled all slaves coming within Union military lines as contraband of war c. presented emancipation legislation only to see it defeated by Democrats d. forbade the practice of returning fugitive slaves to their masters

d-forbade the practice of returning fugitive slaves to their masters

When the Civil War ended, President Lincoln was confident that a. the transition to a peaceful nation would be simple compared to many problems encountered because of the war. b. his role in bringing the conflict to a successful conclusion would guarantee him the office of president as long as he wanted it. c. Democrats would eagerly support Republican policies d. his postwar burdens would weigh almost as heavily as those of wartime

d-his postwar burdens would weigh almost as heavily as those of wartime

After his victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant a. asked President Lincoln for a ninety-day furlough to allow his severe depression and alcoholism to heal b went back to the western theatre of the war to conquer a new rebel threat that had sprung up there. c. attempted to end his military service, but President Lincoln talked him out of resigning d. launched a massive military campaign that would take his troops on a sweep through Virginia and get thousands of them killed.

d-launched a massive military campaign that would take his troops on a sweep through Virginia and get thousands of them killed

In the early 1860s, the Republicans generated the economic power they needed to fight a successful war by a. securing the complete cooperation of the Democrats b. instituting unconstitutional economic programs c. creating a special class of government bonds that paid investors an attractive rate of interest d. revolutionizing U.S. banking, monetary, and tax structures

d-revolutionizing U.S banking, monetary, and tax structures

On March 4, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln delivered an inaugural address in which he revealed his strategy to avoid disunion; that strategy was to a. send the Union army to South Carolina because it was the first state to secede. b. send to all slave states specially annotated copies of the Constitution clearly pointing out why secession was illegal c. dispatch special emissaries to the slave states believed most likely to secede, to threaten harsh government action should those states proceed. d. take measures to stop the contagion of secession to buy time in order for emotions to cool

d-take measures to stop the contagion of secession to buy time in order for emotions to cool

In New York City in the summer of 1863 , an Irish-led riot that took the lives of at least 105 people erupted in protest of a. the prejudices immigrant workers faced as they tried to move up the ladder in booming industrial sector. b. the plight of the poor and the dangerous working conditions faced by immigrants c. inadequate living conditions and high rents, as well as their landlords' failure to restrict their rentals to white tenants. d. the newly enacted draft law, which was inequitable and would force draftees to flight to free black slaves.

d-the newly enacted draft law, which was inequitable and would force draftees to flight to free black slaves

By the waning months of the war Confederate soldiers were demoralized because a. Grant and Sherman used innovative propaganda tactics to mock them and their families b. Robert E. Lee refused to attempt another offensive c. the international cotton market collapsed, causing fear of widespread postwar poverty d. the toll of years of fighting, lack of supplies, and concern for their families had become too much.

d-the toll of years of fighting, lack of suppliers, and concern for their families has become too much

States in the Upper South that opted for secession from the Union did so because a. a special delegation from the deep South toured the upper tier of slave states and convinced the leaders of those states to secede b. minor slave revolts began breaking out, clearly threatening the region's institution of slavery c. the new Confederate government offered those states special tax advantages if they would join other slave states seeking independence from the government in Washington, D.C. d. they couldn't see themselves fighting fellow Southerners and felt betrayed when Lincoln chose to use military means against the South.

d-they couldn't see themselves fighting fellow southerners and felt betrayed when Lincoln chose to use military means against the south