Chapter 15- Neck and Trunk

also called the odontoid process; large vertical projection located anteriorly on the axis. Cervical rotation occurs through its articulation with the atlas. It takes the place of the vertebral body that exists at the other levels below C2

Dens

The main motion of the alantooccipital joint is ?

Flexion and Extension- there is also some lateral bending.

articular processes in the thoracic area are positioned in the ? plane, favoring ? (2)

frontal plane- rotation and lateral bending

a fracture involving C2, commonly called a ? typically occurs when there is a forceful, hyperextension of the head. Striking the head agains the windshield in a motor vehicle accident is often the cause.

hangman's fracture

Transversospinalis Muscles: OIAN

O: Transverse Processes I: Spinous processes of vertebrae above A: Bilaterally- extend neck and trunk Unilaterally-rotate head, neck, and trunk to opposite side. N: Spinal Nerves

Erector Spinae Muscles -Illiocostalis portion: OIAN

O: iliac crest, lower ribs I: angle of ribs, upper ribs, and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae A: Bilaterally- extend neck and trunk Unilaterally- Rotate head and laterally bend neck and trunk to the same side. N: Spinal Nerves

Scalene Muscles OIAN

O: transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae I: First and second ribs A: Bilaterally-assists in neck flexion Unilaterally-neck lateral bending N: lower cervical nerves (C3-C8)

also called the occiput, it forms the posterior inferior part of the cranium

Occipital Bone

What are the important bony landmarks of the skull ?

Occipital bone occipital protuberance nuchal line basilar area foramen magnum occipital condyles temporal bone mastoid process

a muscle insertion is usually the

distal end and the more movable end

usually results in spinal cord injury and paralysis.

fractures with dislocation

the small prominence in the center of the occiput

occipital protuberance

portion of the neural arch just posterior to the body and anterior to the lamina

pedicle

the ? membrane is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament. attached to the occipital bone on the inside of the foramen magnum, the membrane serves a sling to support the spinal cord as it evers the vertebral column.

posterior atlantooccipital

the ? membrane serves to secure the weight of the head on the neck.

posterior atlantooccipital

the ? forms a protective cavity (cranium) for the brain and supports the facial bones.

skull

the ? contact with a rib.

spinal column

the ? provides a pivot point for motion and support of the head at the cervical region.

spinal column

is a narrowing of the vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord

spinal stenosis

the intermediate muscles, the ? are located lateral to the spinalis muscle group, attaching to the transverse processes from the occiput to the sacrum.

spinalis muscle group

the most medial group is the ? which primarily attaches to the nuchal ligament and spinous processes of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Located near the midline, these muscles are prime movers in trunk extension.

spinalis muscle group

the most posterior projection on the neural arch; located at the junction of the two laminae. It serves as a point of attachment for many muscles and ligaments and can be palpated throughout the length of the vertebral column

spinous process

deep to the erector spinae are the ?. as their names imply they attach to the head and to the cervical spine.

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles

usually results from a fracture or giving way of a defective pars interarticularis

spondylolisthesis

is a vertebral defect in the pars interarticularis. this defect is most commonly seein in L5 and less commonly in L4

spondylolysis

opening formed by the joining of the body and neural arch through which the spinal cord passes.

vertebral foramen

depressions located on the superior and inferior surfaces of the pedicle, and are so named.

vertebral notches

is the layman's term used to describe a type of cervical sprain in which the head and neck suddenly and forcefully hyperextends then flexes, like the cracking of a whip. this commonly occurs during a rear-end car accident.

whiplash

Indentify the main cervical positions in the following activities: 1. Sleeping on your stomach 2. Cradling the telephone between your ear and shoulder 3. Looking at the top of a tall building from the street below 4. Lying supine on a sofa with your head propped up on a pillow or the sofa's arm 5. Painting the ceiling

1. neck rotation and possibly some hyperextension 2. neck lateral bending 3. Neck hyperextension 4. Neck flexion 5. neck hyperextension

