Chapter 15

Hutton's theory of geological change included all EXCEPT A. catastrophic extinction of species B. slow cycles of erosion and uplift C. production of layers of sediment through slow deposition D. extreme geological change occurring over a long period of time

A

Lamarck's inheritance of acquired characteristics included the idea that A. there is a natural force in all living things that pushes them toward perfection B. local catastrophes cause mass extinctions of species C. species are only produced through special creation D. species are fixed and unchanging over time

A

What is the main reason that the alternative explanations to evolution are not considered scientific? A. The alternative explanations are not testable by the scientific method B. the people suggesting the alternative explanations are not scientists C. the scientific community is biased and will not look at any other explanation D. all of these are reasons why the alternative explanations to evolution are not considered

A

When previous adaptations in a species are no longer useful in a changed environment, A. selection of a different form occurs B. artificial selection is witnessed C. fitness is observed D. all of the choices are correct

A

Which of the following observations were made during Darwin's journey aboard the Beagle that led him to believe in evolution? A. geological formations and species variations B. geological formation and the fixation of species C. artificial selection and species variation D. all of the above are correct

A

An idea that could be traced back to Plato is that A. hybrids showed that species could be changed with time B. variation is due to imperfections in copies of some perfect ideal form C. artificial selection of animals by humans proves that evolution can occur D. acquired characteristics could be passed from parents to offspring E. worldwide catastrophes caused extinction, followed by creation of new species

B

Cutting off the tails of mice over several generations should cause the tails of their offspring to become shorter, according to the ideas of which of these scientists? A. Darwin B. Lamarck C. Cuvier D. Lyell

B

Erasmus Darwin, in his discussion of evolutionary possibilities, included all of the following EXCEPT A. changes during the development of organisms B. comparative anatomy of plants and algae C. vestigial organs D. artificial selection in animal breeding

B

Lamarck's ideas on evolution were adopted by some Russian scientists, including Michurin and Lysenko in Stalinist Russia. Their textbooks printed Lysenko's assertions that a wheat plant could be made cold-hardy by conditioning in cold storage, or that workmen who develop strong muscles would produce children who were stronger. Which of the major premises of evolution by natural selection was violated? A. the organisms vary in traits B. natural selection acts on variations that are already available in the population's gene pool C. more young are born than can survive. there will always be more demand than resources available D. some individuals are better adapted to the environment

B

Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because A. bird wings function on different physics principles of lift B. insect wings are vestigal C. the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin D. they did not evolve in the same region or live at the same time period E. there is no fossil link between these groups

C

What viewpoint was proposed by Aristotle about living organisms? A. all species are equal in complexity B. life originated from inorganic substances C. living organisms form a sequential ladder of life, with humans at the top D. the simplest organisms are placed on the top of the ladder of living organisms

C

Which of the following ideas was most commonly held in the 18th century? A. evolution by natural selection over time B. genetic change through mutation C. the fixity of species D. changes in a species through adaption to the environment

C

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection? A. it acts on genotypes rather than phenotypes B. it assures the survival of each fit individual C. On average, it favors the survival of the young that have adaptive characteristics D. it always selects for more complex forms E. all of the choices are correct

C

Which of the following piece of fossil evidence was not observed during Darwin's journey aboard the Beagle? A. fossilized remains of the Glyptodont B. fossilized remains of a giant ground sloth C. 13 different species of fossilized finches on the Galapagos Islands D. fossilized marine shells in the cliffs of the Andes Mountains

C

All of the following are examples of natural selection EXCEPT A. the distribution of dark and light colored peppered moths in Britain B. a rise in bacterial resistance to antibiotics C. the reduction in beak length of scarlet honeycreepers when they changed food sources D. the 150 breeds of dogs developed from ancestral wolves E. two of these are not examples of natural selection

D

Darwin's geometric ratio of increase pertains specifically to A. the inheritable variations found in a population B. the artificial selection of traits in plants or animals C. the inheritance of acquired traits D. the overproduction potential of a species

D

Linnaeus developed his classification system for organisms according to A. a theory of descent by modification B. Darwin's theory of evolution C. Lamarck's theory of evolution D. a theory of special creation and fixity of species

D

The post Darwinian view of the world included A. the age of the earth is billions of years old B. species are related by descent C. an interaction of random variations and environmental conditions produced environmental adaptation D. all of the choices are correct E. only two of the answers are correct

D

Transitional forms are seen in the fossil record that links all of these groups EXCEPT A. birds and reptiles B. reptiles and amphibians C. fish and amphibians D. mammals and birds E. mammals and reptiles

