Chapter 15 Darwin Packet

How do fossils that formed in different rock layers provide evidence of evolution?

They provide a view of how a species has changed and produced different species over time

which ones are true about the distribution of finch species on the Galápagos Islands. a. They had descended with modification from a common mainland ancestor. b. They had descended with modification from several different mainland ancestors. c. They had remained unchanged since arriving on the Galápagos from the mainland. d. They had become more similar to one another after arriving on the Galápagos.

a

which ones are true about natural selection a. it selects traits that increase fitness b. it takes place without human control c. it can be observed directly in nature d. it leads to an increase in a species fitness

a and b

which ones are true about Malthus a. He was an important influence on Darwin. b. He was an English naturalist. c. He believed that war, famine, and disease limit the growth of populations. d. His views were influenced by conditions in twentieth-century England.

a and c

which ones are true a. . An enormous number of species inhabit Earth. b. Many organisms seem to be poorly suited to their environment. c. The same sorts of animals are always found in the same ecosystems in different parts of the world. d. Some species that lived in the past no longer live on Earth.

a and d

which ones are true about artificial selection a. it is also called selective breeding b. it occurs when humans select natural variations they find useful c. it produces organisms that look very different from their ancestors d. it is no longer used today

a, b, and c

What is the status of Darwin's theory today?

It continues to be upheld by research in all areas of biology

In what two ways did an understanding of geology influence Darwin?

Knowing that Earth could change over time helped Darwin believe that life might change as well. Knowing that Earth was very old assured Darwin that there had been enough time for life to change.

which ones are true a. He was born in 1809. b. He was an English naturalist. c. He was 42 when he began the voyage on the Beagle. d. The voyage lasted 5 years and took him around the world.

a, b, and d

which ones are true about Darwin's theory of evolution a. There is variation in nature. b. Fewer organisms are produced than can survive. c. There is a struggle for existence. d. Species change over time.

a, c, and d

How did Lamarck pave the way for the work of later biologists?

Lamarck was one of the first to develop a scientific theory of evolution and to realize that organisms are adapted to their environments.

After he returned to England, what hypothesis did Darwin develop to explain his findings?

Separate species evolved from a common ancestor after becoming isolated from one another on different islands of the Galápagos.

what does fitness mean

The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

Evidence for Evolution can be found in

The fossil record The geographical distribution of living species Homologous structures of living organisms Similarities in early development

which ones are true a. Earth is a few thousand years old. b. Layers of rock are moved by forces beneath Earth's surface. c. Most geological processes operate extremely slowly. d. The processes that changed Earth in the past are different from the processes that operate in the present.

b and c

which ones are true about Lyell a. His book, Principles of Geology, was published after Darwin returned from his voyage. d. He stressed that scientists must explain past events in terms of processes that they can actually observe. b. His work explained how awesome geological features could be built up or torn down over long periods of time. c. His publications helped Darwin appreciate the significance of the geological phenomena that he had observed.

b, c, and d

Darwin observed that small brown birds on the Galápagos Island differed in their

beaks

which ones are true a. The islands are far apart. b. The smallest, lowest islands are hot and wet. c. The higher islands have more rainfall. d. All the islands have the same amount of vegetation.

c

which ones are true about "origin of species" a. It was published in 1869. b. It was ignored when it was first published. c. It contained evidence for evolution. d. It described natural selection.

c and d

Darwin believed that all organisms on Earth are united into a single tree of life by

common descent

The principle that all species were derived from common ancestors is known as

common descent

the principle that living species descend, with changes, from other species over time is referred to as

descent with modification

according to Darwin's theory, what happens to individuals whose characteristics are not well suited to their environment?

die or leave fewer offspring

the process by which modern organisms have descended from

evolution

Is the following sentence true or false? Adaptations can be physical characteristics but not more complex features such as behavior

false

Is the following sentence true or false? Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on Earth for thousands of years

false

Is the following sentence true or false? Natural variation is found only in wild organisms in nature.

false

Is the following sentence true or false? The overwhelming majority of a species' offspring survive.

false

Is the following sentence true or false? When Darwin returned to England, he rushed to publish his thoughts about evolution.

false

The preserved remains of ancient organisms are called

fossils

How did Lamarck propose that species change over time?

he proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed on to their offspring. Over time, this process led to change in a species.

Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called

homologous structures

What did Darwin think about on his journey home to England?

how the characteristics of many animals and plants, including mockingbirds and tortoises, varied noticeably among the different islands of the Galápagos.

Explain what Darwin meant by the phrase survival of the fittest.

individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully

What does the phrase struggle for existence mean?

it means that members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities of life.

Differences among individuals of a species are referred to as

natural variation

What was Darwin's greatest contribution?

scientific hypothesis to explain how evolution occurs.

what does natural selection mean

survival of the fittest

A well-supported explanation of phenomena that have occurred in

theory

Is the following sentence true or false? Charles Darwin contributed more to our understanding of evolution than anyone else.

true

Is the following sentence true or false? Darwin was looking for a scientific explanation for the diversity of life on Earth.

true

Is the following sentence true or false? Darwin's theory was profoundly different from anything known in nineteenth century

true

Is the following sentence true or false? Descent with modification implies that all living organisms are related to one another

true

Is the following sentence true or false? Homologous structures provide strong evidence that all four-limbed animals with backbones have descended, with modifications, from common ancestors.

true

Is the following sentence true or false? Lamarck proposed that all organisms have an innate tendency toward complexity and perfection

true

Is the following sentence true or false? Lamarck was among the first scientists to recognize that living things have changed over

true

Is the following sentence true or false? Of all the Beagle's ports, the one that influenced Darwin the most was the Galápagos

true

Organs that are so reduced in size that they are just vestiges, or traces, of homologous organs in other species are called

vestigial organs

As Darwin studied fossils, what new questions arose?

why species had disappeared and how they were related to living species.

the naturalist whose essay gave Darwin an incentive to publish his own work was

Alfred Russel Wallace

what does adaptation mean

Any inherited characteristic that increases an a organism's chance of survival

how did Darwin explain differences in shell shape of tortoises from Hood Island and Isabela Island?

Darwin thought that Hood Island tortoises had curved shells to allow them to reach the sparse vegetation on their island, whereas Isabela Island tortoises had dome-shaped shells because vegetation on their island was more abundant and closer to the ground.

How did Darwin explain the existence of similar but unrelated species

Darwin thought that such species evolved features in common because they were exposed to similar pressures of natural selection.

Two scientists who helped Darwin and others recognize how old earth is are

Hutton and Lyell