The skull is made up of ? separate bones and is considered to be the skeleton of the head

22

From a supine position, tuck your chin and raise your head off the mat, hold for the count of 5, then return to starting position. a. Is the head flexing or extending on C1 as you tuck in your chin? b. What type of contraction (isometric, concentric, or eccentric) is occurring as you tuck the chin. c. what is the muscle group involved in tucking your chin. d. Is your neck flexing or extending as you raise your head? e. What type of contraction is occurring as your raise your head. f. What muscles are prime movers in this joint motion? g. What type of contraction is occurring as you hold your head for the count? h. What muscles are prime movers in this contraction? i. Is neck flexion or extension occurring as you return to the starting position? j. What type of contraction is occurring with this action? k. What muscles are involved with this action?

5a. flexion of head on C1 b. concentric c. prevertebral muscles d. neck flexion e. concentric f. sternocleido mastoid (bonus point if you included the longus colli of the prevertebral muscle group) g. Isometric h. Sternocleidomastoid (bonus point if you included the longus colli of the prevertebral muscle group) i. neck extension j. eccentric contraction k. sternocleidomstoid and longus colli

The AO joint motions of flexion, extension, and lateral bending as well as AA joint rotation are almost always combined with movement of the ? to ? cervical segments.

C3 to C7

also known as vertebra prominens because of its long and prominent spinous process. it resembles a thoracic vertebra and can be easily palpated with the neck in flexion

C7

During ? 1. the load shifts ANTERIORLY placing greater compressive forces at the intervertebral disk. 2. the anterior portion of the annulus fibrosus is compressed, causing the nucleus pulposus to move posteriorly, and 3. the size of the vertebral foramen and the intervertebral foramen increases, affording greater space for the spinal cord and nerve roots in these regions.

During flexion of vetebral column

Posterior Vetebral muscles of neck

Erector spinae group (3) Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis Suboccipital group (4)

Posterior vetebral muscles of trunk

Erector spinae group (3) Transversopinalis group (3) INterspinales Intertransversarii

During ? 1. a greater portion of the weight bearing load is transferred to the facet joints. 2. the posterior portion of the annulus is compressed causing the nucleus pulposus to move anteriorly and 3. the size of the vertebral and intervertebral foramen decreases, thereby reducing the space of the neural structures in these regions.

Extension of vetebral column

is a large, broad, flat muscle that lies superficially on the anterolateral abdomen.

External Oblique Muscle

Lateral bending of the VC occurs in the ? plane around a ? axis.

Frontal plane Sagittal Axis This motion ALWAYS occur to the same side on which the muscle is located.

Which cervical muscle would be stretched if you leaned your head toward the right should and rotated your head to the left? Be sure to identify if this muscle is on the right or left side.

Left sternocleidomastoid

What is the name of the series of ligaments that connect the lamina above to the lamina below along the length of the vertebral column?

Ligamentum flavum

also called the vertebral arch, it is the posterior portion of the vertebra, with many different parts.

Neural Arch

Quadratus Lumborum Muscle- OIAN

O: Iliac crest I :12th rib, transverse process of all five lumbar vertebrae A: truck lateral bending N: 12th thoracic and first lumbar nerves

External Oblique Muscle OIAN

O: Iliac crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba I: Lower eight ribs laterally A: Bilaterally-trunk flexion; compression of abdomen Unilaterally- lateral bending to same side; rotation to opposite side N: 8-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves

Internal Oblique Muscle OIAN

O: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia I: 8th-12th ribs, linea alba A: Bilaterally-trunk flexion; compression of abdomen Unilaterally-lateral bending; rotation to same side N: 8th-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves

Transverse Abdominis Muscle OIAN

O: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, and costal cartilages of the last seven ribs. I: Pubic crest, abdominal aponeurosis and linea alba A: compression of abdomen N: 7th-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves

