Chapter 15- Digestive System

Protein

- Amino acids - Enzymes - Antibodies

Vitamin

- B12 - Organic molecules - Cellular metabolism - Protein carriers - Either fat or water soluble

Lipid

- Fats - Essential fatty acids - Long-term energy

Carbohydrates

- Glucose - Immediate Energy

Mineral

- Inorganic - Usually single atoms - All are water soluble

Which of these statements are true regarding the esophagus?

- It descends posterior to the trachea, passing through the thoracic cavity - It penetrates the diaphragm - It plays no role in chemical digestion

Select the ways in which the digestive system helps to maintain homeostasis.

- Muscles cells use nutrients processed by the digestive system. - The digestive and urinary systems remove wastes from the body. - Minerals absorbed by the digestive system are used by the nervous system.

Which of the following are functions of the liver?

- Removes and store nutrients - Removes and detoxifies poisons - Regulates glucose levels

Identify the factors that stimulate production and secretion of pancreatic juice:

- chloecystokinin - secretin - Impulses from the enteric nervous system

The hydrochloric acid secreted by the parietal cells ______.

- creates an acidic environment in the stomach - kills ingested bacteria - activates pepsin

Cirrhosis

- fibrous scar tissues forms - liver becomes filled with fatty tissue - often a disorder from years of alcohol consumption

Fats

- lipase

Which of these events take place during the swallowing reflex? (Select all that apply)

- muscles in the laryngophraynx relax, opening the esophagus - soft palate raises, closing off the nasopharynx - the epiglottis covers the larynx

The tonsillar tissues that help defend against inhaled microbes are ______.

- palatine - phrayngeal - lingual

Protein

- pepsin - carboxypeptidase - trypsin - peptidases

Carbohydrates

- salivary amylase - pancreatic amylase - maltase - sucrase - lactase - chymotrypsin

The regulation of muscular contraction throughout the digestive track is controlled by ______.

- the enteric nervous system - entereondocrine hormones - the central nervous system

Hepatitis

- virus spread by sexual contact - virus can spread from sewage contaminated water. - virus spread by infected blood

Jaundice

- yellowing of skin and eyes - abnormal breakdown of red blood cells can cause this - bilirubin accumulates - bile ducts being blocked can cause this

Label the events that maintain the pH of the duodenum.

1. Secretin stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions. 2. Pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions released. 3. Bicarbonate ions neutralize acidic chyme. 4. Acidic chyme enters duodenum 5. Intestinal mucosa releases secretin

Place the phases of the swallowing mechanism in order from beginning to end:

1. Soft palate elevates and closes the nasopharynx 2. Epiglottis covers larynx 3. Tongue seals oral cavity 4. Esophagus opens and recieves bolus

Dentin

Dense tissue forming the bulk of a tooth.

_______ Intense fear of weight gain, excessive dieting, and distorted perception of personal body weight are all symptoms of

Macronutrients

______ are inorganic elements essential in human metabolism that cannot be broken down.

Minerals

Mucous cells

Release a viscous, alkaline secretion to prevent the stomach from digesting itself

Chief cells

Secrete digestive enzymes

Parietal cells

Secrete hydrochloric acid

Cementum

Specialized, calcified connective tissue that covers the anatomic root of a tooth.

Water-soluble vitamins

Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin Panthothenic acid B6 B12 Folic Acid Biotin Vitamin C

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, K

Choose the correct statement concerning vitamins and energy:

Vitamins cannot directly provide energy but can indirectly boost energy by enabling enzymes ability to extract energy from nutrients.

Intense fear of weight gain, excessive dieting, and distorted perception of personal body weight are all symptoms of ______ nervosa.

anorexia

A chronic disease of the liver where the liver becomes inactive due to scar tissue replacing healthy cells is ______.

cirrhosis

Gluconeogenesis from proteins is possible by the process called ______, a complex metabolic pathway of converting amino acids to glycerol.

deamination

The _____ prevents the reflux of the stomach's content back into the esophagus.

esophageal sphincter

Secretion of digestive pancreatic juices represents the _____ function of the pancreas while secretion of hormones represents the _____ function of pancreas.

exocrine, endocrine

The duodenum of the small intestine receives products from the ____, ____, and ____ via one main duct.

gallbladder, pancreas, liver

When glycogen levels become too low, the liver will produce glucose molecules through the process of _________.

gluconeogenesis

Enamel

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

During digestion, the _____ expand to store undigested material in the colon.

haustra

The hormone that acts on the hypothalamus and gives a feeling of fullness after a meal is ______.

leptin

The organ responsible for protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, storage of some vitamins, blood filtering, detoxification of blood and the production and secretion of bile is the ______.

liver

DNA and RNA are broken down into the individual nucleotides by _____ and the nucleotides are broken down into their individual components by ______.

nuclease; nucleotidase

Digestion of proteins, that began in the stomach, is completed in the small intestine, where the peptides are broken down into amino acids by _______

peptidases

Gastric ____ are openings at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa.

pits

PulP

soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

Peristalsis in the large intestine occurs due to the muscularis layer and the ____________ on its surface.

taenia coli