D

Two fossilized remains are found and scientists assume the two organisms are different but related. Which of the following would determine the relatedness of these two organisms? A. homologous structures B. vestigial structures C. biogeography D. All of the choices could be examined to determine relatedness

D

Which of the following features were present in the transitional species between amphibian tetrapods and the fishes? A. fins, rounded head with eyes on the side and a neck B. lungs, fins and scales C. a flat head with eyes on the top, fins and scales D. fins, simple wrist bones and expanded ribs

D

Which of the following is NOT involved in natural selection? A. There is always competition for resources B. Organisms differ in reproductive success C. There are inheritable variations in populations D. The desired traits are chosen by a breeder

D

Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied? A. bacterial resistance to antibiotics B. resistance of weeds to select herbicides C. resistance of HIV to drug treatment D. all are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied

D

Which of the following misconceptions about evolution can be refuted with the molecular evidence that is being collected through DNA analysis? A. evolution is a theory about how life originated B. there are no transitional fossils C. evolution is not observable or testable, thus it is not science D. evolution proposes life changed as a result of random events; traits are too complex to have originated by chance alone

D

The distribution of species can help provide information about all of the following except A. past geological events B. the movement of continents C. formation of volcanic islands D. ecological change E. the time period in which a species was present on earth

E

What evidence would be studied by a biogeographer? A. plate tectonics B. amount of genetic similarity among current populations C. ocean currents and wind patterns D. ranges and migration patterns of animals E. all of the choices are correct

E

When he arrived at the Galapagos Islands, Darwin did NOT observe the amazing tool-using "woodpecker finch" that can modify twigs to pry out grubs. Because there are no true woodpeckers on the Galapagos Islands, this behavior allows this finch to exploit an untapped food source. However, not all members of this species exhibit this behavior, which is probably learned from watching other finches. Therefore, A. young isolated at hatching will not know how to do this B. it is probably not "hardwired" in the brain as a behavior passed on genetically C. there must be a great advantage to reaching this food source for this learned behavior to be repeated by most descendants of each generation D. as an acquired characteristic, in a strict sense this is not part of the adaptive radiation of finches on the galapagos E. All of the choices are correct

E

Which of the following observations is not part of natural selection as posed by Darwin? A. individuals within a species exhibit variation B. organisms compete for available resources C. individuals within a population differ in terms of reproductive success D. organisms become adapted to conditions as the environment changes E. all of these observations are part of natural selection as posed by Darwin

E

In his theory of natural selection, Darwin incorporated the premise that available resources were not sufficient for all members of a population to survive. Darwin adopted these ideas of competition and survival from

Malthus

Over many generations man has chosen certain desirable characteristics in dogs by allowing dogs possessing those characteristics to reproduce. In this way, 150 breeds of dogs, all in the same species, have descended from wolves. This process is referred to as

artificial selection

Darwin's opinion that living forms must be descended from extinct forms was based on _____ evidence

fossil

During the course of Darwin's journey aboard the H.M.S.Beagle he was collecting and recording ______ and ______.

geological biological diversity evidence

A line of evidence NOT considered by Darwin in his development of the theory of natural selection is A. comparative anatomy B. biogeography C. the fossil record D. comparative biochemistry

D

Darwin observed that A. members of a population vary in their functional, physical and behavioral characteristics B. there is a constant struggle for survival of organisms C. organisms in a normal population differ in reproductive success D. all of the choices are correct E. none of the choices are correct

D

Which naturalist wrote a 44-volume natural history on plants and animals, and suggested migration, environmental influences, isolation, and overcrowding might affect how organisms descend with modifications?

Leclerc

Who was the author of the book Principles of Geology? The book presented arguments to support a theory of geological change, proposing that the earth was subject to slow but continuous erosion and uplift

Lyell

Most of Darwin's observations about changes in species over time and in different environments took place in and near

South America

Natural selection was independently proposed as a means of evolution by Darwin and

Wallace

Darwin's observation that there were Patagonian hares but no rabbits in South America would be considered _________ evidence

biogeographical

Fossils like Archaeopteryx offer evidence linking

birds and dinosaurs

The theory of ______ proposed that a series of catastrophes or mass extinctions followed by repopulation could explain why species change over time.

catastrophism

Homologous structures such as the bones in wings, flippers, and arms would be studied in the field of

comparative anatomy

Darwin's theory of natural selection to explain evolution is also known as

descent with modification

A population must have _____ for natural selection to occur

inheritable variation

What was Darwin's main purpose during his time aboard the H.M.S. Beagle?

to serve as the ship's naturalist

The organisms on the Galapagos Islands that were the most important to the development of Darwin's theory of natural selection were

tortoises and finches