Splenius Capitis Muscles OIAN

O: Lower half of nuchal ligament; spinous processes of C7 through T3 I: Lateral occipital bone; mastoid process A: Bilaterally-extend head and neck Unilaterally-laterally bend and rotate the face to same side N: Middle and lower cervical nerves

Rectus Abdominis Muscle OIAN

O: Pubic crest I: Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of 5th-7th ribs A: Trunk flexion; compression of abdomen N: 7-12th intercostal nerves

Interspinales Muscle: OIAN

O: Spinous process below I: Spinous process above A: Neck and trunk extension N: Spinal nerves

Splenius Cervicis Muscles

O: Spinous processes of T3 through T6 I: Transverse processes of C1-C3 A: Bilaterally-extend neck Unilaterally-laterally bend and rotate the face to same side N: Middle and lower cervical nerves

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle OIAN

O: Sternum and clavicle I: Mastoid process A: Bilaterally- flexes neck, hyperextends head Unilaterally- laterally bends the neck; rotates face to the opposite side N: Accessory nerve (CN XI); second and third cervical nerves

Erector Spinae Muscles -Spinalis portion

O: spinous process below I: spinous process above A: Bilaterally- extend neck and trunk Unilaterally- Rotate head and laterally bend neck and trunk to the same side. N: Spinal Nerves

Intertransversarii Muscles

O: transverse process below I: Transverse process above A: Neck and trunk lateral bending to the same side N: spinal Nerves

Erector Spinae Muscles -Longissimus Portion (OIAN)

O: transverse processes at lower levels I transverse processes of cervical vertebrae A: Bilaterally- extend neck and trunk Unilaterally- Rotate head and laterally bend neck and trunk to the same side. N: Spinal Nerves

the ? establishes and maintains the longitudinal axis of the body.

Vertebral Column

With respect to spinal flexion and extension, describe what happens to: a. the lumbar curve b. the intervetrebal foramen size c. the annular portion of the disk d. the nucleus portion of the disk? e. the load on the intervertebral disk? f. the load on the facet joints?

a. Flexion decreases the lumbar lordosis and extension increases the lumbar lordosis b. increases with flexion and decreases with extension c. the annulus compresses anteriorly with flexion and posteriorly with extension. d. the nucleus moves posteriorly with flexion and anteriorly with extension e. increases with flexion and increases with extension f. decreases with flexion and increases with extension

With respect to the ligaments that support the spine; a. Name the ligaments that attach to the bodies of the vertebrae and run the length of the vertebral column. b. name the primary motion that each of these ligaments limit.

a. anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments b. anterior longitudinal ligament limits extension and posterior longitudinal ligament limits flexion

Lie Prone with your head and shoulders over the edge of the table and head down. Tuck your chin in and raise your head to anatomical position. a. what joint motion is occurring in the neck as you tuck in your chin? b. What joint motion is occurring in the neck as you raise your head? c. What type of contraction (isometric, concentric, eccentric) occurs as you raise your head? d. What type of contraction (isometric, concentric, eccentric) occurs as you hold your head in anatomical position while in this prone position? e. What are the prime movers that are working to raise the head?

a. flexion of head on C1 b. Neck extension c. concentric d. isometric e. neck extensors (splenius capitus, spenius cervicis, erector spinae, interspinales, and transversopinalis)

Identify the main trunk action in the following activities: 12. While bending forward to pick up a light object from the floor: a. What force is causing the forward bending? b. What spinal muscles are contracting, and what type of contraction are they performing?

a. gravity b. spinal extensors are contracting eccentrically to control the rate and degree of flexion being caused by gravity

While maintaining the plank position (position at the end of a full push-up with hands on the floor, elbows extended, and bearing weight on the toes): a. What motion does gravity want to impose on the lumbar spine? b. What muscle group needs to contract to resist the motion that gravity wants to impose? C. How are these muscles contracting?

