Chapter 15 Learnsmart

Food energy is measured not in calories, but technically in a larger unit, the

kilocalorie

Some of the unique aspects of the wall of the large intestine are that it ______ villi, it ______ teniae coli and it ______ haustra.

lacks; has; has

intestine is found in the abdominal cavity, running up the right side, across the top and down the left side of the abdominal cavity, before entering the pelvic cavity.

large

When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ______ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.

lower; raise

Indicate which of the following are functions of saliva. (select all that apply)

moistens food particles helps cleanse the mouth and teeth dissolves molecules so they can be tasted initiates chemical digestion of carbohydrates

______ nerve impulses elicit the secretion of a large volume of watery saliva when a person sees, smells, tastes, or even thinks about appealing food.

parasympathetic

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the gastric glands by____________cells

parietal

The large intestine begins in the lower ______ side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum. From there, the large intestine ascends on the _____ side, crosses obliquely to the ____, and descends into the pelvis.

right; right; left

Acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach stimulates the release of the hormone _____, which,stimulates the release of pancreatic juice.

secretin

In the small intestine, normal mixing movements are called _____ and normal propelling movements are ______.

segmentation; peristalsis

Indicate which of the following nutrients yields the highest amount of calories per gram.

lipids

are organic compounds (such as oils, phospholipids and cholesterol) that supply energy for cellular processes and help build structures, such as cell membranes.

lipids

The organ of the digestive system composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue, is the

pancreas

What events take place during the swallowing reflex?

Soft palate raises, preventing food from entering the nasal cavity. The epiglottis covers the larynx. Muscles in the laryngopharynx relax, opening the esophagus.

Place the layers of the wall of the alimentary canal in the correct order starting with the innermost layer.

Mucosa, submucosa, muscular, Serosa

Sugar, glycogen and cellulose are all examples of:

carbohydrates

What stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile?

Cholecystokinin

Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juice.

Cholecystokinin Secretin Parasympathetic impulse

The small intestine consists of three sections. As food passes from the stomach through the small intestine, it passes through the

Blank 1: duodenum Blank 2: jejunum Blank 3: ileum

The tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine is the

small intestine

The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of food particles and gastric secretions is called

chyme

Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes include trypsin, carboxypeptidase, and

chymotrypsin

What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called?

Digestion

Identify the components of pancreatic juice.

Enzymes to breakdown food Bicarbonate ions

What are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

Breaks down glycogen to glucose Polymerizes glucose to glycogen Converts noncarbohydrates to glucose

The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the _____.

Hard palette, soft palette

Indicate where chemical digestion of carbohydrates occurs.

In the mouth, using enzymes secreted in saliva In the small intestine, using enzymes secreted by pancreas and those present on the intestinal mucosa

What is the function of bile salts?

Increases surface area of fatty substances, allowing better access for lipase enzymes.

The ______ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.

Lips

What are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal?

Mixing and propelling

What are the functions of tongue?

Move food toward the pharynx (throat) during swallowing Mix food with saliva during chewing

What are functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal?

Move the contents along the tract Mix the contents with fluids

What are mass movements?

Movements that generally follow a meal as a result of the gastrocolic reflex initiated in the small intestine Slow and strong movements that force intestinal contents toward the rectum Movements that can be caused by irritation of the intestinal mucosa Peristaltic waves of the large intestine that happen only two or three times each day

Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing chemical bonds used to power cellular processes. Sources of carbohydrates include: (select all that apply)

Starch from grains and vegetables Monosaccharides from honey and fruits Disaccharides from milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, and molasses Glycogen from meats

What is the effect of parasympathetic impulses on gastric secretion?

Stimulates the release of gastrin Stimulates release of gastric juice

Which of the following statements are true regarding the composition of feces?

They contain materials not digested or absorbed. Their odor derives from bacterial compounds. Their color derives from bile pigments altered by bacteria. They contain shed intestinal cells and bacteria

Indicate which of the following are characteristics of minerals.

They may play diverse roles (i.e., nerve impulse conduction, muscle fiber contraction, blood clotting). They include elements such as calcium, iron, phosphate, sodium and chloride

In order to improve fat digestion, bile salts affect fat globules (clumped molecules of fats) much like a soap or detergent would affect them. That is, bile salts break fat globules into smaller droplets, an action called

emulsification

Which structures are found in the large intestine?

haustra teniae coli

What are the names of the three major pairs of salivary glands?

sublingual submandibular parotid

Name the macroscopic fingerlike projections of the small intestine lining that increase the surface area, allowing increased absorption.

villi

An adequate diet provides (select all that apply):

vitamins and minerals essential amino acids essential fatty acids