a. hyperextension b. trunk flexors c. isometrically

describe neck and trunk motions in: a. the frontal plane around the sagital axis b. the transverse plane around the vertical axis c. the sagittal plane around the frontal axil

a. neck and trunk lateral bending b. neck and trunk rotation c. neck and trunk flexion, extension, and hyperextension

While lying supine, lean your head toward your right shoulder without moving the shoulder. Both stretching and strengthening are occurring here. In answering the questions below, be sure to indicate whether you are referring to the right or left side. a. What joint motion is occurring (or attempting to occur)? b. What muscle group is being stretched? c. What are the prime movers of this joint motion? d. What muscle group is being strengthened? e. what are the prime movers of this joint motion?

a. neck lateral bending to the right b. left neck lateral benders c. right sternocleidomastoid, right scalenes, right splenius capitis and cervicis, right erector spinae, and right intertransversarii d. right lateral benders e. same as answer (c), except on left side

Sitting or standing with your head and neck in anatomical position, press your right hand against the right side of your head. Try to move your head but resist any motion with your hand. a. What joint motion is occurring (or attempting to occur?) (Be sure to state if the direction of motion is toward the right or left) b. What type of contraction (isometric, concentric, or eccentric) is occurring. c. What are the prime movers of this joint motion? (Be sure to identify if these muscles are on the right or left)

a. right lateral bending of head and neck b. isometric c. right sternocleidomastoid, right splenius capitis, right splenius cervicis, right scalenes, right erector spinae, and right intertransversarii

Lie supine with your knees extended and your arms at your sides. First, press your lower back to the mat, and then curl your trunk. Lift your head and shoulders up (keeping your chin down) until your scapulae leave the floor. a. Is trunk flexion or extension occurring in this activity? b. What type of contraction (isometric, concentric, or eccentric) is occuring? c. What muscles are prime movers in this trunk motion?

a. trunk flexion b. cocentric c. bilateral rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques

Lie supine with knees bent and feet flat. Put your right hand behind your head. Lift your right shoulder and scapula off the mat toward your left knee. a. What two trunk motion are occurring (flexion, extension, right rotation, right lateral bending, or left lateral bending)? b. What type of contraction (isometric, concentric, or eccentric) is occuring? c. What muscles are causing these trunk motions? Be sure to indicate on which side the muscle is contnracting

a. trunk flexion with rotation to the left b. concentric c. both right and left rectus abdominis, right external oblique, and left internal oblique

Sit in a chair with your legs abducted. Drop your head and shoulders forward, bending at hips and trunk until your shoulders are between your knees. a. Is trunk flexion or extension occurring in this activity? b. Are the trunk flexors or extensors being stretched? c. What muscles are being stretched?

a. trunk flexion, especially lumbar region b. trunk extensors c. erector spinae, transversospinalis, interspinales

Lie supine with your knees extended and your arms at your sides. First, press your lower back to the mat, and then curl your trunk. Lift your head and shoulders up (keeping your chin down) until your scapulae leave the floor. Have someone hold our feet. a. Is the trunk flexion or extension occuring? b. are the hips flexing or extending? c. is the hip muscle moving its origin toward its insertion or its insertion toward its origin. d. what is the kinesiology term for a muscle that contracts in its direction? e. describe how holding the feet down allows certain hip muscles to contract.

a. yes b. flexing c. origin toward insertion d. reverse muscle action e. holding down the feet makes the distal segment more stable and the proximal segment more movable. this allows the hip flexors to flex the hip (and trunk) in a reversal of muscle action.

a sheet like tendon connecting the oblique and transverse abdominis muscles to their attachments to the linea alba

abdominal aponeurosis

the articulation between the head and C1 (atlas) is called the ? joint.

alantooccipital (AO) joint

a chronic inflammation of the vertebral column and sacroiliac joints, leads to fusion. It is a progressive rheumatic disease; over time, it can lead to a total loss of spinal mobility

ankylosing spondylitis

the outer portion of the disk consisting of several concentrically aranged fibrocartilaginous rings that serve to contain the nucleus pulposus

annulus fibrosus

in anatomical position, the majority of the weight bearing load goes through the ? portion of the vertebral column.

anterior (vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks)

the ? membrane is an extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament, which is somewhat thin superiorly.

anterior alantooccipital

the anterior portion of C1

anterior arch

runs down the vertebral column on the anterior surface of the bodies and tends to prevent excessive hyperextension. it is thin superiorly and thick inferiorly, where it fuses to the sacrum. it is found in the thoracic and lumbar regions just deep to the aorta

anterior longitudinal ligament

the vertebrae are arranged in a manner that forms ? curves in the vertebral column.

anterior-posterior (concave/convex)

projecting superiorly and inferiorly off the posterior surface of each lamina, and so named. Superior articular processes face posteriorly or medially wheras inferior processes face anteriorly or laterally

articular process

tucking your chin in involves the head flexing on C1 (AO joint), as well as the neck (C2 to C7) extending. This combined motion is sometimes referred to as ?

axial extension or cervical retraction

intervertebral joints are ? joints facet joints are ? joints

cartilaginous joints, facet joints

A relaxed forward head posture or looking at a computer screen through bifocals tends to accentuate ?

cervical protraction

Extending the head on C1 and flexing the neck (C2 to C7) is called ?

cervical protraction

the ? allows movement and position of the head.

cervical spine

typically result in the collapse of the anterior (body) portion of the vertebrae. they are usually caused by trauma in the lumbar region or by osteoporosis in the thoracic region. this type of fracture does not commonly cause spinal cord damage and paralysis, because the fracture is usually stable

compression fractures

in the cervical and lumbar regions, the curves are ? posteriorly; in the thoracic and sacral regions they are ? posteriorly.

concave convex

occur when the body part is moving against gravity

concentric contractions

the muscle group contracting isometrically is the same group as if the joint were contracting ?

concentrically

located on the sides of the bodies and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae only. It is here that the ribs articulate with the vertebrae

costal facet

the skull is made up of two parts:

cranium and facial bones

occur when the body part is moving in the same direction as the pull of gravity

eccentric contractions

the muscles located superfically along the posterior vertebral column are known as the ?. These muscles provide postural control over the gravitational pull of the head into flexion; they act as extensors to bring the head back from the flexed position.

erector spinae group

the superficial layer of back extensors is a group of muscles called the ?, sometimes called the sacrospinalis muscle group. It is a massive and complex muscle group occupying the groove on each side of the vertebral column.

erector spinae muscles

a ?, often called an apophyseal joint, is the articulation between the superior or articular process of the vertebra below with the inferior articular process of the vertebra above.

facet joint

Alignment of the ? will greatly determine the amount of rotation and other motions possible

facet joints

At each vertebral level, there are two ? (right and left). each one is a plane-shaped synovial joint enclosed in a joint capsular ligament.

facet joints

the posterior portion of the vertebra has two articulation called ? also known as apophyseal or zygapophyseal joints. each joint is formed by the articulation b/w a superior or articular process of the vertebra above.

facet joints

is an abnormally decreased lumbar curve

flat back

Opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord enters the cranium

foramen magnum

the cervical spine moves ? because the articular porcess are located diagonally between the sagittal and frontal planes.

freely

Name the ligament that extends over the spinous processes from the occiput to C7 and from C7 to the sacrum.

from the occiput to C7: nuchal ligament from C7 to the sacrum: supraspinous ligament

occur when there is a weakness or degernation of the annulus fibrosus (outer layer)

herniated disks

opening formed by the superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below and the inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above

intervertebral foramen

the strong, weight-bearing ? occurs anteriorly on the vertebra between vertebral bodies. these are cartilaginous joints that allow only a slight degree of motion

intervertebral joint

occur when a muscle contracts but no significant joint motion occurs

isometric contractions

is an abnormally increased thoracic curve. any amt of lateral curve is a pathological condition known as ?

kyphosis, scoliosis

posterior portion of the neural arch that unites from each side in the midline

lamina

the two ? joints are between the articular processes of C1 and C2 vertebrae

lateral atlantoaxial

Identify the main trunk action in the following activities: 13. While lifting a suitcase up off the floor what muscle is contracting and what type of contraction is performing? (Be sure to identify if the muscle is on the left or right side)

left quadratus lumborum contracts concentrically to perform left lateral bending back to the neutral position

the ? creates the posterior border of the vertebral canal by connecting adjacent laminae anteriorly. it is highly elastic so it can effectively lendthen during movement of the nearby facet joints but can also assist the PLL in preventing excessive flexion.

ligamentum flavum

the very thick ? takes the place of the supraspinal and interspinal ligaments in the cervical region.

ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament)

a fibrous band running vertically in the midline from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis. it provides attachment for the transverse abdominis and two oblique muscles

linea alba

is an abdnormally increased curve of the lumbar spine. Also known as swayback

lordosis

bony prominence behind the ear to which the sternocleidomastoid muscle attaches

mastoid process

consists of a synovial articulation between the odontoid process (dens) of the axis and the anterior arch of the atlas anteriorly and the transverse ligament posteriorly.

median atlantoaxial joint

because the sensory organs for sight, hearing, taste, and smell are located within the head, it is important that the head to be able to ?

move freely

the spinal cord is made up of ? tissue

nervous tissue

Ridge running horizontally along the back of the head from the occipital protuberance toward the mastoid process

nuchal line

pulpy, gelatinous substance with a high water content in the center of the disk. At birth it is aprox 80% water, decreasing to less than 70% at 60 years of age. In part this explains why an individual loses height with advanced age.

nucleus pulposus

the ? muscles stabilize the AA joint

oblique capitis inferior

located lateral to the foramen magnum on the occiput; provides articulation with the atlas (C1)

occipital condyles

runs along the vertebral bodies posteriorly, inside and along the anterior border of the vertebral foramina. its purpose is to prevent excessive flexion and to act as a barrier between the intervertebral disk and the spinal cord. It is thick superiorly, where it helps to support the skull. it is thinner and more narrow inferiorly, which contributes to instability a nd increased disk injury in the lumbar region.

posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

the muscles have the most control over moving the head and neck are the ? anteriorly and the ? muscles posteriorly.

prevertebral muscles- anteriorly suboccipital muscles-posteriorly

a muscle origin is usually the

proximal end and the more stable end

Lateral vertebral muscles of trunk

quadratus lumborum

muscles of the neck and trunk are numerous and can be divided generally into anterior and posterior muscles. the ? muscle is the one exception; it is located in the midline of the frontal plane and is neither an anterior nor a posterior muscle.

quadratus lumborum

the ? muscle is a deep muscle that originates from the iliac crest. it runs superiorly to insert into the last rib and transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae. Being lateral to the midline makes it effective at lateral bending.During reverse muscle action its action is called hip hiking or elevation of one side of the pelvis

quadratus lumborum muscle

Identify the main trunk action in the following activities: 11. As the pelvis rises up on one side while ascending a step, what muscle is contracting, and what type of action is it performing?

quadratus lumborum performs reverse muscle action to elevate the pelvis

Anterior veterbral muscles of trunk

rectus abdominis external oblique internal oblique transverse abdominis

spanning the anterior trunk in the midline is the ? muscle. the two sides are separated from each other by the linea alba.

rectus abdominis muscle

Primarily the ? muscles stabilize the AO joint

rectus capitis posterior major and minor oblique capitis superior

occurs when the origin becomes more movable and moves toward the insertion, which has become mores table.

reversal of muscle action

the articular processes in the lumbar area are positioned in the ? plane, favoring ? (2)

sagittal plane, flexion and extension

is pain that tends to run down the posterior thigh and leg. it is caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve roots and usually is symptomatic of an underlying pathology such as a herniated lumbar disc.

sciatica

(spinal osteoarthritis) is a degenerative disorder of vertebral structure and function. it may result from bony spurs, thickening of ligaments, and decreased disk height that results from reduced water content of the nucleus pulposus, a normal part of the aging process

spondylosis

the curves of the vertebral column provide much more ? , aprox 10 times more than if it were a straight rod.

strength and resilience

the ? muscles are clustered together below the base of the skull posteriorly and move only the head. The muscles work together to extend the head, with a rocking motion of the occipital condyles on the atlas (AO joint), or to rotate it to the same side by pivoting the skull and atlas around the odontoid process of the axis (AA joint).

suboccipital muscles

extends from the seventh cervical vertebra distally to the sacrum attaching posteriorly along the tips of the spinous process.

supraspinal ligament

Each of the AO joints formed at the union of the occipital condyles and the superior articular processes of the atlas are ?

synovial joints

forms part of the base and lateral inferior sides of the cranium

temporal bone

You are handed a cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra. What identifying features help you distinguish among them?

the cervical vertebra has a bifid spinous process, and there is a foramen in the transverse process. The thoracic vertebra has a long, slender, downward- pointing spinous process with rib facets on the body and transverse processes; the superior articular processes face posteriorly. the lumbar vertebra has a large spinous process pointing straight back; the superior articular processes face medially.

What posterior muscle groups are the most superficial?

the erector spinae

What structural features allow the thoracic vertebrae to rotate but not flex?

the frontal plane position of the superior and inferior articular processes

the ? is unique in that it has no bony articulation. It functions as a primary support for the tongue and its numerous muscles.

the hyoid bone

Name all of the joints that move when atlantoaxial rotation occurs. Identify the type/classification of each of these joints.

the median AA joint is a uniaxial pivot joint and the 2 lateral AA joints are plane-shaped synovial joints

Why does the quadratus lumborum muscle not play a role in trunk flexion, extension, or rotation?

the muscle's line of pull is through or close to the center of the frontal axis of trunk flexion and extension, thus making it ineffective in this motion. To be effective in rotation, the muscle's line of pull would have to be horizontal or diagonal. The quadratus lumborum has a vertical line of pull

During AO joint extension, name the bony segment that is gliding and the direction of the glide.

the occipital condyle glides anteriorly on the superior articular facet of C1

A muscle on the right side of the trunk will always produce lateral bending to which side?

the right side (same side)

What structural features allow the lumbar vertebrae to rotate but not flex?

the sagittal plane position of the superior and inferior articular processes

the ? encases the spinal cord and is therefore able to protect it. Not only does this multijointed rod provide movement, but also the arrangement of these segments provides effective shock absorption and transmission.

the vertebral column

is a general term referring to compression of the neurovascular structures (brachial plexus and subclavian artery and vein) that run from the neck through the axilla.

thoracic outlet syndrome

similar to the abdominal aponeurosis, it provides a broad area of fascial attachment posteriorly for the erector spinae and latissimus dorsi muscles

thoracolumbar fascia

is a deformity of the neck in which the person's head is laterally bent to one side and rotated toward the other side. its also known as wryneck

torticollis

the deepest of the abdominal muscles is the ? muscle, which lies deep to the internal oblique muscles. it is named for the horizontal direction of its fibers.

transverse abdominis

Holes or openings in the transverse process of each of the cervical vertebra through which the vertebral artery passes

transverse foramen

the ? is crucial for keeping the dens from displacing posteriorly in the vertebral foramen and damaging the spinal cord

transverse ligament

the ? runs from one side of the atlas to the other and divides the atlas into an anterior and posterior compartment.

transverse ligament

formed at the union of the lamina and pedicle, the lateral projections of the arch to which muscles and ligaments attach

transverse process

they have an oblique line of pull, essentially attaching from a transverse process to the spinous process to the spinous process of a vertebra above; therefore they are effective at rotation to the opposite side.

transversospinalis (transverse spinal) muscle group

the vertebral column as a whole is considered to be ?. Therefore it has movement in all three planes

triaxial

Identify the main trunk action in the following activities: 9. The follow-through of punting a football

trunk flexion

Identify the main trunk action in the following activities: 10. Doing a backward handstand

trunk hyperextension

Identify the main trunk action in the following activities: 8. reaching down to pick up a suitcase beside you.

trunk lateral bending

Identify the main trunk action in the following activities: 6. Preparing to hit a tennis ball with a backhand swing with the racket in your right hand.

trunk rotation to left

Identify the main trunk action in the following activities: 7. Hitting the tennis ball with the backhand swing.

trunk rotation to right

Most rotation of the head on the neck, as in shaking your head "no" occurs at the ? joint.

Atlantoaxial (AA) joint (C1 and C2)

the articulations between the atlas and the axis are the ?. There are three total and they are.

Atlantoaxial Joints (AA joints) - median AA joint -2 lateral AA joints

the first cervical vertebra upon which the cranium rests. because it supports the globe of the head, it is named after the Titan in Greek mythology who held up the earth. it is ring-shaped and has no body or spinous process.

Atlas (C1)

the second cervical vertebra is so named because it forms the pivot that allows rotation of the atlas (C1), which supports the head. It also has no body

Axis (C2)

being primarily a cylindrical mass of cancellous bone, it is the anterior portion of the vertebra and the major weight-bearing structure. It is not present in the atlas (C1) b/w C3 and S1, bodies become progressively larger, bearing progressively more weight

Body

Bony landmarks of the Vertebrae

Body Neural Arch Vertebral Foramen Pedicle lamina Transverse process vertebral notches intervertebral foramen articular process spinous process

What is/are the most common level(s) for a herniated disk, and why?

L4-5 and L5-S1 because the PLL is thinner and more narrow at this level and does not act as an effective barrier between the disc and the spinal cord.

Describe the role of the transverse ligament

Prevents the dens from slipping posteriorly into the spinal cord.

there is an anterior group of muscles often referred to as the ? muscles. they are located deep and run along the anterior portion of the cervical vertebrae. These muscles have a role in flexing either the neck or the head. because of their small size in relation to other neck flexors, perhaps their greatest role is maintaining postural control and "tucking" the chin.

Prevertebral muscles

flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the V. column occurs in the ? plane around a ? axis

Sagittal plane Frontal axis

Anterior vertebral muscles of neck

Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes (3) Prevertebral group (4)

the largest flexor, the ? muscle is a long superficial straplike muscle that originates as two heads from the medial aspect of the clavicle and the superior end of the sternum.

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

Rotation of the VC occurs in the ? plane around a ? axis.

Transverse Plane Vertical Axis

are formed by the right and left occipital condyles articulating with the superior articular facets of the atlas (C1). this union is strong and supports the weight of the head.

atlantooccipital joints

"Standing up straight" emphasizes

axial extension

refers to the base, or inferior portion of the occiput

basilar area

When a muscle contracts, it usually moves its ? toward its ?

insertion (more movable end) origin (more stable end)

located deep to and running at night angles to the external oblique muscle is the ?

internal oblique muscle

runs between successive spinous processes.

interspinal ligament

the ? muscle attach from the spinous process below to the spinous process above throughout most of the vertebral column. With this vertical line of pull in the midline, they are effective extensors

interspinales muscles

the ? attach from the transverse process below to the transverse process above, and they appear throughout most of the vertebral column. They are effective at lateral bending and plays a role in stabilizing the vertebral column during movement of the trunk.

intertransversarii muscles

between adjacent vertebrae is an ? that articulates wit the bodies of the vertebrae.

intervertebral disk

There are 23 disks beginning between C2 and C3. Their main function is to absorb and transmit shock and maintain flexibility of the vertebral column. The disks makes up approx ?% of the total length of the vertebral column

intervertebral disks 25%

When a muscle contracts, it knows no direction;

it simply shortens